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    ๋™ํ•ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋…„ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž์˜ค๋ฉด ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ์‹ญ์—ฌ ๋…„ ๋ณ€ํ™”

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ์กฐ์–‘๊ธฐ.๋™ํ•ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋…„ ๋ฐ ์ž์˜ค๋ฉด ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ์‹ญ์—ฌ ๋…„ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ์œ„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋„๊ณ„, ์กฐ์œ„, ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ถ„์„์žฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์Šน์˜ ๊ฐ€์†์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋™ํ•ด์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋…„ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ฆ„(8์›”)์˜ ๋™ํ•ด๋Š” ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , ๋งŽ์€ ํƒœํ’์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฒจ์šธ(11์›” ๋ฐ 12์›”)์˜ ๋™ํ•ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ ์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ, ๋™ํ•ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ˜ํ์‡„์„ฑ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ•ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ž์˜ค๋ฉด ์ˆœํ™˜์€ ์—ด, ์—ผ, ๋ฐ ์šฉ์กด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™ํ•ด์—์„œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋…„ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋™ํ•ด ์ž์˜ค๋ฉด ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 26๋…„๊ฐ„(1993๋…„-2018๋…„)์˜ ์กฐ์œ„ ๊ด€์ธก์†Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์›”ํ‰๊ท  ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„(8์›”)์— ๋™ํ•ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์—ฐ์ค‘ ์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. 26๋…„๊ฐ„(1993๋…„-2018๋…„) ์œ„์„ฑ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„(8์›”) ๋™ํ•ด์˜ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์€ ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋…„ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ์ฟ ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ค ํ™•์žฅ์—ญ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์•• ๊ฒฝ๋„๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ํฌ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์†ก์˜ ๊ฐ•์•ฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ขŒ์šฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋™ํ•ด ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์•• ๊ฒฝ๋„๋ ฅ์ด ์ปค์งˆ ๋•Œ, ๋ถ๋ถ๋™ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์—ํฌ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์†ก๋„ ์ปค์ ธ ๋™ํ•ด์˜ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์•• ๊ฒฝ๋„๋ ฅ์ด ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์—ํฌ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์†ก๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด ๋™ํ•ด์˜ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋™ํ•ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์€ ์ฟ ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ค ํ™•์žฅ์—ญ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์•• ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™ํ•ด์—์„œ 26๋…„๊ฐ„(1993๋…„-2018๋…„)์˜ ์žฌ๋ถ„์„์žฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ ์‘๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ (11์›”๊ณผ 12์›”)์— ์—ฐ์ค‘ ์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ  ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์€ ์œ„์„ฑ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ 2016๋…„์—๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜, 2017๋…„์—๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ  ๋™ํ•ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์€ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ  ๋ชฌ์ˆœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ํฌ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์†ก์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ํ•ด์ˆ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ด๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ๋†’์€ ํ•ด์—๋Š” ์˜คํ˜ธ์ธ ํฌํ•ด ๋‚จ๋‹จ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ถ์„œํ’์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ํฌ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋™ํ•ด์—์„œ ํƒœํ‰์–‘๊ณผ ์˜คํ˜ธ์ธ ํฌํ•ด๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๋™ํ•ด์˜ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ•ด์—๋Š” ๋™ํ•ด ๋‚จ๋ถ€ํ•ด์—ญ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ถ์„œํ’์ด ๋ถˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ํฌ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ๋ฐ ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ๋™ํ•ด๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋™ํ•ด๋กœ์˜ ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ž…์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ํฌ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์†ก์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์•• ๊ฒฝ๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ขŒ์šฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ  ๋™ํ•ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์€ ์˜์•ผํ•ดํ˜‘๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์•• ๊ฒฝ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 20๋…„(1993๋…„-2012๋…„)๊ฐ„ ์žฌ๋ถ„์„์žฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ, ๋™ํ•ด ์ž์˜ค๋ฉด ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด์ค‘ ์ˆœํ™˜์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ˆœํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž์˜ค๋ฉด ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—์„œ 2000๋…„๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘์ธต์—์„œ ๋‚จํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ , ์‹ฌ์ธต์—์„œ ๋ถํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚จํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™ํ•ด ์ž์˜ค๋ฉด ์ˆœํ™˜์ด 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๋™ํ•ด ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ํ•ดํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์˜จ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–•์€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜(์นจ๊ฐ•)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด์ค‘์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด, 2000๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข€ ๋” ๋ถ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ํ•ดํ‘œ๋ฉด ์—ผ๋ถ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊นŠ์€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹จ์ผ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–•์€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊นŠ์€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ ฅ์†(์—ด์†๊ณผ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์†), ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰์†์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ํฌ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์†ก, ๋ฐ ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ํ‘œ์ธต ๋ถํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์„œํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜ ์žฌ์ˆœํ™˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ขŒ์šฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™ํ•ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋…„ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ์—ํฌ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์†ก์— ์˜ํ•ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋™ํ•ด ์ž์˜ค๋ฉด ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ์‹ญ์—ฌ ๋…„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์™€ ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์„ค๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ์— ๊ทœ๋ช…๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ์ž‘์€ ๋Œ€์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š” ๋™ํ•ด์—์„œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋…„ ๋ฐ ์ž์˜ค๋ฉด ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ์‹ญ์—ฌ ๋…„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์–‘์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹จ์ดˆ(์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ)๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ง€์†์ €์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.The interannual variability of sea level and decadal change of meridional overturning circulation (MOC) were investigated using satellite altimetry, tide-gauge, and reanalysis data in the East Sea (ES; also referred to as Sea of Japan). There has been growing concern about interannual fluctuations of sea levels to countries around the ES due to the accelerating sea level rise by global warming. Monthly mean sea level is at its maximum and many typhoons pass the ES in summer (August). Meanwhile, the wind stress and the interannual variability of sea level are the highest in winter (November and December). The MOC plays a vital role in distributing heat, freshwater, and dissolved matter in semienclosed deep marginal seas such as the ES. However, few studies on the ES MOC have been done until now. The objective of this study is to understand the ES MOC with external atmospheric and internal oceanic processes along with interannual sea level variations. Monthly mean sea levels from tide-gauge observation had annual maxima in the summer (August). The rising rate of the summer (August) ES sea level from satellite altimetry data was larger than that of annual sea level for 26 years (1993-2018) in the ES. The interannual variation of sea levels was dominated by the Ekman transport in the south of the ES which was caused by the atmospheric pressure gradient between Kuroshio Extension (KE) and around Taiwan. The sea level in the ES was higher when the north-northeastward Ekman transport and the atmospheric pressure gradient were strong in the south of the ES, and it was lower when they were weak. The summer sea level in the ES could be estimated using summer ES sea level index which was the difference of atmospheric pressure anomalies between KE and around Taiwan. The monthly mean wind stress from reanalysis data in the ES had its maximum in December and sea level anomaly from satellite altimetry data in the winter (November and December) had its maximum in 2016 and minimum in 2017 for 26 years (1993-2018). The sea level in the ES could be explained by horizontal water convergence and divergence due to monsoonal wind-induced Ekman transport in the winter. In high sea level years, there were decreased outflow volume transport in the northeast ES and increased inflow volume transport in the southern ES due to increased south-westward Ekman transport linked to enhanced south-eastward wind stress in the southern Okhotsk Sea. In low sea level years, there were increased outflow volume transport in the northeast ES and decreased inflow volume transport in the southern ES due to increased south-westward Ekman transport linked to enhanced south-eastward wind stress in the southern ES. The winter sea level in the ES also could be estimated using winter ES sea level index which was the difference of atmospheric pressure anomalies between the Soya Strait and east of Taiwan because Ekman transport was changed by atmospheric pressure gradient. There were significant decadal changes in the strength and structure of the ES MOC for 20 years (1993โ€“2012) from two counter-rotating overturning cells in late 1990s to one full-depth anti-cyclonic overturning cell in 2000s in HYCOM reanalysis data. These ES MOC changes made northward shift of southward volume transport in the intermediate layer and southward shift of northward volume transport in the deep abyssal layer from the late 1990s to the 2000s. Two overturning cells were made by shallow convection (subduction) in the northwest ES due to colder sea surface temperature in the late 1990s and one overturning cell was made by deep convection in the farther northwest ES with saltier SSS in the 2000s. The atmospheric buoyancy (heat and freshwater) flux and Ekman transport by atmospheric momentum flux made these shallow and deep convections in the northwest ES along with northward surface flow in the southern ES and westward ocean recirculation in the northern ES. This study revealed that the interannual variability of sea level and the decadal change of MOC were largely controlled by Ekman transport and atmospheric and oceanic processes in the ES, respectively. Further investigations on the relation between the interannual variability of the ES sea level and the decadal change of the ES MOC are necessary for better understanding of the circulation change in the ES, which might suggest implication for ocean response to climate change as a miniature ocean.1. INTRODUCTION ๏ผ‘ 1.1 STUDY BACKGROUND ๏ผ‘ 2.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH ๏ผ— 2. SUMMER SEA LEVEL ๏ผ˜ 2.1. INTRODUCTION ๏ผ˜ 2.2. DATA AND METHODS ๏ผ‘๏ผ“ 2.3. RESULTS ๏ผ‘๏ผ˜ 2.3.1. Long-term trend of sea levels in summer ๏ผ‘๏ผ˜ 2.3.2. Interannual variation of sea level anomalies ๏ผ‘๏ผ˜ 2.3.3. Ekman transport and sea level anomaly ๏ผ’๏ผ 2.3.4. Atmospheric pressure distribution ๏ผ’๏ผ• 2.4. DISCUSSION ๏ผ’๏ผ™ 2.5. CONCLUSIONS ๏ผ“๏ผ– 3. WINTER SEA LEVEL ๏ผ“๏ผ˜ 3.1. INTRODUCTION ๏ผ“๏ผ˜ 3.2. DATA AND METHODS ๏ผ“๏ผ™ 3.3. RESULTS ๏ผ“๏ผ™ 3.3.1. ES mean sea level variations ๏ผ“๏ผ™ 3.3.2. Local winds during periods of high vs. low sea levels ๏ผ”๏ผ’ 3.3.3. Wind-induced sea level anomalies ๏ผ”๏ผ— 3.3.4. Atmospheric pressure disturbances and the winter ES sea level index (WESI) ๏ผ•๏ผ“ 3.4. DISCUSSION ๏ผ•๏ผ— 3.5. CONCLUSIONS ๏ผ–๏ผ‘ 4. EAST SEA MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION ๏ผ–๏ผ“ 4.1. INTRODUCTION ๏ผ–๏ผ“ 4.2. DATA AND METHODS ๏ผ–๏ผ— 4.2.1. Data sources ๏ผ–๏ผ— 4.2.2. Methods ๏ผ–๏ผ˜ 4.3. RESULTS ๏ผ—๏ผ‘ 4.3.1. Validation of HYCOM ๏ผ—๏ผ‘ 4.3.2. Streamfunction ๏ผ—๏ผ– 4.3.3. Horizontal circulation ๏ผ˜๏ผ 4.3.4. Net meridional and vertical volume transports ๏ผ˜๏ผ“ 4.4. DISCUSSION ๏ผ˜๏ผ™ 4.4.1. Intermediate layer ๏ผ˜๏ผ™ 4.4.2. Deep abyssal layer ๏ผ™๏ผ™ 4.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ๏ผ‘๏ผ๏ผ“ 5. DISCUSSION ๏ผ‘๏ผ๏ผ˜ 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ๏ผ‘๏ผ‘๏ผ• REFERENCES ๏ผ‘๏ผ‘๏ผ˜ ABSTRACT (IN KOREAN) ๏ผ‘๏ผ’๏ผ– ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (IN KOREAN) ๏ผ‘๏ผ’๏ผ™ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ๏ผ‘๏ผ“๏ผDocto

    A Study on the Prudent Investor Rule under the trust law in the United States.

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๋…ธํ˜์ค€.์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์„ ๊ด€ ์ฃผ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด, ์ถฉ์‹ค ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ํƒ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์‹ ํƒ ํˆฌ์ž ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์‹ ํƒ ์žฌ์‚ฐ ์šด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌด ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ํšŒํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹ ์ค‘์ธ ์›์น™(Prudent Man Rule) ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ œํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹(legal list)์—์„œ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋ก ์ธ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์ค‘ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™(Prudent Investor Rule)์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํˆฌ์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ •๋œ ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹ ํƒ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž ์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํˆฌ์žํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์›์น™์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ ์ค‘ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™(Prudent Investor Rule)์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ทจ์ง€, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๋™ ์›์น™์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ค‘ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™(Prudent Investor Rule)์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ ํƒ์—์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋“ค ์‹ ํƒ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์— ๋„์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ธ i) ํˆฌ์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ œํ•œ์˜ ํ์ง€, ii) ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” iii) ์›๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์™€ ์ด์ต ์ˆ˜์ต์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณตํ‰ ์˜๋ฌด iv) ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž ๊ถŒํ•œ์˜ ์œ„์ž„์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ v) ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‹ ํƒ ๋ฒ•์ œ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์˜์„ ์‹ ํƒ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ ์‹ ํƒ, ์ƒ์‚ฌ ์‹ ํƒ, ๊ณต์ต ์‹ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค ๊ฐ ์‹ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•, ์ž๋ณธ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์œตํˆฌ์ž์—…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ , ๊ณต์ต์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ41์กฐ์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค€์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ต์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ11์กฐ, ์ž๋ณธ์‹œ์žฅ๋ฒ• ์ œ105์กฐ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ œํ•œ์„ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค ๋ฒ•์— ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์„ ๊ด€ ์ฃผ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ต์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ11์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์›๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์™€ ์ด์ต ์ˆ˜์ต์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณตํ‰ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์›๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ด์ต์˜ ๊ท€์† ๊ธฐ์ค€, ๊ณ ์ •๋น„์œจ ์‹ ํƒ์˜ ๋„์ž…, ์›๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ด์ต์˜ ์กฐ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž ๊ถŒํ•œ์˜ ์œ„์ž„์„ ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋˜, ์œ„์ž„ ํ›„ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์„ ์ž„ ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.The trusteeโ€™s fiduciary duties provide the standard for prudence of investment by the trustee and these duties have become embodied in trust investment law. The Prudent Man Rule, which limited investment instruments according to type was later revised to the Prudent Investor Rule, which judges the prudence of investment according to the correlation between risk and return within the entire portfolio. The Prudent Investor Rule was incorporated to the Restatement of Trust(third) and the UPIA was enacted. Such a revision followed changes in economic theory, notably the modern portfolio theory and the influence of inflation. This article reviews the legislative background, purpose and specific content of the Prudent Investor Rule. The Prudent Investor Rule includes i) no limit to the type of investments ii) a duty to diversify a portfolio, iii) a duty of impartiality between a principal beneficiary and an income beneficiary, iv) permission of delegation of authority by the trustee, v) minimization of costs. This article suggests that the Prudent Investor Rule should be adopted in the Trust Act, the Financial Investment Services And Capital Markets Act, the Public Trust Act of South Korea. This is so for the following two reasons : First, trust law in the South Korea has a very similar background to that of the Prudent Investor Rule, in the United States, including the modern portfolio theory and the risk of inflation; Second, the Prudent Investor Rule gives the capacity of using more diverse trusts of various purposes and circumstances while providing standards for the trusteeโ€™s duty and liability in investment of those trusts. Article 41 of the Trust Act, article 11 of the Public Trust Act, article 105 of the Financial Investment Services And Capital Markets Act which limit the types of investment instruments shall be abolished, and in these laws, it is necessary to specify the diversification of portfolios as the elements of the trusteeโ€™s duty of care and to amend article 11 of the Public Trust Act contrary to the diversification of a portfolio. As default provisions for the exercise of the trusteeโ€™s duty of impartiality between a principal beneficiary and an income beneficiary, the trusteeโ€™s adjustment authority on the attribution of the principal and the income, the introduction of a unitrust, and the courtโ€™s review procedure for the exercise of the trusteeโ€™s authority over foregoing should be adopted to the Trust Act of South Korea. And the delegation of the trusteeโ€™s authority should be allowed unless the settlor or the beneficiary object to it expressly, but the elements of the trusteeโ€™s obligation in making decisions on whether to delegate and choosing an agent should be specified. And after the delegation, the elements of the trusteeโ€™s obligation to supervise are subdivided and specified, and the criteria for minimizing costs should be specified.1. ์„œ ๋ก  13 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‹ ์ค‘ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™(Prudent Investor Rule) ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 13 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 14 โ…ก. ์‹ ์ค‘ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™์˜ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก€ 14 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‹ ํƒํˆฌ์ž๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ชฉ์  14 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹ ์ค‘์ธ ์›์น™(Prudent Man Rule) 14 1. ์‹ ์ค‘์ธ ์›์น™(Prudent Man Rule)์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ • 15 1) ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ ํƒ ํˆฌ์ž ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ legal list์˜ ๊ทœ์œจ 15 2) Harvard College v. Amory ํŒ๊ฒฐ(1830) 15 3) ์‹ ์ค‘์ธ ์›์น™(Prudent Man Rule)์˜ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํ‡ด์ƒ‰ 17 2. ์‹ ์ค‘์ธ ์›์น™(Prudent Man Rule)์˜ ๊ทœ์œจ(1830-1990) 19 1) ์‹ ์ค‘์ธ ์›์น™(Prudent Man Rule)์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 19 2) ์‹ ์ค‘์ธ ์›์น™(Prudent Man Rule์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 19 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹ ์ค‘ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™(Prudent investor rule)์˜ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 20 1. ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํˆฌ์ž ์ด๋ก (modern portfolio theory) 20 1) ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ต์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๊ฐœ๋… 20 2) ์ž๋ณธ ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ(the capital pricing model) 24 3) ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์ด๋ก (Effiicient Capital Market Hypothesis) 25 4) ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž ์˜๋ฌด 26 2. ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹ ํƒ ์›๋ณธ ์œ ์ง€์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 27 3. ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ • ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 28 4. ์‹ ์ค‘ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 29 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์‹ ์ค‘ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™(Prudent investor rule)์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก€ 30 1. ERISA 30 2. Restatement(third)๋„์ž… ์ „์˜ prudent investor rule์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ž…๋ฒ• 31 3. Restatement(third)์™€ UPIA์˜ ์ œ์ • 32 4. ๊ฒ€ํ†  34 โ…ข. ์‹ ์ค‘ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™(Prudent Investor Rule)์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 35 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋œ ํˆฌ์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ์ œํ•œ ์—†์Œ 36 1. ์ „์ฒด ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ 36 1) ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ•  37 2) ์‹ ํƒ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์œ ์ง€ 37 3) ์ด์ˆ˜์ต(total return)๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜• 38 3. ์‹ ํƒ์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ •๋„(risk level)์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • 39 1) ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ต์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ 39 2) ํŒ๋‹จ ์š”์†Œ 40 3) ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์„ค์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 42 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ํ•  ์˜๋ฌด 45 1. ๋‚ด์šฉ 45 1) ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์˜๋ฌดํ™”(mandatory diversification) 45 2) ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ(asset allocation) 46 3) ๋น„์‹œ์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜(uncompensated risk)์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ(์ตœ์†Œํ™”) 46 4) ์‹ ํƒ ์ธ์ˆ˜ ์‹œ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์„ ๋ณ„ ์˜๋ฌด์™€ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์˜๋ฌด 48 2. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ •(special circumstances) 49 1) ์„ธ๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค(tax consideration) 49 2) ์‹ ํƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ(special relationship) 51 3) ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค 53 4) ์‹ ํƒ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ 57 3. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์ •๋„์™€ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 57 1) ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์ •๋„ 57 2) ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ํˆฌ์ž ์ƒํ’ˆ(pooled investment)์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 59 3) ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฒ ํƒ€(beta)๊ฐœ๋… 61 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž ๊ถŒํ•œ์˜ ์œ„์ž„์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ 61 1. ๊ถŒํ•œ ์œ„์ž„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ 61 1) ๊ฐœ์ • ์ „ ์œ„์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ ํƒ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ 61 2) ๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ์œ„์ž„์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ 62 2. ๊ถŒํ•œ์˜ ์œ„์ž„๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌด 63 3. ๊ถŒํ•œ์˜ ์œ„์ž„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ„์ž„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 65 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์˜๋ฌด 67 1. ๋‚ด์šฉ 67 2. ๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์˜ 68 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์‹ ํƒ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์œ ์ง€(๊ณตํ‰ ์˜๋ฌด) 69 1. ์‹ ํƒ ์›๋ณธ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์œ ์ง€์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 69 2. ๊ณตํ‰ ์˜๋ฌด 70 1) ๋‚ด์šฉ 70 2) ์‹ ํƒ์ด์ต ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์™€ ์‹ ํƒ์›๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์˜ ์ดํ•ด์ƒ์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ‰ ์˜๋ฌด 71 3) ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฌํ•ญ 72 4) ๊ณตํ‰ ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 76 โ…ฃ. ์‹ ์ค‘ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™์˜ ์ ์šฉ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹ ํƒ ์กฐํ•ญ 77 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ž„์˜๊ทœ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ์ค‘ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 77 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 77 2. ์‹ ํƒ ์„ค์ •์ž์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” ์˜๋ฌด 78 1) ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์ฒ˜๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์˜ ์ด์ต 78 2) ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์˜ ์ด์ต ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ–‰๊ทœ์ •์„ฑ 78 3) UTC 105์กฐ์˜ ํ•ด์„ 81 3. ์‹ค์ต 82 1) ์‹ ํƒ ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ์ „๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 82 2) ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 84 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 84 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹ ํƒํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž ์˜๋ฌด ์™„ํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 85 1. ํˆฌ์ž ์ง€์‹œ ์กฐํ•ญ(mandatory provision) 85 1) ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ์‚ฌ์ •์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ 85 2) ์‹ ํƒ ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฒ•์›์— ๋‹คํˆด ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌด 87 3) ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ 88 2. ํˆฌ์ž ์Šน์ธ ์กฐํ•ญ(permissible provision) 89 1) ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ถŒ ์กฐํ•ญ 89 2) ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰(extended discretion)์กฐํ•ญ 90 3) ํŠน์ • ๊ถŒํ•œ, ํŠน์ • ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐํ•ญ 91 3. ๋ฉด์ฑ…์กฐํ•ญ(exculpation clauses, waiver of diversification) 93 โ…ค. ์‹ ์ค‘ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์˜์˜๋ฌด์™€ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์‚ฐ์ • 94 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด 94 1. ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 94 2. ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ •๋„ 96 3. ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์˜์˜๋ฌด ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ ์ค‘ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™ 97 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž ์ฑ…์ž„์•ก์˜ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 99 1. ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ 99 2. ์ฑ…์ž„์•ก ์‚ฐ์ • 100 ๊ฐ€. ์ด์ˆ˜์ต์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต 100 ๋‚˜. ์ƒ๊ณ„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์›์น™(anti-netting rule)์˜ ์œ ์ง€ 101 1) ๋‚ด์šฉ 101 2) ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 102 3. ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž ๋ฉด์ฑ… 102 โ…ฅ. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฒ•์ œ์—์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  103 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 104 1. ์‹ ์ค‘ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌด 104 2. ์‹ ํƒ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 105 ๊ฐ€. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹ ์ค‘ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์›์น™์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„ - ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ, ์ƒ์‚ฌ, ๊ณต์ต ์‹ ํƒ 105 ๋‚˜. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‹ ํƒ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 106 1) ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์‹ ํƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์‹ ํƒ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 106 2) ๊ณต์ต ์‹ ํƒ 107 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์‹ ํƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  108 1. ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 108 2. ํˆฌ์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 109 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 109 1) ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ41์กฐ 109 2) ํ•™์„ค ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 109 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  110 1) ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์‹œ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 110 2)์†Œ๊ฒฐ 111 3. ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ํ•  ์˜๋ฌด 111 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 111 1) ์กฐ๋ฌธ 112 2) ํ•™์„ค 112 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  112 1) ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 113 2) ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 113 4. ๊ณตํ‰ ์˜๋ฌด 114 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 114 1) ์กฐ๋ฌธ 114 2) ํ•™์„ค 114 ๋‚˜. ๊ณตํ‰ ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™” 115 1) ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์›๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ด์ต ์กฐ์ • ๊ถŒํ•œ 115 2) ๊ณ ์ •๋น„์œจ์‹ ํƒ(Unitrust) 118 3) ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ์ง€์ถœ์˜ ๊ท€์†์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์กฐํ•ญ 120 5. ๊ถŒํ•œ ์œ„์ž„์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ 121 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 121 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  121 1) ๊ถŒํ•œ ์œ„์ž„์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 121 2) ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์‹œ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 122 3) ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 122 ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์‹ ํƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 123 1) ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 123 2) ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  124 6. ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” 125 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 125 1) ์กฐ๋ฌธ 125 2) ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ 126 3) ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ 126 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  127 7. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 127 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฌ ์‹ ํƒ์—์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  130 1. ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 130 2. ํˆฌ์ž๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 131 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ž๋ณธ์‹œ์žฅ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 131 1) ์กฐ๋ฌธ 131 2) ํ•™์„ค ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 131 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  132 1) ์‹ ํƒ์žฌ์‚ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ํ™•๋Œ€ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 132 2) ํˆฌ์ž๋Œ€์ƒ ํ™•๋Œ€์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 133 3. ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” 133 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ž๋ณธ์‹œ์žฅ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 133 1) ๊ธˆ์ „ ์šด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ œํ•œ 133 2) ๊ธˆ์ „ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์‹ ํƒ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ์šด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 134 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  135 1) ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์˜๋ฌดํ™” 135 2) ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๊ทœ์ •(rule-like safe harbour)์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ• 135 4. ๊ณตํ‰ ์˜๋ฌด 136 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ž๋ณธ์‹œ์žฅ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 136 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  136 5. ๊ถŒํ•œ ์œ„์ž„์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ 137 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ž๋ณธ์‹œ์žฅ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 137 1) ์—…๋ฌด ์œ„ํƒ์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ 137 2) ์—…๋ฌด ์œ„ํƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‹ ํƒ์—…์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌด 137 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  138 6. ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” 138 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ž๋ณธ์‹œ์žฅ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 138 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  139 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๊ณต์ต์‹ ํƒ์—์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  139 1. ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 140 2. ํˆฌ์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ 141 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๊ณต์ต์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 141 1) ์กฐ๋ฌธ 141 2) ํ•™์„ค 141 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  141 1) ํˆฌ์ž๋Œ€์ƒ ํ™•๋Œ€์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 142 2) ๊ณต์ต์‹ ํƒ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•๋ น์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 142 3. ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” 143 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๊ณต์ต์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 143 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  143 1) ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” 143 2) ๊ณต์ต์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ 144 4. ๊ถŒํ•œ ์œ„์ž„์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ 145 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๊ณต์ต์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 145 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  145 1) ๊ถŒํ•œ ์œ„์ž„์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ 146 2) ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์˜ ์„ ์ž„๊ฐ๋…์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™” 146 5. ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” 146 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณต์ต์‹ ํƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ 147 ๋‚˜. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  147 โ…ฆ. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  147 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 149 Abstract 155์„

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋Œ€ํ•™/์„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…, ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ 500๋ณ‘์ƒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ 3๊ฐœ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์› ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ฐ€๋ณด๊ณ ์‹ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2015๋…„ 3์›” 14์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3์›” 31์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด 183๋ถ€์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 7๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 175๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 29.44ยฑ5.49์„ธ๋กœ 96.0%๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๋ฏธํ˜ผ์ด 72.6%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ ฅ์€ ํ•™์‚ฌ ์ด์ƒ์ด 61.7%, ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๊ต๋Œ€ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๊ฐ€ 79.4%, ์ด ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์€ ํ‰๊ท  7.16ยฑ5.27๋…„์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„ ๋ถ€์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์€ ํ‰๊ท  4.11ยฑ3.28๋…„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„ ์ง์œ„๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 89.1%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ํ‰๊ท  2.91ยฑ0.49์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€ 3.22ยฑ0.64์ , ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 3.13ยฑ0.48์ , ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 2.89ยฑ0.67์ , ๋ณ‘์›์šด์˜์— ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 2.75ยฑ0.55์ , ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์ง€์› 2.48ยฑ0.69์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์€ ํ‰๊ท  2.78ยฑ0.58์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ 3.18ยฑ0.64์ , ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ 2.88ยฑ0.68์ , ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ 2.81ยฑ0.61์ , ๋ณด์ƒ์ œ๋„ 2.48ยฑ0.74์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์€ ํ‰๊ท  3.78ยฑ0.34์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฐ”๋ฆ„ 4.00ยฑ0.41์ , ์„ฑ์‹ค์„ฑ 4.00ยฑ0.51์ , ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜ 3.89ยฑ0.53์ , ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ •์‹  3.58ยฑ0.52์ , ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋งจ์‹ญ 3.43ยฑ0.66์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์ง์œ„, ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ถ€์„œ, ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ถ€์„œ, ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ƒํƒœ, ํ•™๋ ฅ, ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ˜•ํƒœ, ์ง์œ„, ์ด ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…, ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ์ธ ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ(r=.609, p<.01), ๋ณด์ƒ์ œ๋„ (r=.727, p<.01), ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ(r=.766, p<.01), ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ(r=.635, p<.01), ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ์ธ ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜(r=.267, p<.01), ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฐ”๋ฆ„(r=.347, p<.01), ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋งจ์‹ญ(r=.377, p<.01), ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ •์‹ (r=.475, p<.01)๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 5. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์ด ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์—ฐ๋ น(ฮฒ=3.132, p=.002), ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ์ธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€(ฮฒ=2.705, p=.008), ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์˜์—ญ์ธ ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ(ฮฒ=2.093, p=.038)์ด ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…, ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์€ ์„ธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๋ณ‘์› ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ์ธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ์ธ ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ์ง€์ง€์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.prohibitio

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