통합 유럽과 그 정치적 면모

유럽의 정치적 통합 유럽공동체는 독창적인 면과 모호한 면을 동시에 보여주고 있다. 유럽공동체는 처음부터 두 가지의 목적을 지니고 있었다. 하나는, 여러 조약들에 명시되어 있는 경제적인 목적이고, 또 다른 하나는 정치적인 목적인 것이다. 경제적 목적은 부분적으로 실현된 반면, 정치적 목적은 몇몇 회원국의 망설임에 부딪치고 있으며, 이에 대한 토론은 오늘도 계속되고 있는 것이다. Acte Unique가 모든 사람들의 기대에 완전히 부응하고 있지는 못하지만, 유럽의 정치적 통합에 대한 희망은, 유럽건설계획의 심장부에 자리잡고 있는 것이다. 유럽의 정치적 통합을 추구 하는데는 두 가지의 대립된 견해가 있다. 하나는, 회원국들이 초국가적인 권위 밑에 놓이게 되는 연방 형식의 구조이고, 다른 하나는, 회원국들이 각자의 주권을 포기함이 없이, 합의에 의한 결정을 도출하면서, 그들 간의 단순한 협력에 근거한 유럽을 건설하자는 것이다. 유럽에 관한 조약들을 구상하고, 조인한 사람들의 당장의 목적은 경제적 필요에 부응한 것이었겠으나, 궁극의 목적은 틀림없이 정치적인 것이었다. 유럽 석탄, 철강 공동체의 창설을 가져온 1950년 5월 9일의 슈만 선언은, 국제 관계에 있어서 하나의 새로운 원칙을 설정하고 있다. 즉 참가국들이 이 새로운 기구에 그들의 주권을 위임할 것을 합의한 것이다. 조인 당사자들은 수 세기에 걸쳤던 적대 관계를 그들의 근본적인 이익의 융합으로 대체하고, 경제공동체의 창설을 통하여, 유혈적인 분열에 의해 오랫동안 대립해 왔던 국민들 간에 보다 깊고 보다 넓은 공동체의 첫째 발판을 구축하며, 이제부터는 서로 나누어야할 운명의 방향을 설정할 수 있는 제도들의 기초를 닦기로 결심한다라고 밝히고 있는 것이다

Morphological characterization and molecular phylogenetic analysis of Dolichospermum hangangense (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) sp nov from Han River, Korea

Dolichospermum is a filamentous and heterocytous cyanobacterium that is one of the commonly occurring phytoplanktons in the Han River of Korea. Morphological observations led to the identification of D. planctonicum-like filaments in seasonal water samples. In the present study, we successfully isolated these filaments using culture methods, and examined its morphology using light and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of the D. planctonicum-like species differed from that of typical D. planctonicum; it had thin cylindrical-shaped akinetes, which were narrower towards the ends than at the center. This morphology is firstly described in the genus Dolichospermum. In addition, the akinetes in the filament developed solitarily and were distant from the heterocytes. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences showed that our Dolichospermum clustered with D. planctonicum and D. circinale, which have coiled trichome. However, phylogenetic analysis of the gene encoding rivulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcIA) clearly separated our species from other Dolichospermum, forming a unique Glade. Additionally, structures of D. planctonicum and D. hangangense strains were different type in Box-B and V3 region. These results demonstrated that the new Dolichospermum species was unique in morphology and molecular traits. Therefore, we propose this to be a new species belonging to genus Dolichospermum with the name Dolichospermu in hangangense sp. nov.This research was supported by the Environmental Basic Research Program, Han River watershed management committee

Empowerment in the practice of community health practitioners(CHPs)

간호학과/박사[한글] 본 연구는 보건진료원들의 실무 경험을 통해 임파워먼트의 특성을 밝히고, 이러한 특성들이 실무 현장에서 어떻게 나타나는지를 규명하기 위해 시도된 사례연구이다. 연구대상은 눈덩이 표집과 편의 표집에 의해 표출된 광주, 전남 지역 보건진료원 7명이었다. 자료 수집은 심층면담과 참여관찰을 통해 1997년 6원부터 1998년 3월까지 본 연구자에 의해 이루어졌으며, 면담 내용은 연구대상자들의 동의하에 모두 녹음하였다. 자료분석은 면담과 동시에 수행되었는데, 관찰된 내용과 녹음된 자료를 기록화하고, 이를 Schatzman과 Strau ss(1973)의 기록체계를 이용하여 조직하고 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 보건진료원 실무에서 분석된 임파워먼트는 현실 인식, 변화 시도, 성과 확인, 임파워먼트 경험 및 성취 지향 단계를 포함하는 일련의 상호작용 과정이다. 보건진료원들은 무력감과 회의감, 절망감을 유발하는 부정적인 상황을 인식하고 이를 변화시키기 위해 책임감과 사명감을 가지고 스스로 업무에 몰입하며, 자신이 시도한 변화 노력에 대해 반복적으로 성과를 확인하면서 임파워된다. 임파워된 보건진료원은 자기효능감과 자존감이 증대되고 스스로 동기를 유발한다. 또한 이들은 업무에 흥미와 애착을 가지고 정서적으로 몰입 하며, 또 다른 성과를 기대하면서 새로운 사업을 지속적으로 추구하는 순환을 계속한다. 이와 같이 임파워된 보건진료원들은 업무에 대한 통제력을 획득하고 직무 만족감이 증대된다. 보건진료원들이 임파워되어가는 과정에서 수행한 실무 내용은 다음과 같다. 보건진료원들이 환자관리 업무를 수행하기 위해 수행한 활동은 지식 습득을 위한 개별 노력, 업무에 필요한 자원 개발, 철저한 환자관리, 환자 의뢰에 필요한 민간 및 공공 의료자원의 활용 등이다. 주민과 관련된 업무 활동은 지역 주민과의 유대관계를 형성하기 위한 활동, 유인(incentive) 제공 등의 이역사회 참여를 촉진하기 위한 활동, 지역사회 조직 개발을 위한 활동, 노인 관리 등의 지역 주민을 위한 헌신 봉사 및 보건진료소 수익금의 지역사회 환원 등이 특징적으로 나타났다. 행정 관련활동으로는 집단교육 및 개별 노력을 통한 지식의 습득 및 의무수행을 들 수 있다. 이와 같은 활동을 통해 보건진료원들은 지역주민들로부터 신뢰받는 것, 유관기관의 구성원들로부터 인정받는 것 그리고 주민들로부터 옹호 와 후원받는 것 등의 성과를 확인하였다. 보건진료원들은 반복적인 성과 확인을 통해 임파워되고, 궁극적으로 보건진료원으로서의 통제력을 획득하고 직무에의 만족감이 증대되었다. 보건진료원들이 임파워되어가는 과정에 영향을 미친 요인은 보건진료원 개인특성인 내적 요인과 환경적 특성인 외적 요인으로 분류된다. 내적 요인으로는 직업 의식, 선경험, 성격 및 종교적 신념을 들 수 있다. 외적 요인으로는 사회적 지지, 특히 가족, 행정기관 및 지역 의료기관 등의 유관기관으로부터의 지지가 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 관할인구, 근무시간 등의 근무 환경 특성과 보상 및 주민의 호응도가 외적 요인으로 확인되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 임파워먼트는 보건진료원의 실무에 유용한 개념이 될 수 있음을 시사한 것이라 하겠다. 그러므로 간호 실무에서 임파워먼트 개념을 활용하기 위해서는 도구 개발 및 대상자를 달리한 추후 연구가 지속되어야 하며, 또한 본연구 결과를 토대로 보건진료원들의 임파워먼트를 위한 구체적인 전략 개발이 이루어질 필요가 있을 것으로 본다. [영문] The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of empowerment through the practical experience of CHP and to clarify how these characteristics are applied. This study is a case study that analysis of the personal experiences of the subjects, seven CHP who live in the Kwangju, Chonnam area. The data were collected from June1997 to March 1998 through the in-depth interviews and participant observation and all of the content were recorded. The data analysis was performed simultaneously with the interview and the observed contents and recorded data were constructed and analyzed through the archive system of Schatzman and Strauss(1973). The results of the study include the following; The empowerment analysed in this study was the process of reciprocal action which contains the steps of reality cognition, trial change, confirmation of results, and intention of accomplishment. The CHP show a commitment with responsibility, obligation these steps proceed. And when they confirmed the good result, they endowed motive to themselves which increased self-efficacy and self-esteem. Emotionally empowered CHPs are committed to accomplishment their new job with enthusiasm. In the process of CHP, they implement the following: an active to acquire knowledge for patient care and management, development of work materials, complete management of patients, and development of network with private and public medical resource. As an activity related with community people, the CHPs also make a couple of activity: an activity for the building up of a good relationship with community residents such as self-improvement and participation in community development program, activity which leads community residents to participation in community work through supply of incentive and management association activities, dedicative activity like elderly and redistribution of CH Post. As an activity related with administration, they perform aqusition of knowledge and implementation of duty through group training and independent effoet. In this acticity, the CHPs achieve an recognition from their colleagues as well as support and aid from community people. From the repeated achievements, the CHPs were empowered and experienced satisfaction and self-control as CHP. The factors which influence the CHP's practice are classified as internal factors or external factors. The internal factors are business value, preexisting experience, characteristics, and religious belief. The external factors are influenced by family support, social support from government organizations, attitudes of the director of the supervising office, characteristics of the service environment such as service area, working hours and rewards. The results show that the empowerment is a useful concept for the practice of the CHPs. Therefore, to use the empowerment concept in nursing practice, the subsequent research with different participants and instnlment developement is urgentlyy needed. It is suggested that concrete strategy developements should be brought about to strengthen the empowerment in CHPs, using these research results.restrictio

A Study on Disambiguation of Japanese Auxiliary Verb, Reru/Rareru, in Japanese-to Korean Machine Translation

Maste

Physiological ecology of the red-tide phytoplanktons in the eutrophic coastal area

한국해양연구

Testing additions of Pseudomonas fluorescens HYK0210-SK09 to mitigate blooms of the diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii in small- and large-scale mesocosms

An algicidal bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens HYK0210-SK09 (SK09) was applied to a natural bloom of Stephanodiscus hantzschii using a small-scale mesocosm (SM) and a large-scale mesocosm (LM) to clarify the algicidal effects and evaluate the response of the planktonic community and environments. When SK09 cells were inoculated at a final concentration of 5 x 106 cells mL-1, the abundance of S. hantzschii decreased significantly by 95% in SM and 85% in LM. The microcosm in the laboratory revealed that the abundance of Pseudomonas increased rapidly after inoculation with a corresponding decrease in the S. hantzschii population. Nutrient concentrations increased following the diatom cells. The abundances of non-dominant species such as Chlamydomonas, Cryptomonas and Navicula increased slightly with increased nutrient concentrations. The abundance of heterotrophic protists also increased significantly due to utilization of SK09 as food. The present study demonstrates that SK09 is an effective bio-control agent for natural S. hantzschii bloom and grazing pressure plays a crucial role in the successful application of algicidal bacteria to natural environments.te the response of the planktonic community and environments. When SK09 cells were inoculated at a final concentration of 5 x 106 cells mL-1, the abundance of S. hantzschii decreased significantly by 95% in SM and 85% in LM. The microcosm in the laboratory revealed that the abundance of Pseudomonas increased rapidly after inoculation with a corresponding decrease in the S. hantzschii population. Nutrient concentrations increased following the diatom cells. The abundances of non-dominant species such as Chlamydomonas, Cryptomonas and Navicula increased slightly with increased nutrient concentrations. The abundance of heterotrophic protists also increased significantly due to utilization of SK09 as food. The present study demonstrates that SK09 is an effective bio-control agent for natural S. hantzschii bloom and gr1

Analysis of Environmental Factors Related to Seasonal Variation of Bacteria and Heterotrophic Nanoflagellate in Kyeonggi Bay, Korea

From June 2007 to May 2008, seasonal variations of bacterial abundance and heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF), together with environmental factors, were investigated at weekly and monthly intervals in Kyeonggi Bay. During the study period, the water temperature and salinity varied from 1.9℃~29.0℃ and 31~35.1 psu, respectively. The concentration of ammonia, nitrate+nitrite, phosphate, and silicate ranged from 0.01 to 3.22 μM, 2.03 to 15.34 μM, 0.06 to 1.82 μM, and 0.03 to 18.3 μM, respectively. The annual average concentration of Chl. a varied from 0.86 μg L-1 to 37.70 μg L-1 ; the concentration was twice as much at the surface than at the deeper layers. The abundance of bacteria and HNF ranged from 0.29×106 to 7.62 ×106 cells mL-1 and 1.00 ×102 to 1.26 ×103 cells mL-1, respectively. In particular, there were significant correlations between bacteria and HNF abundance (p<0.05), and then the high abundance of HNF was frequently observed with an increase of bacterial abundance in summer (p<0.001). Our results therefore indicate that bacterial abundance in the bay was mainly controlled by resources supplied as organic and inorganic substances from Lake Shihwa due to the daily water exchange after dike construction. Also, the bacterial abundance was significantly controlled by HNF grazing pressure (top-down) in the warm seasons, i.e. excluding winter, in the Kyeonggi Bay. 수환경요인이 미소생물 그룹 박테리아와 종속영양편모류의 계절적 분포에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해서 2007년 6월에서 2008월 5월 사이에 경기만에서 그들의 동태 및 환경요인을 조사하였다. 조사기간 동안 수온과 염분은 1.9℃~29.0℃와 31~35.1 psu로 변화하였으며, 하계에 현저한 수온 증가와 함께 표층 염분이 상대적으로 낮게 관찰되었다. 영양염 중 암모니아의 농도는 0.01~3.22 μM로, 질산염+아질산염의 농도는 2.03~15.34 μM로, 인산염의 농도는 0.06~1.82 μM로, 규산염은 0.03~18.3 μM로 각각 변동하였다. Chl. a농도는 0.86 μg L-1~37.70 μg L-1로 관찰되었으며, 각 수심별 Chl. a농도의 연평균은 표층에서 10.35±8.54 μg L-1로 가장 높았고, 수심증가와 더불어 감소하였다. 박테리아와 종속영양미소편모류는 0.29×106 cells mL-1~7.62×106 cells mL-1와 1.00×102 cells mL-1~1.26×103 cells mL-1로 변동하였고, 계절적으로는 하계 박테리아의 생물량이 현저하게 높게 관찰되었을 때 종속영양편모류 또한 높게 나타났다. 결과적으로, 시화호에서 단 주기로 개방되는 배수갑문의 영향으로 경기만 내만일대에 일정의 높은 유·무기물이 공급되면, 이들 탄소원으로 박테리아의 현저한 증식이 하계를 중심으로 일어나며, 이는 미소생물고리로 연결되는 종속영양편모류의 증식에 중요한 역할을 할 것이다.33Nkciothe

Biological control of Stephanodiscus hantzschii (Bacillariophyceae) blooms in a field mesocosm by immobilized algicidal bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens HYK0210-SK09

The aim of the study was to determine the activity of an immobilized algicidal bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens HYK0210-SK09 (SK09), against blooms of Stephanodiscus hantzschii and to characterize its effect in an ecosystem. To this end, SK09 cells that had been immobilized using an activated carbon polyvinyl alcohol sponge (APVAS) were tested in a field mesocosm in the Nakdong River, South Korea. Immobilized SK09 cells showed species-specific activity towards S. hantzschii throughout the study, whereby up to 72% of the population of this species was killed. The APVAS carrier absorbed nutrients in the mesocosms effectively, which reduced the free concentrations of nutrients. Other phytoplankton species, such as Cryptomonas ovata, did not show any fluctuation in abundance. The abundance of heterotrophic protists, such as heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates, increased significantly owing to the utilization of SK09 as a food source. The high level of algicidal activity of SK09 against S. hantzschii was sustained by release of these algicidal cells from the carrier. Thus, the immobilization of algicidal bacteria has various advantages, which include high packing ability, enhancement of bacterial growth, protection of bacterial cells predators, effective nutrient removal, and improved algicidal activity. The present study demonstrates that immobilized SK09 is an effective biocontrol agent nd, SK09 cells that had been immobilized using an activated carbon polyvinyl alcohol sponge (APVAS) were tested in a field mesocosm in the Nakdong River, South Korea. Immobilized SK09 cells showed species-specific activity towards S. hantzschii throughout the study, whereby up to 72% of the population of this species was killed. The APVAS carrier absorbed nutrients in the mesocosms effectively, which reduced the free concentrations of nutrients. Other phytoplankton species, such as Cryptomonas ovata, did not show any fluctuation in abundance. The abundance of heterotrophic2

Pseudomonas fluorescens HYK0210-SK09 offers species-specific biological control of winter algal blooms caused by freshwater diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii

To mitigate a winter bloomed harmful diatom, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, Pseudomonas fluorescens HYK0210-SK09 (SK09) was isolated from the Paldang reservoir, Korea. The inoculation of SK09 at the final density of 5 x 106 cells ml-1 caused degradation of >90% of S. hantzschii cells within five days. The algal cell lysis was achieved by a direct attack of the bacteria to the diatom cells, and the algicidal compound was located in the cytoplasm of the cell. Since SK09 did not suppress Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena cylindrica, Coelastrum astroideum, or Cyclotella meneghiniana, it appeared to attack S. hantzschii in a species-specific manner. Testing in an indoor mesocosms confirmed that SK09 effectively reduced S. hantzschii cells by 88% within nine days. Therefore, this bacterium is useful in regulating blooms of S. hantzschii and enabled us to develop a new strategy to understand the interaction for anthropogenic control of harmful algal blooms in nature. However, it should be studied in the future that their impact in shaping phytoplankton community and their activity in natural environments.d degradation of >90% of S. hantzschii cells within five days. The algal cell lysis was achieved by a direct attack of the bacteria to the diatom cells, and the algicidal compound was located in the cytoplasm of the cell. Since SK09 did not suppress Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena cylindrica, Coelastrum astroideum, or Cyclotella meneghiniana, it appeared to attack S. hantzschii in a species-specific manner. Testing in an indoor mesocosms confirmed that SK09 effectively reduced S. hantzschii cells by 88% within nine days. Therefore, this bacterium is useful in regulating blooms of S. hantzschii and enabled us to develop a new strategy to understand the interaction for anthropogenic control of harmful algal blooms in nature. However, it should be studied in the future that their impact in shaping phytoplankton community and their activity in natural environments.1

Biological control of Stephanodiscus hantzschii (Bacillariophyceae) blooms in a field mesocosm by the immobilized algicidal bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens HYK0210-SK09

The aim of the study was to determine the activity of an immobilized algicidal bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens HYK0210-SK09 (SK09), against blooms of Stephanodiscus hantzschii and to characterise its effect in an ecosystem. To this end, SK09 cells that had been immobilized using an activated carbon polyvinyl alcohol sponge (APVAS) were tested in a field mesocosm in the Nakdong River, South Korea. Immobilized SK09 cells showed species-specific activity towards S. hantzschii throughout the study, whereby up to 72% of the population of this species was killed. The APVAS carrier absorbed nutrients in the mesocosms effectively, which reduced the free concentrations of nutrients. Other phytoplankton species, such as Cryptomonas ovata, did not show any fluctuation in abundance. The abundance of heterotrophic protists, such as heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates, increased significantly owing to the utilization of SK09 as a food source. The high level of algicidal activity of SK09 against S. hantzschii was sustained by release of these algicidal cells from the carrier. Thus, the immobilization of algicidal bacteria has various advantages, which include high packing ability, enhancement of bacterial growth, protection of bacterial predators, effective nutrient removal, and improved algicidal activity. The present study demonstrates that immobilized SK09 is an effective biocontrol agent for nand, SK09 cells that had been immobilized using an activated carbon polyvinyl alcohol sponge (APVAS) were tested in a field mesocosm in the Nakdong River, South Korea. Immobilized SK09 cells showed species-specific activity towards S. hantzschii throughout the study, whereby up to 72% of the population of this species was killed. The APVAS carrier absorbed nutrients in the mesocosms effectively, which reduced the free concentrations of nutrients. Other phytoplankton species, such as Cryptomonas ovata, did not show any fluctuation in abundance. The abundance of heterotrophic protis1