협력 읽기와 독서일지 쓰기를 통한 외국어 학습자의 영어 읽기 및 쓰기 행동 변화

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 외국어교육과, 2017. 2. 김진완.Reading has long been considered the most important language skill in the Korean EFL (English as a Foreign Language) context, but recently with the growth of information and communication technology worldwide, there seems to be a growing demand for writing as well. Language experts and practitioners have recognized the significance of developing both English reading and writing and attempted to devise effective and integrative English reading and writing instruction methods in the Korean EFL context. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of collaborative storybook reading and reading-journal writing in the Korean EFL middle school context as a way to enhance students reading and writing abilities. The study explored the behavioral and attitudinal changes in students second language (L2) reading and writing while they participated in collaborative storybook reading and reading-journal writing activities. A total of 28 seventh-grade EFL students participated in the study, and they read four English storybooks, carried out self-directed group book discussions, and wrote four reading journals while engaging in collaborative reading and reading-journal writing activities for four months. Students collaborative group discussions, reading journals, semi-structured interview responses, and pre- and post-questionnaire results were analyzed qualitatively. Students reading rate and writing amount were measured, their writing scores were scored by two raters, and all quantitative data were analyzed with paired samples T-tests. The findings suggested that students showed positive changes in their L2 reading behavior, L2 writing behavior, and attitudes toward L2 reading and writing. Students gradually acquired autonomy and reading habits, made use of a wide range and scope of reading skills, and became more critical and fluent readers. Students gained intrinsic motivation and autonomy for writing, learned to write more effectively following the writing process, and began to express themselves through written texts. Students writing improved in terms of length, lexical complexity, content, organization, and language conventions. As for students attitudes toward reading and writing experiences, students displayed heightened interest, self-confidence, and motivation in English reading and writing, found English reading and writing pleasant, and discovered important values in reading and writing. The present study presented the possibility of implementing collaborative storybook reading and reading-journal writing as an instructional approach to reinforce reading-writing relations, learner autonomy and collaboration, and critical literacy. The overall findings of the study provide insights into the development of integrated English reading-writing instruction suitable for the Korean EFL context, especially in secondary schools, to help students become more autonomous, proficient, and critical readers and writers.TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF APPENDICES vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Purpose of the Study 1 1.2. Research Questions 4 1.1. Organization of the Thesis 5 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1. Reading–Writing Relations 6 2.1.1. Theories of Reading–Writing Relations 6 2.1.2. Previous Studies on Reading–Writing Relations 9 2.2. Collaborative Reading 11 2.2.1. Theories of Collaborative Reading 11 2.2.2. Previous Studies on Collaborative Reading 13 2.3. Reading-Journal Writing 15 2.3.1. Theories of Reading-Journal Writing 15 2.3.2. Previous Studies on Reading-Journal Writing 18 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 21 3.1. Participants 21 3.2. Materials 22 3.2.1. Diagnostic Test Materials 23 3.2.2. Pre- and Post-Questionnaires 24 3.2.3. Reading Materials 24 3.2.4. Reading Activity and Mini-Lesson Materials 26 3.2.5. Scoring Rubrics 27 3.2.6. Observation Notes and Interviews 29 3.3. Procedure 29 3.4. Data Collection and Analysis 32 3.4.1. Transcripts of Audio and Video Recordings 33 3.4.2. Students' Reading Journals 33 3.4.3. Pre- and Post-Questionnaires, Observation, and Interviews 35 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36 4.1. Changes in Students' L2 Reading Behavior 36 4.1.1. Autonomy and Habit Formation 37 4.1.2. Reinforced Reading Skills 39 4.1.3. Achievement of Critical Reading 42 4.1.4. Reading Speed 45 4.2. Changes in Students' L2 Writing Behavior 47 4.2.1. Writing Motivation and Autonomy 47 4.2.2. Reinforced Process Writing 49 4.2.3. Self-Expression through Written Communication 51 4.2.4. Writing Product Itself 52 4.3. Changes in Students' Attitudes toward L2 Reading and Writing 61 4.3.1. Gained Interest, Confidence, and Motivation 61 4.3.2. Reading and Writing for Pleasure 63 4.3.3. Finding Values in Reading and Writing 64 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 68 5.1. Summary of Major Findings 68 5.2. Pedagogical Implications 71 5.3. Limitations and Suggestions 73 REFERENCES 75 APPENDICES 83 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 99Maste

집중호우의 예보 향상을 위한 레이더 및 AWS 관측 자료의 동화 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 대기과학과, 2012. 8. 임규호.본 연구에서는 집중호우의 예보 향상을 위해 레이더 및 AWS 지표 관측 자료의 동화 영향을 살펴보았으며, 이를 위해 WRF와 WRF 3DVAR 시스템을 이용하였다. 또한 자료 동화 시 발생하는 고주파의 중력파를 제거하기 위하여 IAU 방법을 적용하였으며, 백빌딩 (back-building) 중규모 대류계에 의해 발생한 2006년 7월 11-12일의 집중 호우를 대상으로 각 관측 자료 동화가 강수 예보에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. IAU 방법은 중력파 변동을 현저하게 감소시키고 노이즈를 효과적으로 제거함으로 분석장을 향상시키는데 도움을 주었다. 먼저 레이더와 지표 관측 자료 동화의 효과를 살펴보기에 앞서, 레이더와 지표 관측 자료를 동화한 실험이 집중호우의 예측을 향상시키는지를 살펴보았다. 레이더와 지표 관측 자료를 동시에 동화한 실험은 강수 강도와 위치에 있어 관측과 유사한 결과를 모의하였으며, 정량적인 검증에 있어서도 각 관측 자료를 동화한 실험에 비해 긍정적인 효과를 나타내었다. 또한 백빌딩 중규모 대류계의 특징을 잘 모의하였다. 자료 동화 실험 결과를 바탕으로, 레이더 관측 자료의 동화는 모형의 초기 시각에 집중 호우를 유발하는 중규모 대류계 발달에 긍정적인 영향을 주고, 지표 관측 자료 동화는 강화된 하층 바람의 생성에 영향을 준다는 결과를 얻어내었다. 또한 지표 관측 자료는 하층의 온도 경도를 강화시키고 행성경계층을 변화시켜 하층에 대류가 발생하기 좋은 조건을 형성하는데 중요한 역할을 하였다. 이러한 결과들은 레이더 및 AWS 지표 관측 자료 동화가 모형의 집중호우 예보 능력 향상에 기여할 수 있다는 가능성을 제시한다. 고해상도의 지표 관측 자료를 동화함에 있어, NMC 방법으로 계산된 배경오차는 관측 정보의 전파와 형태를 결정하는 길이규모를 과장되게 표현하는 경향이 있다. 따라서 효과적인 지표 관측 자료 사용으로 집중호우의 예측을 향상시키기 위해, NMC 방법으로 계산된 배경오차의 상관도와 관측과 배경장의 차이인 O-B 상관도를 비교하여 NMC 방법으로 계산된 배경오차의 길이규모를 조절하였다. 비교를 통해, 보다 효과적으로 지표 관측 자료를 동화하기 위해서는 NMC 방법으로 계산된 길이규모를 반으로 줄여야 한다는 결과를 얻어내었다. 하지만 그럼에도 불구하고 O-B 와 NMC 방법의 상관도 형태에서는 차이가 나타났으며, 이를 해결하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 큰 규모와 작은 규모로 표현되는 두 개의 길이규모를 적용하여 자료 동화하는 방법 (DILS) 에 대해 살펴보았다. 이상화 실험에서, 길이규모를 조절한 실험은 NMC 방법으로 계산된 배경오차를 이용한 실험에 비해 관측 정보의 작은 규모를 효과적으로 나타내었다. 또한, DILS 는 자료 동화 시스템이 고해상도 지표 관측 정보를 효과적으로 얻어내는 것을 가능하게 함으로써 NMC 방법보다 관측 정보를 모형에 보다 효과적으로 반영하는 결과를 보였다. 집중 호우 사례에 대해, DILS 실험은 길이규모를 조절한 후 한 번의 자료 동화를 수행한 실험에 비해 강수 분포와 양에 있어 관측과 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 이는 강화된 하층 바람과 이와 연관된 수렴에 의해 집중 호우가 발생했던 지역에 중규모 대류계를 잘 모의하였기 때문이다. 이러한 결과들은 자료 동화 시스템에서 적절하게 계산된 배경오차를 이용함으로써 고해상도 AWS 지표 관측 자료의 활용성을 극대화하고 이를 통해 중규모 수치 모형에서 집중호우의 예측 성능을 향상시킬 수 있음을 제시한다. DILS 방법을 적용한 배경오차가 중규모 예보 모형에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 1 개월의 기간에 대하여 지표 관측 자료 동화 실험을 수행하고, 초기 시각의 분석장을 지표 관측 자료에 대하여 평균제곱근 오차를 계산하여 검증하였다. 두 번의 길이규모를 적용한 배경오차를 이용하여 지표 관측 자료의 동화 실험에 적용한 결과, 온도장의 분석결과는 NMC 방법을 적용한 분석장과 유사하게 나타났지만, 동서 바람장의 분석오차는 현저하게 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 지표 관측 자료 동화에 더해 여러 변수를 제공하는 AWS 지표 관측 자료가 예보장에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 WRF 수반모형을 이용하여 6시간 예보장에 대한 지표 관측 자료의 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 온도와 상대 습도의 열역학 변수보다는 바람 자료가 예보장을 향상시킨다는 결과를 얻어냈으며, 바람 변수 중에서도 남북 바람이 예보장의 오차를 감소시키는데 큰 역할을 한다는 결과를 얻어내었다. 이러한 결과들은 지표 관측 자료의 변수를 효과적으로 사용함으로써 중규모 수치 모형의 예측 성능을 향상시킬 수 있음을 제시한다.This study investigated the impact of multiple-Doppler radar and AWS surface data assimilation for improving the accuracy of heavy rainfall forecastthe Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and its three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) were used for this purpose. In the data assimilation, the WRF 3DVAR cycling mode with incremental analysis updates (IAU) was used to remove the high-frequency gravity wave. To evaluate the impact of the data assimilation, a heavy rainfall case on 11-12 July 2006 associated with the back-building mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) was chosen. Using the IAU method, the gravity wave fluctuation was greatly reduced and the noise was effectively removed, which help to reduce aliasing in subsequent analyses. Prior to the investigation for the impact of radar and surface data assimilation, it was firstly assessed that the assimilation of multiple-Doppler radar and surface data assured the improvement in the accuracy of heavy rainfall forecast. The assimilation of both radar and surface data showed the best agreement with the observations in terms of location and amount of rainfall, and had a more positive impact on the quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) than the assimilation of either radar data or surface data only. In addition, the back-building characteristic was successfully forecasted. Based on the data assimilation experiments, the radar data helped forecast the development of convective storms responsible for the heavy rainfall in the early hours of forecast, and the surface data contributed to the occurrence of intensified low-level winds. Further, the surface data played a significant role in enhancing the thermal gradient and modulating the planetary boundary layer of the model, which resulted in favorable conditions for convection. In the assimilation of high-resolution surface data, National Meteorological Center (NMC) method estimate of background error tended to exaggerate the length scale that determined the shape and extent to which observed information spreads out. For effective use of surface data to improve forecast accuracy of the heavy rainfall, the NMC method estimate of background error was tuned by comparing with independent estimates from accumulated observation minus background (O-B) data. A comparison revealed that the length scale of the NMC method should be halved in order to better assimilate the surface data with that of O-B. However, the correlation between NMC method and O-B statistics was still poor even using the half of the length scale of the NMC method, therefore, in this study, we examined a double iteration method with two different scales representing the large and small lengths. The resulting assimilation clearly showed that the analysis with the tuned length scale was able to reproduce the small-scale features of the ideal field effectively. Further, the analysis using the double iteration method reflected the large- and small-scale features of observed information in the model fields, allowing the 3DVAR system to extract high-resolution observed information more effectively. The precipitation forecast using this double iteration with two different length scales for the heavy rainfall case was in good agreement with the observations in terms of rainfall distribution and amount. The improved forecast resulted from the development of well-identified MCSs by intensified low-level winds and their consequent convergence near the rainfall area. In addition, we assessed the impact of the background error by the double iteration method on the improvement of the analysis through the assimilation of surface data during a one-month period, in comparison with the background error estimated by the NMC method. The statistics for the one-month period indicated that the 3DVAR analysis using the double iteration improved the root-mean-square-errors (RMSEs) verified against the surface observations. These results indicate that the prediction of the heavy rainfall can be improved by designing a suitable strategy of the background error for assimilating the surface data. Regarding to the surface observations, the surface observation impact in improving 6 hour forecast was evaluated for optimal use of surface observations and forecast skill improvement. The observation impact was evaluated during the warm season, with variant formula of third-order approximation of forecast error variation using WRF adjoint model. It was concluded that wind observations showed larger impact in improving the 6 hour forecast than thermodynamic observations. Among the wind observations, the meridional wind showed the largest impact in reducing 6 hour forecast error.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and Objectives 1 Chapter 2 WRF 3DVAR system and tuning of background error correlation length scale 11 2.1 WRF 3DVAR assimilation system 11 2.2 Tuning of the background error length scale for AWS surface data 19 Chapter 3 Data 28 Chapter 4 Heavy rainfall case 32 4.1 Synoptic background 32 4.2 Mesoscale features 43 Chapter 5 Numerical results 52 5.1 Configuration of numerical model 52 5.2 Radar and surface data assimilation 55 5.2.1 Experiment design 55 5.2.2. Results of numerical simulations 58 5.3 Tuning of the background error correlation length scale for surface data 78 5.3.1 Experiment design 78 5.3.2 Idealized experiment 82 5.3.3 Results of numerical simulations for heavy rainfall 87 Chapter 6 Summary and conclusions 105 References 109 초록 118 감사의 글 121Docto

金東仁의 두 短篇小說에 대한 精神力動的 考察 : `狂炎 소나타`, `狂畵師`

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 정신과학전공,1999.Maste

(A)Study of predictability of heavy rainfall over Korea using ensemble methods

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :지구환경과학부,2005.Maste

A psychoanalytic exploration in the Korean folklores

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 정신과학전공,2002.Docto

정서 행동 문제 청소년이 지각하는 부모-자녀간 의사소통과 부모 양육태도 분석

간호대학/석사본 연구는 정서 · 행동문제 청소년이 지각하는 부모-자녀간 의사소통과 부모의 양육태도를 파악하고, 부모의 양육태도에 미치는 요인을 확인함으로써 정서 · 행동문제 청소년들의 정신건강을 향상시키기 위한 간호중재 개발에 기초자료를 제공하고자 시도된 서술적 탐색연구이다. 대상자는 정서 · 행동장애 진단을 받은 청소년 환자 82명이었다. 연구자가 직접 대상자에게 설문지를 배부하고 전수 회수하였다. 부모-자녀간 의사소통은 Barnes와 Olson(1982)이 개발한 부모와의 의사소통 척도(PACI: Parent Adolescent Communication Inventory) 중 민하영(1991)이 번안한 청소년 자녀용 질문지를 사용하였고, 부모 양육태도는 오성심과 이종승(1982)이 제작한 부모 양육태도 질문지로 측정한 후 SPSS 21.0 Windows program을 이용하여 분석하였다. 부모-자녀간 의사소통은 5점 만점에 각각 평점 3.34, 부모 양육태도는 평점 3.47이였다. 부모-자녀간 의사소통은 부모 양육태도(r=0.228, p=.040)와 유의한 정적 상관성이 있어 부모-자녀간 의사소통이 좋을수록 부모 양육태도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 부모 양육태도에 유의하게 미치는 영향요인은 대상자 연령, 부모-자녀간 의사소통으로 분석되었으며 회기모형은 49.7%의 설명력을 보였다. 정서 · 행동문제 청소년이 지각하는 부모-자녀간 의사소통과 부모 양육태도는 일반 청소년보다 다소 높은 수준이었다. 향후 이들 가족의 강점과 자원을 파악하여 청소년의 정신건강을 높이기 위한 간호중재 개발이 이루어져야 하겠다.prohibitio

웹툰 시장에서의 미래 지향적 행동 모델과 가격 결정

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 경영대학 경영학과, 2018. 8. 김병도.As the internet market environment matures, online markets providing various types of contents have flourished. The webtoon market is one such rapidly growing sector. Based mainly in Asia, the webtoon market emerged as comics originally produced in the form of print publications were transferred to digital format. In this study, I analyze purchasing patterns in the webtoon market taking into account the forward-looking behavior of consumers. A forward-looking consumer compares the utility of present and future purchasing decisions by considering their own discount rates on future purchase utility as well as expectations on future price reductions. This comparison strongly influences when consumers will purchase the goods in question. In the webtoon market, serial episodes are provided weekly and consumers can choose to read the next episode for free when it is released, or read it in advance by paying a fee. This study suggests a theoretical decision model that takes into account the forward-looking behavior of consumers, the serial nature of webtoons, and the uniqueness of the early access model. The study utilizes the assumption that each consumer is heterogeneous in terms of expected utility for the next episode, and discount rates of future purchase utility. The current study provides a theoretical explanation of the seemingly unreasonable behavior of customers who continue to purchase the latest preview, even though this behavior results in lower net utility compared to when they wait continuously for the next free episode. Based on this understanding, an optimal price for early access is derived mathematically with the assumption that the distribution of heterogeneous consumers follows a uniform distribution. If the distribution of consumer heterogeneity is known, an actual optimal price could be determined through this model. A key mathematical finding of this model is that that an intertemporal price discrimination strategy, at any degree of price discrimination from an arbitrary single price, outperforms a uniform pricing strategy in terms of revenue. The significance of this study is as follows. First, it provides a logical explanation of consumer behavior in the webtoon market, which could also be utilized to aid the understanding of other serial online content markets. Second, it provides a theoretical, mathematical basis for pricing decisions in the webtoon and other similar markets. Further empirical studies are needed to fully validate the finding of this paper. Keyword : Online contents marketWebtoonPricingForward-looking consumersintertemporal price discrimination Student Number : 2016-206381. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 5 3. Model 9 4. Price Discrimination 18 5. Conclusion 28 References 30Maste