오존 초기장 개선을 통한 고성능 정지궤도 위성을 이용한 총오존량 산출 정확도 향상

Advanced Meteorological Imager (AMI) instrument that will be flying with the Geostationary Korea Multipurpose Meteorological Satellite (GeoKOMPSAT-2A) to be launched in 2018 provides total ozone from an algorithm developed to obtain atmospheric profiles. It has been shown that the retrieved total ozone from the geostationary infrared observation which contains ozone information at 9.6 micrometer channel has a limited accuracy due to a lack of information contents. However, with the increased available high performance imager such as Advanced Meteorological Imager of GK-2A, Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) of Himawari-8, and Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) of GOES-16, it is worth to check any possibility of improvement. Here, we investigate a possibility of improved total ozone retrieval in terms of the first guess profile used for an optimal estimation algorithm. Since KMA Unified Model (UM) does not produce ozone forecast, climatological data for 10 degree interval latitudinal bands are used. Ozone climatological profiles are interpolated, using Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) total ozone measurement on a previous day, to find the ozone first-guess profile that is closer to the real atmosphere. Two interpolation methods have been tested. One method puts further limit on corresponding month. The other method puts further limit on the latitude. We confirmed that more accurate algorithm results were obtained with the latter method, and then validation is performed. The comparison is performed with the total ozone between OMI and ground-based measurement provided by Yonsei University. In both cases, we found that the retrieved total ozone is overestimated than the reference data. Overall, the difference is greater in the middle and high latitude. The predictable error factors are discussed in the discussion section.;2018년에 발사될 예정인 Geostainary Korea Multipurpose Meteorological Satellite (GeoKOMPSAT-2A, GK-2A)에 탑재될 영상기인 AMI (Advanced Meteorological Imager)를 이용하여 대기 수직 온습도 프로파일을 산출하는 알고리즘으로부터 총오존량이 산출된다. 정지궤도 위성의 9.6 ㎛ 채널을 이용한 적외선 관측으로부터 산출된 총오존량은 대기의 오존 정보를 얻을 수 있는 채널이 한정적이므로 정확도가 제한적이다. 그러나 GK-2A의 AMI, Himawari-8의 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) 및 GOES-16의 Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)와 같은 고성능 영상기를 이용하면 향상된 시간해상도로 총오존량을 산출해 낼 가능성이 존재한다. 본 연구에서 Optimal Estimation 기법에 기반한 알고리즘에 사용 된 오존 초기장의 개선을 통해 총오존량의 산출 정확도를 향상시키고자 한다. 오존 초기장은 수직 온습도 프로파일의 초기장과 달리 한국 기상청 UM 모델에서 예보장을 생성하지 않기 때문에 위도 10도 간격의 월별 기후자료가 사용된다. 기후자료의 낮은 공간해상도로 인한 불연속성을 개선하고자 하루 전날 측정된 OMI 총오존량을 기후자료 프로파일의 내삽에 사용하였다. 두 가지 내삽 방법이 테스트되었다. 두 내삽 방식에 따른 산출된 총오존량의 정성적 비교를 통해 위도대를 더욱 한정시켜 내삽하는 방식이 더욱 정확한 총오존량 결과를 산출하는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 위도대를 더욱 한정시켜서 내삽 하는 방식을 통해 산출된 총오존량에 대한 검증은 OMI 자료 및 연세대학교로부터 제공받은 지상관측자료로 진행하였다. 두 경우 모두 알고리즘으로부터 산출된 총오존량이 참고 자료보다 과대 모의되는 것으로 드러났다. 이에 따른 예상 가능한 에러요인들에 대해서 논의 부분에서 다루고 있다.I. Introduction 1 A. Total ozone 1 B. Previous study 1 C. Algorithm 2 D. Objective 5 II. Data and Method 6 A. Data and Method to produce ozone first-guess profile 6 B. Validation data 9 III. Results 10 A. Results of ozone first-guess profile improvement 10 B. Analysis by dividing land and sea 12 C. Validation with OMI 13 D. Validation with ground-based observation 17 E. Substitute OMPS for OMI 20 IV. Discussion 22 V. Summary 22 References 24 Appendix 26 Abstract (in Korean) 2

백색 가토의 유리체강내로 주입된 비생분해성 나노입자의 안구내 분포와 동력학

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 의학과 안과학 전공, 2016. 8. 박규형.Introduction: Recently, intravitreal injection of large protein drugs has been used for the treatment of many retinal diseases. Although molecular weight is the main factor in determining the kinetics, the exact mechanisms underlying drug delivery and intraocular distribution and elimination of these drugs has not been elucidated. Efforts have been made to enhance drug delivery to ocular tissues using various kinds of drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles. This study was performed to analyze the intraocular distribution and kinetics of intravitreally injected non-biodegradable nanoparticles in rabbit eyes, to help understand the intraocular biodistribution of intravitreous materials and drugs. Methods: Four kinds of fluorescent non-biodegradable polystyrene nanoparticles were used in this study: 25 nm and 250 nm diameter nanoparticles to investigate the intraocular distribution and elimination pathways of nanoparticles and intraocular kinetics of nanoparticles, and 50 nm and 200 nm diameter nanoparticles to investigate the intraocular kinetics of nanoparticles. A 0.034 ml mixture of 25 nm nanoparticles and 250 nm nanoparticles (1:1) was injected intravitreally into 24 eyes of 12 New Zealand white rabbits. Four eyes were enucleated at each time point (1 hour, 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 30 days after the injection) and immediately frozen at -80 °C. Fluorescence microscopic imaging was performed on one eye at each time point. Fluorescence microscopic imaging of the cross section of each frozen enucleated eyeball was performed using a custom-built laser-scanning confocal system modified for wide-field imaging before it began to melt. Intraocular distribution of nanoparticles was analyzed serially with software at each time point. The other three eyes from each time point were used for fluorescence measurements. A 10-fold diluted solution of 50 nm nanoparticles was injected intravitreally into 15 right eyes of 15 New Zealand white rabbits and a 100-fold diluted solution of 200 nm nanoparticles was injected intravitreally into 15 right eyes of 15 New Zealand white rabbits. Three eyes per solution group per time point were enucleated for fluorescence measurements at 1 hour, 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days after the injection and immediately frozen at -80 °C. The optical density of fluorescence was determined using a fluorescence microplate reader after the separation of frozen vitreous, aqueous humor, and retina, and the concentration of nanoparticles in each sample was determined. Results: Serial imaging of the intraocular distribution of nanoparticles showed that the intensity of fluorescence did not decrease in the vitreous over time and the injected nanoparticles moved posteriorly to the retina from 7 days after the injection. However, the nanoparticles could not penetrate into the deeper retinal structures and accumulated on the internal limiting membrane. Furthermore, the nanoparticles moved anteriorly in the vitreous at 1 hour and 1 day post-injection, and the fluorescence increased in the anterior chamber until 14 days after the injection and it decreased thereafter. In the image of the eye that had been enucleated 21 days after the injection, we found that the 25 nm nanoparticles moved across the ciliary body into the choroid and episcleral space. Overall, the concentration of nanoparticles in the vitreous did not change at all the measured time points, irrespective of sizes. In the aqueous humor, the concentration of 50 nm and 200 nm nanoparticles did not increase after the 1-day time point and the 25 nm and 250 nm nanoparticles did not increase after the 7-day time point. Nanoparticles were detected in the retinal tissue. Conclusion: The result of the intraocular distribution, changes in concentration, and elimination pathways of various-sized non-biodegradable nanoparticles may be used as basic data in the studies of intraocular drug delivery and pharmacokinetics using nanoparticles in the future. It might also indicate the possible mechanisms underlying intraocular elimination and movement of intravitreally injected drugs, which are currently used to treat retinal diseases.Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 5 1. Preparation of nanoparticles 5 2. Preparation of animal experiment 6 3. Intravitreal injection 7 4. Enucleation and storage of eye 8 5. Fluorescence microscopic imaging of enucleated eye 8 6. Separation of aqueous humor, vitreous, and retina 9 7. Optical density measurement of fluorescence 10 8. Calculation of the concentration of nanoparticles in aqueous humor, vitreous, and retina 11 Results 12 1. Fluorescence microscopic imaging 12 2. Intraocular kinetics of nanoparticles 13 2-1. Standard curve 13 2-2. Optical density measurement of fluorescence 13 2-3. The concentration of nanoparticles in aqueous humor, vitreous, and retina 14 Discussion 25 1. Three main movement pathways of intravitreous nanoparticles 25 2. Distribution and kinetics in vitreous 26 3. Distribution and kinetics in anterior chamber 30 4. Distribution and kinetics in retina 31 5. The strength and limitations of our study 32 6. Future nanoparticles and drug delivery systems 33 Conclusion 35 References 37 국문 초록 48Docto

Development of non-human primate models of human infectious disease for the Industry-University-Institute needs

국가 재난형 신·변종 감염병 발생 대비 맞춤형 감염병 모델 개발 및 산·학·연 활용 지원 사업KGM457201

Development of animal models with degenerative brain diseases

노인성 뇌질환 형질전환 동물모델 개발사업KGM462201