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    Figures by Yi Jaegwan and Kim Uncho

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ(๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ์žฅ์ง„์„ฑ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ธ ๊น€์šด์ดˆ(้‡‘้›ฒๆฅš, 1800๋…„๊ฒฝ-1857๋…„ ์ด์ „)๊ฐ€ ์ด์žฌ๊ด€(๏งกๅœจๅฏฌ, 1783-1838๋…„๊ฒฝ)์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„(ๆ•…ไบ‹ไบบ็‰ฉๅœ–)ใ€‹์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ธ€์ด๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹๋Š” ์žฌ๋…€(ๆ‰ๅฅณ)์™€ ์—ฌํ˜‘(ๅฅณไฟ )์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ํญ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”์™€ ์€๊ฑฐ(้šฑๅฑ…)ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ธ(ๆ–‡ไบบ)์ด ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ๋‘ ํญ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚จ๋…€ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝํ™”์„ธ์กฑ(ไบฌ่ฏไธ–ๆ—)์ด ์žฌ๋…€์™€ ์—ฌํ˜‘์„ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹น๋Œ€(็•ถไปฃ)์— ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์žฌ๋…€์™€ ์—ฌํ˜‘์˜ ๋•๋ชฉ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ํ˜‘๊ธฐ(ไฟ ๅฆ“)๋กœ ์ž์ฒ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜‘๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ํˆฌ์˜(ๆŠ•ๅฝฑ)ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•„์ž๋Š” ํ‰์•ˆ๋‚จ๋„(ๅนณๅฎ‰ๅ—้“) ์„ฑ์ฒœ(ๆˆๅท)์˜ ๊ด€๊ธฐ(ๅฎ˜ๅฆ“)์˜€๋˜ ๊น€์šด์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์—๋Š” ์žฌ๋…€์™€ ์—ฌํ˜‘์„ ์€๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ธ์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€ˆ๋ฏธ์ธ์‚ฌ์„œ๋„(็พŽไบบๅฏซๆ›ธๅœ–)ใ€‰์™€ ใ€ˆ๋ฏธ์ธ์ทจ์ƒ๋„(็พŽไบบๅน็ฌ™ๅœ–)ใ€‰์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๋…€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€, ใ€ˆ์—ฌ์„ ๋„(ๅฅณไป™ๅœ–)ใ€‰์™€ ใ€ˆ์—ฌํ˜‘๋„(ๅฅณไฟ ๅœ–)ใ€‰์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌํ˜‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ใ€ˆํŒŒ์ดˆํ•˜์„ ์ธ๋„(่Šญ่•‰ไธ‹ไป™ไบบๅœ–)ใ€‰์™€ ใ€ˆ์†กํ•˜์ฒ˜์‚ฌ๋„(ๆพไธ‹่™•ๅฃซๅœ–)ใ€‰์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์€๊ฑฐ์ž๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์ œํ™”์‹œ(้กŒ็•ซ่ฉฉ)๋Š” ๋‚จ๋…€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฐ(็ต็ทฃ)์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”์—๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋…€ํ™”(ไป•ๅฅณ็•ซ)์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›€์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋„์ƒ(ๅœ–ๅƒ)์ด ์ฐจ์šฉ(ๅ€Ÿ็”จ)๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์กฐํฌ๋ฃก(่ถ™็†™้พ, 1789-1866)๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์ง„(ๅงœๆบ, 1807-1858)์€ ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ์ œํ™”์‹œ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์—ฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์—์„œ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ˜‘๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ๊ฐ์ƒ์ž์ธต(้‘‘่ณž่€…ๅฑค) ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์š”์ธต(้œ€่ฆๅฑค)์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์žฌ๋…€์™€ ์—ฌํ˜‘์€ ์ฒญ(ๆทธ, 1644-1911)์˜ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ(ๆฑŸๅ—) ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝํ™”์„ธ์กฑ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์˜ˆ์ ์ธ ์†Œ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด ๊ฒฝํ™”์„ธ์กฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฌํ˜‘์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์˜(ไฟก็พฉ)๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฌธ์žฌ(ๆ–‡ๆ‰)๊ฐ€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์žฌ๋…€์™€ ์—ฌํ˜‘์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ํ˜‘๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์„ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ธ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฐํ•„(้…ๅŒน)์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ง€์Œ(็Ÿฅ้Ÿณ)์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์ธ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜‘๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ํ˜‘๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊น€์šด์ดˆ(์šด์ดˆ)๊ฐ€ ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ํ™”๊ฐ€์ธ ์ด์žฌ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ์ œ์‹œ(้กŒ่ฉฉ)๋ฅผ ์“ด ์กฐํฌ๋ฃก ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•์ง„์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด์žฌ๊ด€์˜ ํ™”์‹ค(็•ซๅฎค)์ธ ํ”์—ฐ๊ด€(ๆฌฃๆถ“้คจ)์— ์ถœ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ต์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ํ”์—ฐ๊ด€ ๋ชจ์ž„์— ์šด์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด์ดˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ํ•œ์–‘(ๆผข้™ฝ)๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋™(ๅฎ‰ๆฑ) ๊น€์”จ(้‡‘ๆฐ) ์ง‘์•ˆ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ด€(้ซ˜ๅฎ˜)์ธ ๊น€์ด์–‘(้‡‘ๅฑฅ้™ฝ, 1755-1845)์˜ ์ฒฉ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์šด์ดˆ์˜ ์–ธํ–‰๊ณผ ์ƒ์• ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”๋Š” ์šด์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ํˆฌ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—๋Š” 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์˜ˆ๊ณ„(ๆ–‡่—็•Œ)์—์„œ ์šด์ดˆ์™€ ๋™์ผ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹น(ๅ”, 618-907)๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋…€ ์‹œ์ธ์ธ ์„ค๋„(่–›ๆฟค, 781๋…„๊ฒฝ-832๋…„๊ฒฝ)๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์—๋Š” ์šด์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ์— ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„(motif)๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์šด์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ํ”์—ฐ๊ด€ ๋ชจ์ž„์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ•„์ž๋Š” ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹๋ฅผ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ด ํšŒํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ์ƒ์ž์ด์ž ์ˆ˜์š”์ž(้œ€่ฆ่€…)๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.This study suggests that Kim Uncho (ca. 1800-before 1857), one of the most renowned courtesans (gisaeng) in nineteenth century Joseon Korea, participated in the production of Figures (Gosa inmul do) painted by Yi Jaegwan (1783-ca. 1838). These figure paintings consist of six scrolls. Four of them are imaginary portraits of women in antiquity who were famous as talented women (cainรผ) or female knight errants (nรผxia). The others focused on the ideal life of recluses. The images and the poems written on these pictures show the painters intention to represent the figures as couples. There was a tendency among some nineteenth century Joseon literati to regard talented women and female knight errants as their ideal companion. Responding to this trend, courtesans, especially the ones at the upper level of their profession, positioned themselves as chivalrous courtesans (hyeopgi) who were qualified both as talented women and female knight errants. Their purpose was to be perceived as a perfect match for scholar-gentry men. The women in the paintings were depicted in a way that would have induced empathy from these chivalrous courtesans of the late Joseon period. Among those chivalrous courtesans, it is highly possible that Kim Uncho played an active role in the creation of Figures. She was a poet with reputation and a concubine of Kim Iyang (1755-1845), a high ranking official from the prestigious Andong Kim family who was 45 years older than her. Jo Huiryong (1789-1866) and Gang Jin (1807-1858) who wrote inscriptions on Figures seem to have frequently gathered at Yi Jaegwans studio named Heunyeongwan. Kim Uncho was also a member of this literati circle. The selection of figures and the way in which the original texts were twisted in Figures are highly suggestive of the presence of Kim Uncho behind the making of Figures. In this study, Figures is recognized as an important piece of evidence highlighting that courtesans were active as appreciators and consumers of paintings in nineteenth century Korea.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„(ๆ•…ไบ‹ไบบ็‰ฉๅœ–)ใ€‹์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์œ ํ˜• 11 โ…ข. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ํ˜‘๊ธฐ(ไฟ ๅฆ“)์™€ ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹ 24 1. ์žฌ๋…€(ๆ‰ๅฅณ)์™€ ์—ฌํ˜‘(ๅฅณไฟ ): 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝํ™”์„ธ์กฑ(ไบฌ่ฏไธ–ๆ—)์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž์ƒ 24 2. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ˜‘๊ธฐ์™€ ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์˜ ๊ฐ์ƒ์ž 32 โ…ฃ. ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์™€ ๊น€์šด์ดˆ(้‡‘้›ฒๆฅš) 50 1. ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์™€ ํ”์—ฐ๊ด€(ๆฌฃๆถ“้คจ) ๋ชจ์ž„ 50 2. ใ€Š๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋„ใ€‹์™€ ๊น€์šด์ดˆ 57 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  72 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 74 ๋ถ€๋ก 84 ๋„ํŒ๋ชฉ๋ก 90 ๋„ํŒ 94 Abstract 120์„
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