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    μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ λ„μ‹œκ΅ν†΅μ •μ±…μ˜ ν˜•ν‰μ„± 뢄석

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ ν™˜κ²½λŒ€ν•™μ› ν™˜κ²½κ³„νšν•™κ³Ό, 2017. 8. κΉ€μ„±μˆ˜.κ΅­λ‚΄μ—μ„œλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ ν˜•ν‰μ„± λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  있으며, ꡐ톡 λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œλ„ 녹색성μž₯κ³Ό λ”λΆˆμ–΄ 볡지에 λŒ€ν•œ μ€‘μš”μ„±μ΄ λŒ€λ‘λ˜λ©΄μ„œ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± λ˜ν•œ λ†’μ•„μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. ν˜„μž¬λŠ” ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν•  λ•Œ 곡리주의 κ°€μΉ˜κ΄€μ„ κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ 주둜 μ ‘κ·Όμ„± μΈ‘λ©΄, μ§€λ‹ˆκ³„μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ λΆˆν‰λ“±λ„ λ“±κ³Ό 같은 ν˜•ν‰μ„± κ΄€λ ¨ μ§€μˆ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 일뢀 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄μ™”λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ •μ±… 및 μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 타당성을 평가할 λ•Œ νš¨μœ¨μ„±λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν˜•ν‰μ„±λ„ ν•¨κ»˜ κ³ λ €ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ •μ±…μ˜ νŠΉμ„±, λͺ©μ  등에 따라 μ ‘κ·Όν•˜λŠ” 방법도 λ‹¬λΌμ§ˆ ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ΅­λ‚΄λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ κ΅­μ™Έμ—μ„œ ꡬ체적으둜 μ μš©λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°€μΉ˜κ΄€λ³„ μ ‘κ·Ό 방법 및 μ •μ±…μ˜ 평가 방법둠을 μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ •λ¦½ν•˜κ³ , 이λ₯Ό 기반으둜 싀증적 뢄석을 톡해 정책적 μ‹œμ‚¬μ μ„ λ„μΆœν•˜λŠ”λ° λͺ©μ μ΄ μžˆλ‹€. 858λͺ…μ˜ ν†΅κ·Όν†΅ν–‰μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ ν–‰νƒœλ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€ν•­λ‘œμ§“λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μΆ”μ •ν•˜κ³  이λ₯Ό 톡해 λ„μ‹œκ΅ν†΅μ •μ±…μ— λ”°λ₯Έ μˆ˜λ‹¨μ„ νƒμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μ •μ±…μ˜ μ‹œν–‰μ— λŒ€ν•œ ꡐ톡츑면 효과 뢄석, μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜λ³„ ν˜•ν‰μ„± 츑면의 νš¨κ³ΌλΆ„μ„ λ“± μ„Έ 가지 λ°©λ²•λ‘ μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 특히, μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜λ³„ ν˜•ν‰μ„± 츑면의 νš¨κ³ΌλΆ„μ„μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜μ˜ μœ ν˜•μ— 따라 ν†΅κ·Όν†΅ν–‰μžμ˜ 후생변화λ₯Ό μ‚°μΆœν•˜κ³  이λ₯Ό 기반으둜 ν•˜μ—¬ μ§‘μ€‘μ§€μˆ˜, μ§€λ‹ˆκ³„μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ RSμ§€μˆ˜λ₯Ό 톡해 λ„μ‹œκ΅ν†΅μ •μ±…μ˜ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ„ ν‰κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 2006년을 기쀀년도(λ―Έμ‹œν–‰)둜 μ •ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° ν˜„ μ‹œμ μ—μ„œμ˜ μ •μ±…λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 2016λ…„ 12μ›” κΈ°μ€€μ˜ 가격변화λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έμ•ˆ(μ‹œν–‰)으둜 μ„€μ •ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 2006λ…„μ—μ„œ 2016λ…„(10λ…„κ°„)은 인ꡬ의 λ³€ν™”, κ΅ν†΅μ‹œμ„€(λ²„μŠ€λ…Έμ„ , μš΄ν–‰λŒ€μˆ˜, μ§€ν•˜μ²  λ…Έμ„ , μ‹ κ·œ λ„λ‘œ λ“±)의 λ³€ν™”, μš”κΈˆμ²΄κ³„μ˜ λ³€ν™” λ“± λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ³€ν™”μš”μΈμ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 2006λ…„κ³Ό 2016λ…„ 자료λ₯Ό 각각 μ΄μš©ν•˜κ²Œ 되면 정책에 μ˜ν•œ 순수효과 이외에 μ™ΈλΆ€μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ λ³€ν™”κ°€ 반영이 λœλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ •μ±…μ˜ 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ νš¨κ³Όλ§Œμ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 2006λ…„ κΈ°μ€€ 자료λ₯Ό 기반으둜 μ •μ±…μ˜ λ³€ν™” μš”μΈλ§Œ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‹€λ§Œ, 2016λ…„ κΈ°μ€€μ˜ κ΄‘μ—­λ²„μŠ€μš”κΈˆ, μ§€ν•˜μ²  μš”κΈˆ 및 유λ₯˜λΉ„λ₯Ό 2006λ…„ κΈ°μ€€μ˜ λΆˆλ³€κ°€κ²©μœΌλ‘œ μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λΆ„μ„κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜λ³„ μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒ λ³€ν™” μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄ μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜μ— 따라 μ •μ±…λ“€μ˜ μš°μ„ μˆœμœ„κ°€ λ‹¬λΌμ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€. ν†΅κ·Όμž ν›„μƒμ˜ μ΅œλŒ€ν™”κ°€ λͺ©ν‘œμΈ ν˜„ μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜(μΌλ°˜ν™”λœ 곡리주의)와 극단적 곡리주의 μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜μ—μ„œλŠ” 유λ₯˜λΉ„ μΈν•˜ 정책이 ν†΅κ·Όμž 후생이 κ°€μž₯ μ»€μ§€λŠ” 정책인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, ν†΅κ·Όμž ν›„μƒμ˜ 곡평성 μ΅œλŒ€ν™”κ°€ λͺ©ν‘œμΈ ν‰λ“±μ£Όμ˜μ  μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜λŠ” μ§€ν•˜μ²  μš”κΈˆμΈμƒ 정책이 κ°œλ³„ ν†΅κ·Όμž 후생이 κ°€μž₯ κ³΅ν‰ν•΄μ§€λŠ” 정책인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 반면, μ΅œμ €κ³„μΈ΅ ν†΅κ·Όμž ν›„μƒμ˜ μ΅œλŒ€ν™” κ°€ λͺ©ν‘œμΈ 둀즈적 μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜λŠ” 유λ₯˜λΉ„ μΈν•˜ 정책이 μ΅œμ €κ³„μΈ΅ ν†΅κ·Όμž 후생이 κ°€μž₯ μ»€μ§€λŠ” 정책인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒμ˜ 집쀑도 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅κ°„ μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒμ˜ 집쀑도가 μΌλ°˜ν™”λœ 곡리주의적 μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜μ™€ 극단적 곡리주의 μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜μ˜ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μƒμ΄ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” μΌλ°˜ν™”λœ 곡리주의적 μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜κ°€ μ†Œλ“μˆ˜μ€€μ— 관계없이 1개의 μ‹œκ°„κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ©°, μ†Œλ“μˆ˜μ€€μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ μ‹œκ°„κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 극단적 곡리주의 μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜μ™€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λ„μΆœλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, λ„μ‹œκ΅ν†΅μ •μ±…μ˜ μ‹œν–‰ μ „κ³Ό μ‹œν–‰ ν›„μ˜ ν˜•ν‰μ„± κ°œμ„ λ„λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹ˆκ³„μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό 4개의 μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜ λͺ¨λ‘ μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅κ°„ ν˜•ν‰μ„± κ°œμ„ λ„κ°€ κ°€μž₯ 높은 정책은 유λ₯˜λΉ„ μΈν•˜ 정책인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이와 같이 μ‹ κ·œμ •μ±…μ— λŒ€ν•œ 효과λ₯Ό 뢄석할 λ•Œ κΈ°μ‘΄ 연ꡬ와 같이 μ΄μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ§Œ κ³ λ €ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅ κ°„ 후생에 λŒ€ν•œ 집쀑도, μ‚¬νšŒ μ „λ°˜μ μΈ ν˜•ν‰μ„± κ°œμ„ μ˜ 효과λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ 있으며 이λ₯Ό 톡해 μ’€ 더 심도 있고 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‹œκ°μœΌλ‘œ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ„ 뢄석할 수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀. λ˜ν•œ, μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜μ— 따라 μ •μ±…μ˜ μš°μ„ μˆœμœ„ 및 후생이 μ§‘μ€‘λ˜λŠ” 계측이 λ‹¬λΌμ§ˆ 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 정책이 μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” λͺ©ν‘œμ˜ μ„€μ •(ν›„μƒμ˜ μ΅œλŒ€ν™”, ν›„μƒμ˜ 곡평성 μ΅œλŒ€ν™”, μ΅œμ €κ³„μΈ΅ ν›„μƒμ˜ μ΅œλŒ€ν™”)μ΄λ‚˜ μ •μ±…μ˜ 수혜자λ₯Ό μ–΄λŠ 계측에 λ‘˜ 것인지에 따라 효과λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜μ˜ μœ ν˜•μ€ 달라져야 ν•  것이닀. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ„ ν‰κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 κΈ°μ‘΄μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 일반적으둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•œ κ΅ν†΅μ˜ μ ‘κ·Όμ„±, 이용자 후생, μ§€λ‹ˆκ³„μˆ˜λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ RSμ§€μˆ˜, μ§‘μ€‘μ§€μˆ˜ 등을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ˜ κ°œμ„ λ„λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” λ„μ‹œκ΅ν†΅μ •μ±…μ˜ μ‹œν–‰μ΄ 개인의 ν˜•ν‰μ„±λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ꡬ성원 전체에 μ–΄λ–€ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό 수 있으며 λ˜ν•œ, ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 정책이 μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅μ— 따라 λΆˆν‰λ“±λ„λ₯Ό μ²΄κ°ν•˜λŠ” 정도가 μƒμ΄ν•œ 것을 νŒλ‹¨ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ§€ν‘œμ΄λ‹€. ν–₯ν›„ 이 μ§€ν‘œλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 정책을 λ„μž…ν•  λ•Œ μ •μ±…μ˜ μˆ˜ν˜œμžκ°€ μ–΄λŠ 계측인지에 따라 μ •μ±…κ°„μ˜ μš°μ„ μˆœμœ„λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ”λ° 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀.제 1 μž₯ μ„œλ‘  1 제 1 절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 및 λͺ©μ  1 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 1 2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  3 제 2 절 연ꡬ λ‚΄μš© 및 ꡬ성 4 제 2 μž₯ 이둠적 κ³ μ°° 및 μ„ ν–‰μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ³ μ°° 7 제 1 절 이둠적 κ³ μ°° 7 1. ν˜•ν‰μ„± 7 2. μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜ 8 3. λΆˆν‰λ“±μ§€μˆ˜ 11 제 2 절 μ„ ν–‰μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ³ μ°° 14 1. μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ ν˜•ν‰μ„± 선행연ꡬ 14 2. μ†Œλ“κ³„μΈ΅μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ ν˜•ν‰μ„± 선행연ꡬ 17 3. λΉ„μš©νŽΈμ΅λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ ν˜•ν‰μ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ 선행연ꡬ 23 제 3 절 μ‹œμ‚¬μ  24 제 3 μž₯ 뢄석 λ°©λ²•λ‘ μ˜ 정립 27 제 1 절 κ°œμš” 27 제 2 절 λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ 정립 28 1. μˆ˜μš”λͺ¨ν˜• 28 2. 곡급λͺ¨ν˜• 32 제 3 절 ν†΅κ·Όμž 후생 33 제 4 절 ν˜•ν‰μ„± 35 1. ν›„μƒμ˜ μ§‘μ€‘μ§€μˆ˜(CI) 35 2. μ§€λ‹ˆκ³„μˆ˜ 및 RSμ§€μˆ˜ 36 3. μΉ΄μΏ μ™€λ‹ˆ μ§€μˆ˜ 및 람베λ₯΄νŠΈ μ§€μˆ˜ 39 제 5 절 ν˜•ν‰μ„± 뢄석 μ μš©μ„ μœ„ν•œ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜ 41 제 4 μž₯ 자료의 ꡬ좕 45 제 1 절 뢄석 λŒ€μƒ κ΅ν†΅μΆ•μ˜ μ„ μ • 45 제 2 절 μˆ˜μš”λͺ¨ν˜• κ΄€λ ¨ 자료 47 1. κ°€κ΅¬ν†΅ν–‰μ‹€νƒœμ‘°μ‚¬ 자료 47 2. ν†΅ν–‰μ‹œκ°„ 50 3. ν†΅ν–‰λΉ„μš© 52 4. μ†Œλ“μžλ£Œ 54 제 3 절 곡급λͺ¨ν˜• κ΄€λ ¨ 자료 55 1. μ£Όλ„λ‘œκ΅¬κ°„μ˜ μ„€μ • 57 2. μ ‘κ·Όλ„λ‘œκ΅¬κ°„μ˜ μ„€μ • 60 제 4 절 ν†΅κ·Όμž 후생 κ΄€λ ¨ 자료 60 제 5 μž₯ μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ λ„μ‹œκ΅ν†΅μ •μ±…μ˜ 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό 62 제 1 절 뢄석 λ„μ‹œκ΅ν†΅μ •μ±…μ˜ μ„ μ • 62 제 2 절 κ°œλ³„ λ‹€ν•­λ‘œμ§“λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ μΆ”μ • κ²°κ³Ό 64 제 3 절 λ„μ‹œκ΅ν†΅μ •μ±…μ˜ μ‹œν–‰νš¨κ³Ό 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό 72 1. ꡐ톡 츑면의 μ‹œν–‰ 효과 72 2. μ‚¬νšŒν›„μƒν•¨μˆ˜λ³„ ν˜•ν‰μ„± 츑면의 μ‹œν–‰ 효과 89 3. 정책별 효과 비ꡐ 115 4. 민감도 효과 119 제 4 절 λ„μ‹œκ΅ν†΅μ •μ±…μ˜ 평가 123 제 6 μž₯ κ²°λ‘  및 ν–₯ν›„ μ—°κ΅¬κ³Όμ œ 126 제 1 절 연ꡬ 결과의 μš”μ•½ 및 μ‹œμ‚¬μ  126 제 2 절 ν•œκ³„ 및 ν–₯ν›„ μ—°κ΅¬κ³Όμ œ 129 μ°Έ κ³  λ¬Έ ν—Œ 131 λΆ€ 둝 139 1. μˆ˜λ„κΆŒ DB λΉ„κ΅ν‘œ 139 2. μ†Œλ“λ³„ 뢄포 λΉ„κ΅ν‘œ 139 Abstract 143Docto

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    Photoprotective effect of various sunscreens against ultraviolet B-induced chronic skin damage

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    μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/석사[ν•œκΈ€] λ§Œμ„±μ μΈ μžμ™Έμ„  λ…ΈμΆœμ€ 피뢀에 κ΅΅κ³  κΉŠμ€ 주름과 μ‹¬ν•œ 거칠음, λΆˆκ· μΌν•œ μƒ‰μ†ŒμΉ¨μ°© λ“±μ˜ 광노화와 피뢀암을 μœ λ°œν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. Albino hairless Skh:HR-1 mouseλŠ” μžμ™Έμ„ μ•  μ˜ν•œ 피뢀손상을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 재료둜써 널리 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  있으며, μžμ™Έμ„ μ— μ˜ν•œ ν”ΌλΆ€μ†μƒμ˜ 정도 μΈ‘μ •μΉ˜λ‘œμ¨ μœ‘μ•ˆμ  주름 λ³€ν™” 및 ν‘œν”Όμ™€ 진피측에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 쑰직학적변화가 이용되고 μžˆλ‹€. μžμ™Έμ„ μ— μ˜ν•œ 피뢀손상을 κ°μ†Œμ‹œν‚€λ €λŠ” λ…Έλ ₯으둜 μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œμ˜ 도포가 μ†Œκ°œλ˜μ–΄ ν˜„μž¬ 일광화상과 같은 μžμ™Έμ„ μ–˜ μ˜ν•œ κΈ‰μ„± 손상을 λ°©μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ• μ„œλŠ” albino hairless Skh:HR-1 mouseλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μžμ™Έμ„  Bλ₯Ό μž₯κΈ°κ°„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” μœ‘μ•ˆμ  주름 변화와 μ’…μ–‘ λ°œμƒ 및 쑰직학적 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³ , κ·œμΉ™μ μœΌλ‘œ μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œλ₯Ό λ„ν¬ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜κ΅°κ³Ό μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œλ₯Ό λ„ν¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžμ™Έμ„  Bλ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•œ λŒ€μ‘°κ΅° 을 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. 1. μžμ™Έμ„  8에 λ…ΈμΆœλœ ν”ΌλΆ€λŠ” 깊고 ꡡ은 νš‘μ£Όλ¦„μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ³  ν‘œλ©΄μ€ κ±°μΉ κ³  λ‘κΊΌμ›Œμ§€λŠ” κ΄‘λ…Έν™”κ°€ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 2. κ΄‘λ…Έν™”λœ ν”ΌλΆ€μ˜ 쑰직학적 μ†Œκ²¬μ€ hematoxylin-eosin 염색상 ν‘œν”Ό λ‘κ»˜κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³ , 진피내 μ„¬μœ μ•„μ„Έν¬μ™€ 염증세포가 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° λ‚­μ’…μ˜ λ³€ν™”κ°€ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 3. μžμ™Έμ„ Bλ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•œ 마우슀 λ°°λΆ€μ—μ„œ μ‹€ν—˜μ’…λ£Œμ‹œ 총 9마리 쀑 7마리(78%)μ—μ„œ μ’…μ–‘λ―Έ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, μ‘°μ§ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ λ‘μ’… μ†Œκ²¬κ³Ό 이각화세포 및 세포배열 κ·Ήμ„±μ˜ μ†Œμ‹€μ΄ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 4. 0ctylmethoxycinnamate와 TiO^^2 .ZnO.Talcλ₯Ό ν•¨μœ ν•œ μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œλ₯Ό λ„ν¬ν•œ ν›„μžνšŒμ„ Bλ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜κ΅°μ€ 기제 μ²˜μΉ˜κ΅°μ΄λ‚˜ μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œλ₯Ό λ„ν¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžμ™Έμ„ Bλ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•œ λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•˜μ—¬ μœ‘μ•ˆμ  주름 λ³€ν™”μ˜ μ μˆ˜κ°€ κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° μ‘°μ§ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν”Ό λ‘κ»˜ 증가가 λ―Έμ•½ν•˜κ³  진피내 μ„Έν¬μ˜ 증가 및 λ‚­μ’…μ˜ λ³€ν™” 정도가 κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 5. Octyl dimethyl para-aminobenzoic acid(PA8A)λ₯Ό ν•¨μœ ν•œ μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œλ₯Ό λ„ν¬ν•œμ‹€ν—˜κ΅°μ€ 기제 μ²˜μΉ˜κ΅°μ΄λ‚˜ μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œλ₯Ό λ„ν¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžμ™Έμ„  Bλ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•œ λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•˜μ—¬ μœ‘μ•ˆμ  주름 λ³€ν™”μ˜ μ μˆ˜μ™€ 진피내 염증세포 침윀이 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 6. μ‹€ν—˜μ’…λ£Œμ‹œ Octyl metluxycinnamateλ₯Ό ν•¨μœ ν•œ μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œ μ²˜μΉ˜κ΅°μ–˜μ„œλŠ” 총 7마리 쀑 1마리(14%)μ• μ„œ 쒅양이 κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆκ³  TiO^^2 , ZnO, Talcλ₯Ό ν•¨μœ ν•œ μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œ μ²˜μΉ˜κ΅°μ—μ„œλŠ” 쒅양이 κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ©°, octl dimethyIPABAλ₯Ό ν•¨μœ ν•œ μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œ μ²˜μΉ˜κ΅°μ€ 총 7마리 쀑 5마리(71%)μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄μƒμ˜ 결과둜 μžμ™Έμ„  B에 μž₯κΈ°κ°„ λ…ΈμΆœλœ ν”ΌλΆ€λŠ” 광노화와 쒅양이 λ°œμƒν•  수 있으며, κ·œμΉ™μ μΈ μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œ λ„ν¬λŠ” μžμ™Έμ„  B에 μ˜ν•œ 피뢀손상 정도λ₯Ό κ°μ†Œμ‹œμΌœ 쀄 수 μžˆμœΌλ‚˜. μ μ ˆν•œ μžμ™Έμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œμ˜ 선택이 μ€‘μš”ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λœλ‹€. Photoprotective effect of various sunscreens against ultraviolet B-induced chronic skin damage Hyun Joo Choi Department of Medical Science, The Graduate School Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Yoon-Kee Park) Chronic exposure to ultaviolet radiation(UVR) induces photoaging characterized by dry, deeply wrinkled, inelastic, leathery, and irregularly pigmented skin. UVR also induces solar keratosis and carcinoma, and is a contributing factor in melanoma. The albino hairless Skh: HR-1 mouse has been used as a model to study the photoaging effects of UVR in the skin. There are dramatic changes in appearance of the skin surface such as wrinkling and sagging, in addition to the appearance of skin tumors when they are exposed chronically to UVR. There are also a number of histological alterations in the epidermis and dermis. These gross and microscopical changes in the mouse skin -have been used as the markers of photodamage. Sunscreens are used to prevent solar damage to skin and, if used on daily basis, should significantly reduce the incidence of the chronic photodamaging events. In this study we used the albino hairless Skh:HR-1 mousse exposed chronically to ultraviilet B(UVB) to study the gross and microscopic changes in the skin, and the photoprotective effect of various sunscreens. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The skin of UVB-irradiated mouse shows characteristic signs of photoaging, such as deep wrinkles across the back, and thickened and leathery skin. 2. Histologically, the photoaged skin shows increased epidermal thickness, numerous fibroutlasts and inflammatory cell irfi1tration in user dermis, and many enlarged keratinizing cysts in lower dermis. 3. At 20th week, seven of total 9 mice(78%) in UVB-irradiated mitre developed at least one tumor. Histologically, the tumor is a papilloma, but there an many dyskeratotic cells and loss of polarity in epidermis. 4. Octyl methoxycinnamate or TiO^^2 Β·ZnOΒ·Talc-treated mice show significanty decreased wrinkling score, minimal epidermal hypcrplasia, slightly increased dermal cellularity, and lack of proliferation of cysts. 5. Octyl dimethyl PABA-treated mouse slews significantly increased wrinkling score and marked inflammatory infiltration in dermis. 6. At 20th week, only one mouse developed a tumor in octyl methoxycinnamate-treated group and no evidence of tumor was seen in TiO^^2 Β·ZnOΒ·Talc-treated group. In octyl dimethyl PABA-treated group, five of 7 mice(71%) developed at least one tumor. From these results, the skin which is chronically exposed to UVB subject to toaging and photocarcinogenesis and regular use of adequate sunscreen would prevent these photodamaging effects of UVB, [영문] Chronic exposure to ultaviolet radiation(UVR) induces photoaging characterized by dry, deeply wrinkled, inelastic, leathery, and irregularly pigmented skin. UVR also induces solar keratosis and carcinoma, and is a contributing factor in melanoma. The albino hairless Skh: HR-1 mouse has been used as a model to study the photoaging effects of UVR in the skin. There are dramatic changes in appearance of the skin surface such as wrinkling and sagging, in addition to the appearance of skin tumors when they are exposed chronically to UVR. There are also a number of histological alterations in the epidermis and dermis. These gross and microscopical changes in the mouse skin -have been used as the markers of photodamage. Sunscreens are used to prevent solar damage to skin and, if used on daily basis, should significantly reduce the incidence of the chronic photodamaging events. In this study we used the albino hairless Skh:HR-1 mousse exposed chronically to ultraviilet B(UVB) to study the gross and microscopic changes in the skin, and the photoprotective effect of various sunscreens. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The skin of UVB-irradiated mouse shows characteristic signs of photoaging, such as deep wrinkles across the back, and thickened and leathery skin. 2. Histologically, the photoaged skin shows increased epidermal thickness, numerous fibroutlasts and inflammatory cell irfi1tration in user dermis, and many enlarged keratinizing cysts in lower dermis. 3. At 20th week, seven of total 9 mice(78%) in UVB-irradiated mitre developed at least one tumor. Histologically, the tumor is a papilloma, but there an many dyskeratotic cells and loss of polarity in epidermis. 4. Octyl methoxycinnamate or TiO^^2 Β·ZnOΒ·Talc-treated mice show significanty decreased wrinkling score, minimal epidermal hypcrplasia, slightly increased dermal cellularity, and lack of proliferation of cysts. 5. Octyl dimethyl PABA-treated mouse slews significantly increased wrinkling score and marked inflammatory infiltration in dermis. 6. At 20th week, only one mouse developed a tumor in octyl methoxycinnamate-treated group and no evidence of tumor was seen in TiO^^2 Β·ZnOΒ·Talc-treated group. In octyl dimethyl PABA-treated group, five of 7 mice(71%) developed at least one tumor. From these results, the skin which is chronically exposed to UVB subject to toaging and photocarcinogenesis and regular use of adequate sunscreen would prevent these photodamaging effects of UVB,restrictio

    쑰화츑도와 μ„Έκ²Œ ν•΅

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    Thesis (master`s)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μˆ˜λ¦¬κ³Όν•™λΆ€,2003.Maste

    Expression of cell adhesion molecules and binding of T lymphocyte on human dermal microvascular endothelial cells b

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    μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/박사[ν•œκΈ€] 맀독은 Treponema pallidum(T.pallidum)에 μ˜ν•΄ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μž„μƒμ–‘μƒμ„ 보이며, λ³‘λ¦¬μ‘°μ§ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ ν˜ˆκ΄€ λ‚΄ν”Όμ„Έν¬μ˜ 변화와 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ£Όμœ„μ—Ό λ“±μ˜ μ†Œκ²¬μ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λ§Œμ„± 성인성 μ§ˆν™˜μ΄λ‹€. ν˜ˆκ΄€ λ‚΄ν”Όμ„Έν¬λŠ” 백혈ꡬ 이동, 볡귀 및 μ—Όμ¦λ°˜μ‘μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν•œλ‹€. ν˜ˆκ΄€ 내피세포에 λŒ€ν•œ T λ¦Όν”„κ΅¬μ˜ μœ μ°©μ€ 생물학적 λ°˜μ‘ μ‘°μ ˆλ¬Όμ§ˆμ— μ˜ν•΄ 쑰절되며 intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), E-selectin λ“±μ˜ μ„Έν¬μœ μ°©λΆ„μžμ— μ˜ν•΄ μ€‘κ°œλœλ‹€. 맀독 병변은 μ‚΄μ•„ μžˆλŠ” 맀독균 자체 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ§€λ…κ· μ˜ 항원에 λŒ€ν•œμˆ™μ£Όμ˜ λ©΄μ—­λ°˜μ‘μ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œλ„ μœ λ°œλœλ‹€. 맀독균 47 kDa 항원은 맀독균 감염에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 생물학적역할을 ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹œμ‚¬λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 맀독균 47 kDa 항원이 맀독균 κ°μ—Όμ˜ λ°œλ³‘κΈ°μ „μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 역할을 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κ³ μž λ©΄μ—­ν˜•κ΄‘ μœ λŸ‰ 세포뢄석과 νš¨μ†Œ λ©΄μ—­ν‘œμ§€λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 맀독균 및 맀독균 47kDa 항원을 μ²¨κ°€ν•˜κ³  λ°°μ–‘ν•œ 인체 진피 λ―Έμ„Έν˜ˆκ΄€ 내피세포(human dermal micro-vascular endothelial cells: HDMEC) ν‘œλ©΄ μ„Έν¬μœ μ°©λΆ„μž λ°œν˜„ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³  HDMEC에 λŒ€ν•œ T 림프ꡬ μœ μ°©μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. 1. T. pallidum을 μ²¨κ°€ν•˜κ³  λ°°μ–‘ν•œ HDMEC ν‘œλ©΄μ—μ„œ ICAM-1 λΆ„μž λ°œν˜„μ΄ 자극 전에 λΉ„ν•΄ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , VCAM-1κ³Ό E-selectin λΆ„μž λ°œν˜„μ΄ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μœ μ°©λΆ„μžμ˜ λ°œν˜„μ€ μ²¨κ°€ν•œ T. pallidum의 μˆ˜μ— λΉ„λ‘€ν•˜μ—¬ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 2. 비병원성 균주인 T. phagedenis, T. refringens, T.denticola ν˜Ήμ€ λΉ„ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚¨ T. pallidum을 μ²¨κ°€ν•˜κ³  λ°°μ–‘ν•œ HDMEC ν‘œλ©΄μ—μ„œ 자극 전에 λΉ„ν•΄ ICAM-1, VCAM-1 및 I-selectin λΆ„μž λ°œν˜„μ˜ μœ μ˜ν•œ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 3. 맀독균 47kDa 항원을 μ²¨κ°€ν•˜κ³  λ°°μ–‘ν•œ HDMEC ν‘œλ©΄μ—μ„œ ICAM-1 λΆ„μž λ°œν˜„μ΄ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€κ³  VCAM-1κ³Ό E-selectin λΆ„μž λ°œν˜„μ΄ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, λ°œν˜„ 양상은 맀독균 47kDa ν•­μ›μ˜ μš©λŸ‰ μ˜μ‘΄μ„±μœΌλ‘œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 4. 맀독균 47kDa 항원을 μ²¨κ°€ν•˜κ³  λ°°μ–‘ν•œ HDMEC ν‘œλ©΄μ—μ„œ ICAM-1κ³Ό VCAM-1 λΆ„μžλ°œν˜„μ€ 4μ‹œκ°„ ν›„λΆ€ν„° μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ—¬ 24μ‹œκ°„μ— μ΅œλŒ€μΉ˜μ— λ„λ‹¬ν•œ ν›„ 48μ‹œκ°„κΉŒμ§€ μ§€μ†λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, E-selectin λΆ„μž λ°œν˜„μ€ 1μ‹œκ°„ ν›„λΆ€ν„° μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ—¬ 4μ‹œκ°„μ§Έμ— μ΅œλŒ€μΉ˜μ— λ„λ‹¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€κ°€ 48μ‹œκ°„ ν›„μ—λŠ” λ°œν˜„μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 5. 맀독균 47kDa 항원을 μ²¨κ°€ν•˜κ³  λ°°μ–‘ν•œ HDMEC ν‘œλ©΄ ICAM-1κ³Ό VCAM-1 λΆ„μžμ˜ λ°œν˜„ μ¦κ°€λŠ” ν•­ TNF-Ξ± 항체 λ˜λŠ” ν•­ IL-1Ξ± 항체 μ²˜μΉ˜μ— μ˜ν•΄ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ μ–΅μ œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 6. 맀독균 47kDa 항원을 μ²¨κ°€ν•˜κ³  λ°°μ–‘ν•œ HDMEC에 λŒ€ν•œ T 림프ꡬ μœ μ°©μ€ λ°°μ–‘ 1μ‹œκ°„ ν›„λΆ€ν„° μ¦κ°€ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ—¬ 4μ‹œκ°„ 후에 μ΅œλŒ€μΉ˜μ— λ„λ‹¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€κ°€ 48μ‹œκ°„κΉŒμ§€ μ§€μ†λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 7. 맀독균 47kDa 항원에 μ˜ν•œ HDMEC에 λŒ€ν•œ T λ¦Όν”„κ΅¬μ˜ 유착 μ¦κ°€λŠ” ν•­ ICAM-1 항체와 ν•­ VCAM-1 항체 μ²˜μΉ˜μ— μ˜ν•΄ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ μ–΅μ œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 8. 맀독균 47kDa 항원에 μ˜ν•œ HDMEC에 λŒ€ν•œ T λ¦Όν”„κ΅¬μ˜ 유착 μ¦κ°€λŠ” ν•­ TNF-Ξ± 항체 λ˜λŠ” ν•­ IL-1Ξ± 항체 μ²˜μΉ˜μ— μ˜ν•΄ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ μ–΅μ œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄μƒμ˜ 결과둜 맀독균과 맀독균 47 kDa 항원이 인체 진피 λ―Έμ„Έν˜ˆκ΄€ 내피세포 ν‘œλ©΄ ICAM-1,VCAM-1 및 E-selectin λΆ„μž λ°œν˜„μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μœ λ„ν•˜κ³  T 림프ꡬ μœ μ°©μ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ λ§€λ…μ˜ 면역학적 λ°œλ³‘κΈ°μ „μ— κ΄€μ—¬ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λ˜λ©° 이 과정에 ν˜ˆκ΄€ λ‚΄ν”Όμ„Έν¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μƒμ„±λœ TNF-α와 IL-1Ξ±κ°€ κ΄€μ—¬ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λ£Œλœλ‹€. [영문] Syphilis is a chronic, systemic sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum(T. pallidum) with clinical features including various cutaneous lesions and systemic involvement. Histopathologically, perivasculitis and endothelial cell abnormalities are observed. In inflammatory and immune reactions, vascular endothelial cells act as key effecters. In such reactions the binding of leukocytes to endothelial cells is governed by the expression of cell adhesion molecules such as intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and I-selectin. Their expressions are regulated by biological response modifiers and the resulting regulation of the binding of inflammatory cells plays an important role in determining the progression of acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Syphilitic lesions are induced net only by virulent T. pallidum but also immune reaction to the antigen of T. pallidum. It has been suggested that the T. pallidum-specific 47 kDa lipoprotein may play an important role in the pathogenesis of syphilis. The present study utilized the immunofluorescence flow cytometry and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to observe the changes in the expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin on human dermal microvascular endothelial cells(HDMEC) following incubation with either virulent T. pallidum or the 47 kDa antigen. For the evaluation of the ability of adhesion molecules to mediate T lymphocytes' adhesion to HDMEC, the binding assay of T lymphocytes to HDMEC has been performed after stimulation of HDMEC with the 47 kDa antigen. 1. Expression of ICAM-1 on HDMEC increased significantly after stimulation with virulent T. pallidum and those of VCAM-1 and E-selectin were also induced. The expressions increased in a dose dependent manner with increasing cell number of T. pallidum. 2. Expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin on HDMEC did not change after stimulation with non-pathogenic treponemes such as T. phagedensis, T. refringens, and T. denticola or heat-in-activated T. pallidum. 3. Expression of ICAM-1 on HDMEC increased significantly after stimulation with the 47 kDa antigen and those of VCAM-1 and E-selectin were also induced. The expressions increased in a dose dependent manner with increasing concentration of the 47 kDa antigen. 4. After stimulation with 47 kDa antigen the expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on HDMEC increased significantly at 4 hours, reaching a peak at 24 hours and persisted until 48 hours. Expression of E-selectin was induced at 1 hour after stimulation with a peak at 4 hours, but was not detectable after 48 hours. 5. Expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on HDMEC after stimulation with the 47 kDa antigen decreased significantly by treatments with anti-TNF-Ξ± antibody or anti-lL- 1Ξ± antibody. 6. After stimulation with the 47 kDa antigen adherence of T lymphocytes to HDMEC increased significantly at 1 hour with a peak at 4 hours and persisted until 48 hours. 7. Adherence of T lymphocytes to HDMEC after stimulation with the 47 kDa antigen decreased significantly by treatment with anti-ICAM-1 antibody, anti-VCAM-1 antibody, anti-TNF-Ξ± anti-body or anti-IL- 1Ξ± antibody. These data show that virulent T. pallidum or T. pallidum-specific 47 kDa antigen are capable of stimulating HDMEC to increase the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-I and E-selectin on their membranes and thereby to promote adherence of T lymphocytes. The whole process may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of syphilis and it is likely that TNFr and IL-1Ξ± are involved.restrictio

    A study on Arabidopsis ABC transporters that participate on the deposition of pollen surface lipids

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    DoctorPollen surface is covered with pollen wall and coat, comprising of various lipophilic materials. These lipidic structures are important for pollen development as well as the protection of the pollen against external stresses, which are necessary for successful plant reproduction. The synthesis of their precursors in the tapetum, which is nourishing cells for pollen development, was unraveled by recent reports on the identification of the enzymes involved in that process. However, the mechanisms underlying the transport of these lipid materials from the tapetum onto pollen surface remain elusive. I hypothesized that ABCG transporters are good candidates for such function, as they are well known with their involvement in the transport of surface lipids. Here, I identified 3 Arabidopsis ABCG transporters, ABCG26, ABCG9 and ABCG31, which function in this process.ABCG26 was first isolated by drastically reduced seed production of two independent knockout mutant plants, which was complemented by expression of ABCG26 driven by its native promoter. The severely reduced fertility of the abcg26 mutants was caused by a failure to produce mature pollens. Defective pollen development in the mutant was initially observed at pollen wall developmental stage, i.e. the reticulate pattern of the exine of wild-type microspores was absent in abcg26 microspores at the vacuolate stage, and the vast majority of the mutant pollen degenerated thereafter. ABCG26 was expressed specifically in tapetal cells at the early vacuolate stage of pollen development. It was also highly co-expressed with genes encoding enzymes required for sporopollenin precursor synthesis, i.e. CYP704B1, ACOS5, MS2 and CYP703A2. The tapetal cells of abcg26 accumulated numerous vesicles and granules, which was also observed in two other mutants with defects in pollen wall deposition (nef1 and dex1). ABCG26 was localized to the plasma membrane. Taken together, these results suggest that ABCG26 plays a crucial role in the transfer of sporopollenin lipid precursors from tapetal cells to anther locules, facilitating exine formation on the pollen surface.Next, I searched for ABCG transporter genes that are highly expressed in anther to find candidate transporters involved in transport of pollen surface lipids. Using in silico microarray database, together with quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and promoter-GUS assays, I found that ABCG9 and ABCG31 were highly expressed in anthers and that the two genes exhibited a strong co-expression. Vital staining of pollens of abcg9 abcg31 double knockout plants revealed that half of them were non-viable. When exposed to air, many of the mutant pollens were shriveled and collapsed. When exposed to a cold shock during the flowering period, abcg9 abcg31 plants could not produce as many seeds as the wild type or the single knockout mutants. Electron microscopic observation of the pollen coat revealed that the pollen coat of the mutant was not fully-filled, and contained many vesicular or linear, electron-translucent structures. The extensive analyses of lipid composition of the pollen revealed that steryl glucosidesglycosides were reduced to about half in the abcg9 abcg31 pollen without any changes in the steryl ester and free sterol contents. Pollens of ugt80A2 ugt80B1, a mutant deficient in the steryl glucosidesglycosides synthesis, were similarly reduced in their viability, and often collapsed when exposed to air. Together, these results indicate that steryl glucosidesglycosides are one of the important materials for pollen fitness and that the two ABC transporters contribute to the accumulation of this class of sterols on pollen surface.Despite the huge number of ABC transporters of plants, there are few researches on their function in the pollen yet. On the hypothesis that ABCG transporters may be involved in the pollen surface lipid transport, similarly as several other members already studied for their functions in the cuticular lipid formation, I screened all ABCG transporters by observing the mutant phenotypes and using in silico microarray databases to find candidates for the transport of pollen surface lipids. By this screening, I isolated 3 ABCG transporters working in this process, and elucidated the function of ABCG26 in pollen wall, and that of ABCG9 and ABCG31 in pollen coat formation. In addition to unraveling the transport mechanisms for the deposition of pollen surface lipids, my study introduced a new aspect of functions of ABC transporters in pollen development and its proper function. Furthermore, I showed the analogy of the functions of the ABCG transporters for the formation of the surface lipids in different tissues. This analogy will help to identify more ABCG proteins with similar activities, and also synergistically improve our understanding of the pollen surface lipids and the cuticular lipids

    Concurrent Validity of the Swallowing Monitoring & Assessment Protocol for the Elderly

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    λ°°κ²½ 및 λͺ©μ : λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 노년측을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 개발된 μ‚Όν‚΄ 평가 ν”„λ‘œν† μ½œ(Swallowing Monitoring & Assessment Protocol, SMAP) 쀑 β€˜μ‚Όν‚΄κΈ°λŠ₯’ 및 β€˜μ‚Όν‚΄κ΄€λ ¨ μ‚Άμ˜μ§ˆβ€™κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ ν•˜μœ„μ˜μ—­κ³Ό μ‚Όν‚΄μž₯μ• μ§€μˆ˜(Korean-Dysphagia Handicap Index, K-DHI) 간에 곡인타당도(concurrent validity) 검증을 μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ—¬ SMAP의 타당성을 ν™•λ³΄ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 방법: μ „κ΅­ 16곳의 λ…ΈμΈλ³΅μ§€κ΄€μ΄λ‚˜ κ²½λ‘œλ‹Ήμ—μ„œ μ‘°μ‚¬λœ 노인 총 579λͺ… 쀑 μ‚Όν‚΄ 문제λ₯Ό ν˜Έμ†Œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ±°λ‚˜(447λͺ…), 신경계 μ§ˆν™˜ 병λ ₯이 μžˆλŠ”(41λͺ…) λŒ€μƒμžλ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν•œ 총 91λͺ…(남 20λͺ…, μ—¬ 71λͺ…; 평균연령 78Β±6.47μ„Έ)을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 지필검사 λ˜λŠ” μ „μžνŒ¨λ“œ μ• ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ SMAPκ³Ό K-DHI에 λŒ€ν•œ 응닡을 μžκ°€λ³΄κ³ ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ°œλ³„ λ°˜μ‘λ“€μ€ μ μˆ˜ν™”ν•˜μ—¬ ν”Όμ–΄μŠ¨ 상관뢄석을 μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 두 평가도ꡬ λ¬Έν•­λ“€ 쀑 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ λ‚΄μš©μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜λŠ” 13개 λ¬Έν•­λ“€μ˜ μ‘λ‹΅λΉˆλ„λ₯Ό μˆœμœ„ν™”ν•˜μ—¬ μŠ€ν”Όμ–΄λ§Œ λ“±μœ„λΆ„μ„μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ²°κ³Ό: SMAPκ³Ό K-DHI의 총점 κ°„ μƒκ΄€κ³„μˆ˜(correlation coefficient)λŠ” r=.825 (p<.01)λ‘œμ„œ SMAP의 곡인타당도가 κ²€μ¦λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, μŠ€ν”Όμ–΄λ§Œ μƒκ΄€κ³„μˆ˜λŠ” r=.655 (p<.05)λ‘œμ„œ 두 ν‰κ°€λ„κ΅¬λ“€μ˜ 각 13개 λ¬Έν•­λ“€ κ°„μ˜ 상관성이 높은 νŽΈμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. β€˜μž…μ΄ κ±΄μ‘°ν•˜λ‹€β€™λ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 문항이 두 평가도ꡬ λͺ¨λ‘μ—μ„œ ν˜Έμ†Œ λΉˆλ„ 1μœ„λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 앑체에 λŒ€ν•΄ β€˜μ‚¬λ ˆβ€™μ— κ±Έλ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ β€˜κΈ°μΉ¨β€™μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 것도 각각 3μœ„(SMAP)와 2μœ„(K-DHI)λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆλ‹€. λ…Όμ˜ 및 κ²°λ‘ : 일반 노년측이 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μ‚Όν‚΄ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ β€˜μž₯μ• β€™λ‘œμ„œμ˜ νŠΉμƒ‰μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ β€˜λ…Έν™”β€™μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 문제둜 μΈμ‹λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ 연관문항듀을 λ©΄λ°€νžˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€.11Nscopuskc
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