22 research outputs found

    Execution Speed Improvement of FPGA-based Speech Recognizer using Sub-vector Clustering

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    Reducing the memory bandwidth is very critical for real-time implementation of a large vocabulary speech recognizer. In this paper, we implemented sub-vector clustering algorithm in hardware to alleviate the problem of much extreme memory access. The experimental result shows that this implementation accelerates acoustic likelihood computation twice faster, and increases the speed of overall recognition by 22%.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ง€์‹๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถ€ ์ถœ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ETRI์™€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์‚ฐ์—…์ง„ํฅ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ITSoC ํ•ต์‹ฌ์„ค๊ณ„์ธ๋ ฅ์–‘์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” BK21 ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    Parallel Implementation of a Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognizer Using OpenMP

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    method is employed in the emission probability computation for good load balancing. In the Viterbi search, however, we partitioned the search network into independent subtrees in offline to reduce memory synchronization overhead. The test was conducted using Wall Street Journal 20k evaluation and test set. We achieved the speed-up of 330% by utilizing four threads. The recognizer runs about 4.8 times faster than the real-time requirement.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ง€์‹๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถ€ ์ถœ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ETRI์™€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์‚ฐ์—…์ง„ํฅ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ITSoC ํ•ต์‹ฌ์„ค๊ณ„์ธ๋ ฅ์–‘์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” BK21 ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    Strategic Voting in India's General Elections: From 1999 to 2004

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    ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ๋„ ํˆฌํ‘œ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋„์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌํ‘œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋„์˜ ์ •๋‹น์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ „๋žต์  ํˆฌํ‘œ์™€ ๋“€๋ฒ ๋ฅด์ œ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋‹น์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค๋‹น์ œ์  ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ํƒœ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ •์น˜ํ™” ํ˜น์€ ํŠน์ˆ˜์ด์ต์ง‘๋‹จํ™”์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ๋„์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋žต์  ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 1996๋…„, 1998๋…„, 1999๋…„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2004๋…„์— ์žˆ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  3์œ„ ๋Œ€ 2์œ„ ๋“ํ‘œ๋น„(SF Ratio)์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๊ณ„๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ธ๋„์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ํˆฌํ‘œ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. This paper explores the issue of strategic voting in India, using districtโ€level data from the 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2004 general elections. Even though the popular and academic views are not in favor of the idea of strategic Indian voters, this study argues that Indian voters are still affected by plurality rule, in which only a single candidate is elected in each district. That is, they vote strategically. To demonstrate that not all but many Indian voters engage in strategic voting, this study analyzes the election results in all 543 districts of each Lok Sabha election from 1996 to 2004. The results shows, first, that there is a significant extent of strategic voting in each Indian election except the one held in 1996. Second, the extent of strategic voting continuously increased from 1996 through 1999, before coming to a halt in 2004. Finally, this study concludes that Congress supporters are more susceptible to strategic voting than any other major party supporters, and thus the Congress is the greatest victim of strategic voting

    User Interface Design for Ventilator Central Monitoring System Applying Human Factors Engineering

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    As the medical device and use environment get complicated and diverse, Human Factors Engineering that is defined as designing the device considering human capacities, limits and use environment related to device use has become the important discipline in medical device industry. So far Human Factors Engineering (Usability Engineering) guidance has been issued by International Standard Organization(ISO) and regulatory authorities such as FDA, MHRA, MFDS. But these guidance only present extensively applicable methodologies and process. For this reason, it is hard to find the specific case applying Human Factors Engineering to medical device design process. This paper presents the application for Human Factors Engineering to Ventilator Central Monitoring System User Interface Design. For that application, modified design process was developed consisting of 7 steps: user requirement identification, user research, hazard analysis, user interface implementation, verification, final user interface and validation; The process was developed by adding Human Factors activities based on IEC 62366 to the FDA presented medical device design process. The requirements for design the user interface were collected by physician consultant review, investigating home and abroad regulation or standard and design practice/guidance. The requirements that need to be reflected to design implementation, identified by previous activities, were transformed to design input, and reflected to design implementation through Requirement Traceability Matrix(RTM). The design was implemented using software prototyping tool. For verification that assure implemented user interface comply with design input, PCA analysis and Heuristic Evaluation were performed. The verification results were managed by RTM in order to apply to design input. The RTM document reviewing activity was performed for validation. The result for review showed that the final user interface reflected all requirement identified in user requirement, user research, hazard analysis, verification activities.open์„

    A New Coalition Theory of Triangular Area and Its Application: India's 1999~2004 Elections

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    ์ด๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ดํ›„ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์— ์น˜์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ด์ „ ์ •๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉ, ์ฆ‰, ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐ๋งน ํ˜น์€ ์—ฐํ•ฉ(pre-electoral coalition)์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ •๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์†Œ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ œ ์•„๋ž˜์„œ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐ๋งน์„ ์ •๋‹น ๊ฐ„ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ณต์ฒœ๊ถŒ์˜ ์–‘๋ณด์™€ ์–‘๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜์„์˜ ์กฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐ๋งน์˜ ์„ฑํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๊ธ€์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๊ฐฌ์Šจ๊ณผ ๋ผ์ด์ปค์˜ ์ •์น˜์—ฐํ•ฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ด๋ก (ํฌ๊ธฐ์›์น™๊ณผ ์ตœ์†Œ๋น„์šฉ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด๋ก )์„ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ณด์™„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ดํ›„ ํ™•์ •๋œ ๊ฐ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ์˜์„์ ์œ ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ๋‚ด๊ฐ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ด์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋งน ๋ถ€์žฌ์‹œ 1์œ„์™€ 2์œ„๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์˜ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ณ (์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ํŽธ์˜์ƒ 5%์ด์ƒ์„ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด„) 3์œ„๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์˜ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ ์—ญ์‹œ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํฐ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด 3์œ„์˜ ์ •๋‹น๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์ด 1์œ„์™€ 2์œ„์˜ ์ •๋‹น ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ๋•Œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐ๋งน์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์‚ผ๊ฐ์˜์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ผ๊ฐ์˜์—ญ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๋น„๊ต์ •์น˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œํ™€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํŠนํžˆ 1999๋…„๊ณผ 2004๋…„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. This study deals with pre-electoral alliances or coalitions of political parties at the electoral district level, unlike the existing literature that focuses primarily on the nation-wide post-election political coalitions in the legislature. It defines preelectoral alliances as seat adjustments among participant parties. In particular, it revises the classic theories of political coalition, such as Riker's size principle and Gamson's cheapest coalition theory, in an attempt to pay due attention to the importance of electoral uncertainty in the process of political negotiation among parties. It consequently develops a new coalition theory of triangular area The new theory of triangular area posits that when there are three contending political parties in a single-member district system, they will engage in electoral alliance under the following conditions: (1) when three parties are not equal in electoral strength, (2) when the difference in expected vote share between the top two parties (v1-v2) is not small(in this study, smaller than 5% for the sake of convenience), (3) when the smallest party's expected electoral share (v3) is not small either, and at the same time, (4) when the value of v3 is greater than that of (v1-v2). This theory implies, unlike the classic theory of political coalition, that no political party will make an electoral alliance with any other party when three parties are of nearly equal strength. In addition, neither of the two almost equally strong parties will not forge an electoral alliance with the smallest party when this third party's estimated vote share remains absolutely small, even if large enough to determine a winner. In the subsequent section, this study applies the new theory to the case of India. It analyzes the Indian Congress Party's success and failure in election alliance in the 2004 general election, in which the party made the most vigorous efforts to expand its electoral coalition in history. More specifically, it explores why the political party succeeded in making an electoral alliance in some Indian states while it failed in other states. It finds that the new theory accounts very well for the success and failure of the Indian Congress Party, despite some difficulty with the state of Uttar Pradesh

    Enhancing intratumoral perfusion using orally active heparin to augment the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ๋ณ€์˜๋กœ.๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณ ํ˜• ์•”์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์•…ํ™”๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ํ•ญ์•” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ์•” ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋–จ์–ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•” ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์•” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์ƒ์„ฑ, ๋†’์€ ์•” ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ์••๋ ฅ, ๊ณผ๋ฐ€๋„ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๋žต๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๋„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•” ํ˜ˆ์ „ ์ƒ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์•” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋ง‰ํž˜์ด ์•” ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•จ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€ ๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•” ํ˜ˆ์ „ ์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, ์ง€์†์  ํ•ญ ํ˜ˆ์ „์ œ์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•” ํ˜ˆ์ „ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•” ํ˜ˆ์ „ ์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์€ ์•” ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ•ญ ํ˜ˆ์ „์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ (STP3725)์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ € ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ•ญ ํ˜ˆ์ „ ํšจ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ์„ ์ œ๋ชฉ์Šค ์š”๋ฒ• (์ ฌ์‹œํƒ€๋นˆ๊ณผ ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ด์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉํˆฌ์—ฌ)๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•  ์‹œ์— B16F10, Aspc-1 ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ํ•ญ์•” ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•” ํ˜ˆ์ „ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” 4T1 orthotopic ํ•ญ์•” ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ „์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ œ๋ชฉ์Šค ์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ญ ์ „์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์˜ ํ•ญ์•” ํšจ๋Šฅ์€ K-Ras ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ข…์–‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์•” ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•” ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์€ ์•” ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋กœ์˜ ์œ ํšจ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์นจ์œค ์ƒ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉด์—ญ์–ต์ œ ์‹œํ† ์นด์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•” ๋ฉด์—ญ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ํ•ญ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„  ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ํ•ญPD-1 ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹œ B16F10, CT26, Pan02 ์•” ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‹จ๋… ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•ญ์•”ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ญ์•” ํšจ๊ณผ ์ฆ์ง„์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•” ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋กœ์˜ ํ•ญ์ฒด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ฆ์ง„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•จ์„ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ธก์ •๊ณผ ์œ ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์€ ํ•ญ์•” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ T์„ธํฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฉด์—ญ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ž˜์–ต์ œ์„ธํฌ(MDSC) ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ํ•ญPD-1 ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹œ ๋”์šฑ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ญ์•” ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ œ์ œ์™€์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉํˆฌ์—ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์ข‹์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์ง€์†์  ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” ์•” ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ํšจ๋Šฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ์ง„ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์•” ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•” ๋ฉด์—ญ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญ์•” ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ œ์ œ์˜ ํšจ๋Šฅ ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ ํ˜ˆ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์„ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ „๋žต์€ ์•” ํ˜ˆ์ „์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ณ‘์šฉ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ํšจ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํฐ ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Limited tumor perfusion results in restricted drug delivery and accelerates hypoxia, which is detrimental to overall antitumor immunity. Here, we demonstrated that cancer associated thrombosis (CAT) could be one of the major factors, which significantly limits tumor perfusion while facilitates hypoxia by partially or completely blocking the tumor blood vessels. Reversely, we also verified that prevention of CAT by administering orally available low molecular weight heparin (STP3725) substantially improved tumor perfusion and alleviated hypoxia. We confirmed that treating STP3725 significantly potentiated the efficacy of oxaliplatin and gemcitabine by enhancing the drug delivery and distribution in the tumor tissue in B16F10 and Aspc-1 tumor models. Furthermore, we identified that administering STP3725 altered tumor microenvironment into immuno-supportive one by augmenting effector lymphocytes population, decreasing hypoxia related immunosuppressive cytokines and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in B16F10 and CT26 xenograft tumor models. By treating STP3725 together with anti-PD-1 antibody in the same models, we discovered that these favorable changes markedly benefited the anti-tumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody by both promoting the population of tumor infiltrated effector lymphocytes and ameliorating the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Collectively, our findings establish the rationale for a new potential combination strategy, which could be broaden to a combination of anticoagulation therapy with other chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents.Table of contents Abstract i Table of contents iii List of tables ix List of Figures x Abbreviation xxii Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Tumor transport barriers 1 1.1.1. physical transport barriers 1 1.1.2. Current strategies to overcome the transport barriers 3 1.1.3. Tumor perfusion and anti-cancer therapy 7 1.2. Cancer associated thrombosis as a new transport barrier 8 1.2.1. Epidemiology of CAT 8 1.2.2. Pathophysiology of CAT 10 1.2.3. Treatment guideline of CAT 11 1.2.4. Biomarkers for the prediction of VTE in cancer patients 13 1.2.5. CAT as a new transport barrier 14 1.3. Cancer immunotherapy 17 1.3.1. The role of immune system in eliminating cancer cells 17 1.3.2. Types of immunotherapies 18 1.3.2.1. Cytokine therapies 19 1.3.2.2. Cancer vaccine 19 1.3.2.3. Oncolytic viruses 21 1.3.2.4. Adoptive cell therapy 21 1.3.2.5. Immune checkpoint blockade 22 1.3.3. Impacts of hypoxia on tumor immunity 25 1.4. Research rationale 30 1.5. Scope of the study 33 1.6. Reference 36 Chapter 2. Enhancing tumor blood perfusion using orally active heparin (STP3725) to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy and nanomedicine 2.1. Introduction 59 2.2. Materials and Methods 61 2.2.1. Cell lines 61 2.2.2. Drugs and synthesis 62 2.2.3. Administration and formulation 62 2.2.4. Animals and care 63 2.2.5. Fibrinogen/Dextran imaging in various tumor models 63 2.2.6. Whole mount assay using confocal microscopy 63 2.2.7. Nanoparticle imaging in the tumor tissue after STP3725 treatment... 64 2.2.8. 3D doppler imaging 64 2.2.9. Anti-tumor effects of GEMOX and CNP-DOX in B16F10 xenograft model. 65 2.2.10. Anti-tumor effects of GEMOX and CNP-DOX in Aspc-1 orthotopic model. 66 2.2.11. Measuring the amount of gemcitabine in tumor tissue using LC-MS...... 66 2.2.12. Measuring the amount of oxaliplatin in tumor tissue using ICP-MS..... 67 2.2.13. Imaging of gemcitabine in tumor section using DESI-IMS 68 2.2.14. Quantification of fibrin clots, necrotic area, vascular fraction in tumor tissue 68 2.2.15. Evaluating anti-tumor efficacy of the combination of STP3725 and GEMOX in K-ras mutated mouse model. 69 2.2.16. Statistical analyses 69 2.3. Results 71 2.3.1. CAT serves as a transport barrier in various types of tumors and treating STP3725 could enhance tumor perfusion 71 2.3.2. STP3725 substantially enhances the efficacy of GEMOX against various tumor models 74 2.3.2.1. Evaluation of the efficacy of STP3725 in combination with GEMOX against B16F10 syngenic model 74 2.3.2.2. Evaluation of the efficacy of STP3725 in combination with GEMOX against Aspc-1 orthotopic model 80 2.3.2.3. Evaluation of the efficacy of STP3725 in combination with GEMOX against K-ras mutated spontaneous tumor model 84 2.3.3. Administration of STP3725 synergizes the efficacy of CNP-DOX against various models 86 2.3.3.1. Evaluation of the efficacy of STP3725 in combination with CNP-DOX against B16F10 syngenic model 86 2.3.3.2. Evaluation of the efficacy of STP3725 in combination with CNP-DOX against Aspc-1 orthotopic model 88 2.4. Discussion 91 2.5. Conclusion 94 2.6. References 95 Chapter 3. Administration of STP3725 significantly augments tumor infiltrating lymphocytes by effectively reducing tumor hypoxia and synergizes the efficacy of ฮฑPD-1 therapy 3.1. Introduction 100 3.2. Materials and Methods 102 3.2.1. Cell lines 102 3.2.2. Materials and antibodies 103 3.2.3. Administration and formulation 103 3.2.4. Animals and care 104 3.2.5. Pimonidazole staining and quantification in tumor tissue 104 3.2.6. Glut-1 staining in tumor section 105 3.2.7. Hypoxia imaging and quantification using PET/MR 105 3.2.8. Cytokine staining and quantification in tumor tissue 106 3.2.9. Double staining of hypoxic region and CD8 T cell in tumor tissue......... 107 3.2.10. Congenic lymphocyte transfer model 107 3.2.11. Evaluation of ฮฑPD-1 antibody accumulation in B16F10 tumor after treating STP3725 108 3.2.12. Evaluation of anti-tumor efficacy of ฮฑPD-1 antibody and STP3725 in B16F10, CT26, Pan02 tumor model 108 3.2.13. Analysis of effector immune cells in tumor tissue 109 3.2.14. Evaluation of regulatory T cells and MDSCs in tumor tissue using flow cytometry 110 3.2.15. Evaluation of tumor antigen specific response of splenocytes using IFN- ฮณ ELISA assay 111 3.2.16. Evaluation of T cell function in the tumor tissue using flow cytometry... 111 3.2.17. Statistical analyses 112 3.3. Results 113 3.3.1 Daily administration of STP3725 significantly reduces tumor hypoxia in B16F10 tumor models 113 3.3.2 STP3725 suppresses the expression of hypoxia related immunosuppressive cytokines 115 3.3.3 STP3725 augments lymphocytes infiltration into the tumor tissue by alleviating hypoxia 116 3.3.4 Evaluation of the efficacy of STP3725 in combination with ฮฑPD-1 antibody against B16F10, CT26 and Pan02 tumor models 122 3.3.5 STP3725 enhanced ฮฑPD-1 antibody delivery to the tumor tissue..... 123 3.3.6 STP3725 elevates the population of effector lymphocytes in combination with ฮฑPD-1 antibody 128 3.3.7 STP3725 diminishes the population of MDSC in tumor tissue........ 131 3.3.8 Combination of STP3725 and ฮฑPD-1 antibody ameliorates the function of cytotoxic T cells in tumor tissue 133 3.3.9 Combination of STP3725 and ฮฑPD-1 antibody augments the population of tumor antigen specific lymphocytes systemically 137 3.4. Discussion 139 3.5. Conclusion 143 3.6. References 144 Chapter 4. Summary Chapter 5. Supplementary chapter: A heparin conjugate, LHbisD4, inhibits lymphangiogenesis and attenuates lymph node metastasis by blocking VEGF-C signaling pathway 5.1. Introduction 156 5.2. Materials and methods 158 5.2.1. Cell lines 158 5.2.2. Synthesis 158 5.2.3. Surface plasmon response analysis 159 5.2.4. Receptor phosphorylation studies 159 5.2.5. In vitro HDLEC proliferation and cytotoxicity assay 160 5.2.6. In vitro HDLEC migration assay 161 5.2.7. In vitro HDLEC 2D tubular formation assay 162 5.2.8. In vitro spheroid based 3D tubular formation assay 162 5.2.9. In vivo spheroid based plug implantation tubular formation assay......... 163 5.2.10. Breast cancer metastasis model 163 5.2.11. Histological analyses 164 5.2.12. Statistical analyses 166 5.3. Results 166 5.3.1. Binding affinity of LHbisD4 against VEGF-C and its inhibitory effect on VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling pathway. 166 5.3.2. In vitro validation of inhibitory effect of LHbisD4 against VEGF-C induced lymphangiogenesis using HDLECs. 168 5.3.3. Evaluation of LHbisD4s effect on reducing the incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis using 4T1 mouse breast cancer model........ 172 5.3.4. Evaluation of LHbisD4s effect on reducing the incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis using MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer model. 175 5.4. Discussion 178 5.5. Conclusion 182 5.6 References 183Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2010.2.Maste

    A Comprehensive Review of Reservation Policy for Other Backward Classes in India

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    ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ทจ์•ฝ์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋Œ€์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ์„œ ์ธ๋„์˜ ์šฐ๋Œ€์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์ธ๋„๋Š” ์šฐ๋Œ€์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋„์˜ ์šฐ๋Œ€์ •์ฑ… ์ค‘ ํŠนํžˆ ์ฐจ์ƒ์œ„๊ณ„์ธต์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ํ›„์ง„๊ณ„์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ• ๋‹น์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์†Œํ•œ ๊ธฐํƒ€ํ›„์ง„๊ณ„์ธต(other backward classes:OBC)์ด๋ž€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—, ์ง€์ •์นด์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์ง€์ •๋ถ€์กฑ์— ๋’ค์ด์–ด ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋Œ€์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ํ• ๋‹น์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์šฐ๋Œ€์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ง๋ถ€๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐ๋Œ€์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ž…๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์ง์ ์œ ์œจ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณ„๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ธฐํƒ€ํ›„์ง„ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ• ๋‹น์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋‹จ ์šฐ๋Œ€์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ์ œ๊ณ ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ธ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹ฌํ™” ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉด ํ•œ๋‹ค.This study explores the affirmative action program for the weaker sections in India, in particular, the so-called other backward classes (OBCs). India introduced, even if not well-known, the most comprehensive and strongest type of affirmative action program earlier than elsewhere in the world. This study focuses on the reservation policy for the OBCs among other Indian affirmative action programs. It begins by addressing the issues of who the OBCs are and how they are defined and differentiated from other social groups or classes. Then, it discusses the historical and constitutional context in which reservation policy was extended to the OBCs in addition to the other much more backward social classes, that is, the scheduled castes (SCs) and the scheduled tribes (STs). It continues to deal with the details of reservation policy for the other backward classes in the fields of higher education and public employment. Finally, it concludes with the effects of reservation policy and the problems with its implementation process including the issue of creamy layers

    Surface Modification of Sulfur-Rich Polymer for Battery and Optical Applications

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 8. ์ฐจ๊ตญํ—Œ.ํ™ฉ์€ ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ถ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™ฉ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ, ์›์œ ์ •์ œ ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™ฉ์€ ๋†’์€ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ๋†’์€ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ํ™ฉ์„ ์‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์„ฑ์„ ์—ญ ๊ฐ€ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•œ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ™ฉ์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ์„คํŒŒ์ด๋“œ(Poly sulfide, PS)์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์œ ์ง€์œจ (Capacity retention)์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ฅ ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์œจ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์„์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™ฉ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ์งˆ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์งˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ด‘ํ•™์†Œ์ž ๋ฐ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์–‘๊ทน์ œ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๊ฐ€ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ํ™ฉ ํ•จ์œ  ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์˜จ์—์„œ ์šฉ๋งค์— ๋…น์ธ ํ›„, ์Šคํ•€์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ฝ”ํŒ…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ 2์ค‘์ธต์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์†Œ์ž์— ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ์‹œ, ์ž์™ธ์„ ๊ณผ ์ ์™ธ์„  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ผ์˜ ํ™ฉ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹(Fresnel equations)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์œจ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์ด์ค‘์ธต์ด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ์ž˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์–‘๊ทน์ œ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ™ฉ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์–‘๊ทน์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ธ, ํด๋ฆฌ์„คํŒŒ์ด๋“œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์œ ์ง€์œจ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํ™ฉ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํก์ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ์ด์ค‘์ธต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ ํ™ฉ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ™ฉ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋“ค์ด ๋“์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŒ…(Grafting)์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 II. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ณผ์ • 6 1. ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ 6 2. Poly(S-r-DIB) ๊ณต์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด (SDIB) ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ• 6 3. ํ™ฉ ๊ณต์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ํŒจํ„ด ๋ฐ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 8 4. i-CVD (Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์งˆ 9 5. ํ™ฉ ๊ณต์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์ด์ค‘์ธต์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 10 6. ์–‘๊ทน์ œ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 10 III. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 13 1. ํ™ฉ ๊ณต์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 13 2. ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์ด์ค‘์ธต์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•์ธ 17 3. i-CVD-SDIB ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์ด์ค‘์ธต์˜ Anti-Reflection effect 19 4. i-CVD-SDIB๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ Capacity Retention ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ coulombic efficiency ๊ฐœ์„  25 5. i-CVD-SDIB ์ด์ค‘์ธต์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ 29 IV. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  33 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 35 Abstract 38Maste

    Research Note on India's Democratic Consolidation and Political Party System Change

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    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋…ธํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜ํ•™๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ธ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋“ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ํ•™๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ธ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์—ญ์„คํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋…ธํŠธ๋Š” ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ธ๋„ ๋น„๊ต์ •์น˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์•ž์„œ ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ธ๋„๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์•„์  ๋‹ค์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋„์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ™”์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ์ธ๋„์˜ ์ •๋‹น์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋น„๊ต์ •์น˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ธ๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ œ ์ค‘ (1) ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ œ์™€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ท ์—ด๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ (2) ์ค‘์•™๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋‹น์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ต์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. This research note is written in an attempt to overcome the relative lack of research interest in India among the Korean political scientists. This preliminary note deals with two key issues of comparative politics bearing on India โ€“ successful democratic consolidation and radical change in political party systems. In particular, it provides a critical review of Weiner's argument that federalism and social segmentation have contributed to democratic stability amid India's unfavorable socioeconomic conditions as well as on Chhibber and Kollman's hypothesis that extensive decentralization is primarily accountable for the dramatic increase in the effective number of political parties at the national level in India since the early 1990s
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