383 research outputs found

    ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A(bisphenol A) ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ์•„์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. Yun-Chul Hong .๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ์นด๋ณด๋„ค์ดํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ด๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์ œ์กฐ ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„๊ต๋ž€๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ์†Œ์•„ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์†Œ์•„์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋ชฉํ‘œ: ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋ฐ ์ถœ์ƒ ํ›„ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†Œ์•„์˜ DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์†Œ์•„์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•(EDC) ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 59๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ 2์„ธ์™€ 6์„ธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ˜ˆ์—์„œ Infinium HumanMethylation BeadChip์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „์žฅ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ DNAใ€€๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ จ CpG site 594๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A ๋…ธ์ถœ(80 ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œ„์ˆ˜ ์ด์ƒ vs. 80 ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž๋…€์˜ 2์„ธ ๋ฐ 6์„ธ ์ „ํ˜ˆ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ 594๊ฐœ์˜ CpG site์˜ DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถœ์ƒ ํ›„ 2, 4, 6์„ธ ์‹œ์˜ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด 2์„ธ ๋ฐ 6์„ธ DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ CpG site์˜ DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์†Œ์•„์˜ 2, 4, 6, 8์„ธ ์‹œ์˜ ์ฒด์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ง€์ˆ˜(BMI, BMI Z-score)์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: 2์„ธ ์†Œ์•„ ์ „ํ˜ˆ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A ๊ณ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ €๋…ธ์ถœ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž 2 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด(IGF2R)์˜ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋ถ€์œ„์ธ cg19196862์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(p-value 0.00030, ์œ„๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์œจ(FDR) ๋ณด์ • p-value <0.05). 6์„ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 2์„ธ์™€ 6์„ธ DNA methylation์€ ์ถœ์ƒ ํ›„ 2, 4, 6์„ธ ์‹œ์˜ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2์„ธ์—์„œ cg19196862์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ 1 ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ(SD) ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ ์†Œ์•„์˜ 2, 4, 6, 8์„ธ์˜ BMI Z-score๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„ ์—ฐ๋ น ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง€์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค: 2์„ธ 0.253 (95% ์œ ์˜์ˆ˜์ค€(CI); 0.050, 0.456), 4์„ธ 0.243 (95% CI; 0.030, 0.455), 6์„ธ 0.251 (95% CI; 0.030, 0.472), 8์„ธ 0.322 (95% CI; 0.034, 0.610). ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธตํ™”๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚จ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” cg19196862์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ BMI Z-score์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์•„์—์„œ๋งŒ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A ๋…ธ์ถœ์€ ์ž๋…€์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ IGF2R ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ 6์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ 2์„ธ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋” ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์ƒ ํ›„ ๋น„์ŠคํŽ˜๋†€ A๋Š” 594๊ฐœ์˜ CpG site์—์„œ DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์ „ ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2์„ธ ์†Œ์•„์˜ IGF2R ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” 4์„ธ, 6์„ธ, 8์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ง€์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ ์˜์œ ์•„์—์„œ ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•™๋ น์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ํ•™๋ น๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒด์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ง€์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.BACKGROUND: In utero exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has been indicated as an obesogen in children, and epigenetic regulations have been suggested as underlying mechanisms with limited evidence in humans. OBJECTIVES: Differentially methylated CpG sites by prenatal BPA exposure were identified and evaluated for their association with DNA methylation and obesity in children by candidate gene analysis. METHODS: DNA methylation profiles were investigated in whole blood from 59 children at ages 2 and 6 years longitudinally by Infinium HumanMethylation BeadChip, who are participating in Environment and Development in Children cohort study. Among 594 CpG sites reported from previous obesityโ€“related epigenome-wide association studies, differentially methylated CpG sites by prenatal and postnatal BPA exposure (<80 vs. โ‰ฅ80 percentile) were identified. Differentially methylated CpG sites were then tested for the associations with body mass index (BMI) and BMI Z-score at ages 2, 4, 6, and 8 years in linear regression models after adjusting for several covariates. RESULTS: Methylation at cg19196862, located at the 31st exon of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) gene, differed by prenatal BPA exposure at age 2 (p-value 0.00030, false discovery rate corrected p-value <0.05) but not at age 6, and was positively associated with BMI Z-score at ages 2, 4, 6, and 8 years old. With 1 standard deviation increase of methylation at cg19196862, BMI Z-score increased by 0.253 (95% confidence interval (CI); 0.050, 0.456), 0.243 (95% CI; 0.030, 0.455), 0.251 (95% CI; 0.030, 0.472), and 0.322 (95% CI; 0.034, 0.610) at ages 2, 4, 6, and 8, respectively. DNA methylation levels at 594 CpG sites at age 2 and 6 were not associated with postnatal exposure to BPA at ages 2, 4, and 6. CONCLUSION: Prenatal exposure to BPA may influence differential methylation of IGF2R at age 2, which could persistently affect BMI in children up to 8 years old. Prenatal exposure to BPA did not affect DNA methylation at age 6, which implies that prenatal BPA exposure may be more influential in earlier childhood. DNA methylation at 594 CpG sites were not different by postnatal exposure to BPA at ages 2, 4, and 6 years, suggesting that prenatal BPA exposure may be more important than postnatal exposure.Introduction 1 Methods 3 Study Participants 3 Data collection 3 DNA methylation assessment 4 Quality control for methylation data 6 Systematic review of literature 6 Selection of candidate CpG sites 11 Covariates 13 Statistical analysis 14 Results 18 General characteristics of participants 18 Differential methylation levels in children at ages 2 and 6 years according to prenatal BPA exposure 26 Differential methylation levels in children at ages 2 and 6 years according to postnatal BPA exposure 36 Methylation status at age 2 years and childโ€™s BMI in early childhood 41 Mediation analysis 44 Sensitivity analysis 47 Discussion 51 Conclusion 56 References 57 ์ดˆ๋ก 65 Acknowledgment 86Docto

    ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์žฅ๋‚ด๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์žฅ๋‚ด ํƒ€์šฐ๋ณ‘์ฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๊น€ํ˜œ์„ .์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์€ ์น˜๋งค ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์งˆํ™˜ ์ค‘ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ  1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์นจ์ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ณ‘์ธ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์™”์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์  ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž„์ƒ 4์ƒ์—์„œ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์•„๋‘์นด๋ˆ„๋ง™ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ๋ฐ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์ด๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ์žฅ๋‚ด๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‡Œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์žˆ์–ด ์žฅ๋‚ด๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋“ฑ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ APP/PS1 ์ƒ์ฅ์—์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์žฅ๋‚ด๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์žฅ ๋‚ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ/๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4๊ฐœ์›”๋ น APP/PS1 ์ƒ์ฅ์™€ ์•ผ์ƒํ˜• ์ƒ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ์ผœ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์„ฑ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด ์œ ๋„๋œ APP/PS1 ์ƒ์ฅ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ APP/PS1 ์ƒ์ฅ์— ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ 5-6๊ฐœ์›”๋ น์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅธ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ผ์ƒํ˜• ์ƒ์ฅ๋Š” 11-12๊ฐœ์›”๋ น์— ์ฒญ๋…„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด ์œ ๋„๋œ 5-6๊ฐœ์›”๋ น APP/PS1 ์ƒ์ฅ์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋“œ ์‘์ง‘์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ๋œ ํƒ€์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ ํ•ด๋งˆ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ 11-12๊ฐœ์›”๋ น ์ƒ์ฅ์˜ ์†Œ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์žฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ์•ผ์ƒํ˜• ์ƒ์ฅ์™€ APP/PS1 ์ƒ์ฅ์—์„œ ํƒ€์šฐ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ƒท๊ฑด ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์ง€๋†ˆ ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฅ๋‚ด๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ข… ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ๋‚ด๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ข…์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ Muribaculum intestinale๋Š” APP/PS1 ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ ์ƒ์ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์—๋Š” ์žฅ๋‚ด๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๋‚ด๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์žฅ ๋‚ด์˜ ํƒ€์šฐ ๋ณ‘์ฆ์ด ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํƒ€๊ฒŸ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD are defined as the amyloid plaques whose main component is aggregated amyloid beta peptide (Aฮฒ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles whose main component is hyperphosphorylated tau. Although various causative factors of AD have been reported so far, the current pharmacologic treatments cannot slow or stop the pathology of AD. Interestingly, studies have shown that major depressive disorder (depression) is associated with a greatly increased risk of developing dementia. Moreover, recent studies revealed that a bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain could play an important role in various mental illnesses. In this study, I focused on the effect of young adulthood depression on the onset of AD, AD pathology alteration in the gut, and gut microbiota profile in adult mice. 4-months-old (mo) APP/PS1 mice and their wild type (WT) littermates were exposed to social defeat-based unpredictable chronic mild stress (SUCMS) to induce depression-like behavior. Interestingly, depressed APP/PS1 mice exhibited earlier onset of cognitive symptoms at 5-6 mo, but the age-matched WT mouse model of depression did not develop cognitive impairment until 11 mo. Surprisingly, although there was no increase in the number of Aฮฒ plaques in the depressed APP/PS1 mice brain compared to APP/PS1 control mice, tau phosphorylation was significantly increased in the hippocampus 5-6 mo depressed APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, tau phosphorylation was also increased in the ileum and colon of depressed WT mice compared to WT control mice at 11-12 mo. Interestingly, shotgun metagenomic sequencing revealed various taxonomic alterations in the gut microbiota of the depressed APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, this study implies that depression during young adulthood is an important risk factor of AD, and suggests that the alteration of gut microbiota composition and gut tauopathy could be novel targets for the treatment of AD.Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 7 Results 17 Discussion 52 References 61 Abstract in Korean 87๋ฐ•

    The effect of cetirizine, a histamine 1 receptor antagonist, on bone remodeling after calvarial suture expansion

    Get PDF
    Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cetirizine, a histamine 1 receptor antagonist, on bone remodeling after calvarial suture expansion. Methods: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups; the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected no expansion group, cetirizine-injected no expansion group, PBS-injected expansion group, and cetirizine-injected expansion group, and were observed at 7, 14, and 28 days. Five rats per group were examined at each observation day. Daily injections of cetirizine or PBS were administered to the relevant groups starting 2 weeks prior to expander insertion. A rapid expander was inserted in the calvarial bone to deliver 100 cN of force to the parietal suture. The specimens were prepared for hematoxylin and eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Suture opening and bone regeneration were evaluated using microcomputed tomography and bone histomorphometric analysis. Serum blood levels of osteocalcin and carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX) were also evaluated. Results: TRAP-positive cell counts and CTX levels decreased while osteocalcin levels increased in the cetirizine-injected expansion group at observation day 28. In the expansion groups, the mineralized area gradually increased throughout the observation period. At day 28, the cetirizine-injected expansion group showed greater bone volume density, greater mineralized area, and narrower average suture width than did the PBS-injected expansion group. Conclusions: Cetirizine injection facilitated bone formation after suture expansion, mostly by suppressing osteoclastic activity. Histamine 1 receptor antagonists may aid in bone formation after calvarial suture expansion in the rat model.ope

    Transcriptional Expression in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Subjected to Orthodontic Force: An RNA-Sequencing Study

    Get PDF
    This study was performed to investigate the changes in gene expression in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells following mechanical stimulus through RNA sequencing. In this study, premolars extracted for orthodontic treatment were used. To stimulate the PDL cells, an orthodontic force of 100ร— g was applied to the premolar (experimental group; n = 11), whereas the tooth on the other side was left untreated (control group; n = 11). After the PDL cells were isolated from the extracted teeth, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, and real-time PCR were performed to compare the two groups. GSEA demonstrated that gene sets related to the cell cycle pathway were upregulated in PDL. Thirteen upregulated and twenty downregulated genes were found through DEG analysis. Real-time PCR results confirmed that five upregulated genes (CC2D1B, CPNE3, OPHN1, TANGO2, and UAP-1) and six downregulated genes (MYOM2, PPM1F, PCDP1, ATP2A1, GPR171, and RP1-34H18.1-1) were consistent with RNA sequencing results. We suggest that, from among these eleven genes, two upregulated genes, CPNE3 and OPHN1, and one downregulated gene, PPM1F, play an important role in PDL regeneration in humans when orthodontic force is applied.ope

    A Study on the Selection Decision of Ship Suppliers

    Get PDF
    ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์„ ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ 1์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ, ํ’ˆ์งˆ, ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„, ๋‚ฉ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ AHP๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์„ ์ • ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์•ฝ 38%๊ฐ€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ 23%, ๋‚ฉ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‘๋ ฅ 20%, ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ 19%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์™€ ๋‚ฉ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‘๋ ฅ์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ค‘์š”๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด์˜ ์ €๊ฐ€ ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ ์ œ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์„ ์‚ฌ์— ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ถ€์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์„ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด ์„ ์ • ์‹œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋‹จ๊ฐ€, ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ , ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ฉ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‘๋ ฅ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ’ˆ ๊ตํ™˜, ๋Œ€์ฒด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๊ธด๊ธ‰์ฃผ๋ฌธ ๋Œ€์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ถ€ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ ์†&#8228์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ’ˆ ๊ตํ™˜ ์‹œ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธด๊ธ‰์ฃผ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Abstract ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ์ œ1์ ˆ ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์˜ ์ •์˜ 1. ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ •์˜ 2. ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์˜ ์ •์˜ ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 1. ์™ธ๊ตญํ˜„ํ™ฉ 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ดํ˜„ํ™ฉ 3. ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด ์„ ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ œ3์žฅ ์„ ์šฉํ’ˆ์—…์ฒด ์„ ์ •ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์ถ• ์ œ1์ ˆ AHP ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ ˆ์ฐจ ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ธ๋ถ€ํ‰๊ฐ€์†์„ฑ์˜ ๋„์ถœ 1. ์„ธ๋ถ€ํ‰๊ฐ€์†์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 2. ์„ธ๋ถ€ํ‰๊ฐ€์†์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ค‘๋ณต์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํŽธ์ค‘์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 3. ์„ธ๋ถ€ํ‰๊ฐ€์†์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ธ๋ถ€ํ‰๊ฐ€์†์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์†์„ฑ ๋„์ถœ 1.๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  : KJ๋ฒ• 2. KJ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์†์„ฑ ๋„์ถœ ์ œ4์ ˆ ๊ณ„์ธต๋ถ„์„๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ์ œ4์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ1์ ˆ ์„ค๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์‘๋‹ต๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ณ„์ธต๋ณ„ ์ค‘์š”๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ 1. ์ค‘์š”ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 2. ๊ณ„์ธต๋ณ„ ์ค‘์š”๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3. ๋Œ€์•ˆํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ค‘์š”๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ [์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ] [๋ถ€ ๋ก

    Clinicopathologic characteristics of early-onset colorectal cancer

    Get PDF
    Purpose: The aim of this study was to analysis of the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) under the age of 50 years. Methods: Between January 2009 and December 2018, 1,126 primary CRC patients were included from National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital. The patients were divided into group 1 (n=111, โ‰ค50 years) and group 2 (n=1,015, >50 years). The clinicopathologic features and prognostic outcomes were compared. In addition, to analyze whether there were any differences of those characteristics in 3 groups, patients aged under 50 years were divided into their 20s, 30s, and 40s. Results: Group 1 had a slightly higher distribution in the left colon and rectum, lower T stage I and higher T stage IV rate, and a significantly higher distribution in stage N2 than group 2 (30.6%:16.3%, P<0.001). Poor histological differentiation of tumors was significantly high in group 1 (P=0.003). The 5-year survival rate for those in their 30s (69.2%) and 40s (91.6%) was higher than those in their 20s who died immediately after surgery (P<0.001). The 5-year disease-free survival rate was also confirmed to be meaningful for each age group, with 0% in their 20s, 53.8% in their 30s, 79.2% in their 40s (P<0.001). Conclusion: Although the age was not an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in this study, the early onset group of CRCs is more advanced at the time of diagnosis and has a more aggressive histologic type.ope

    Machine learning prediction for mortality of patients diagnosed with COVID-19: a nationwide Korean cohort study

    Get PDF
    The rapid spread of COVID-19 has resulted in the shortage of medical resources, which necessitates accurate prognosis prediction to triage patients effectively. This study used the nationwide cohort of South Korea to develop a machine learning model to predict prognosis based on sociodemographic and medical information. Of 10,237 COVID-19 patients, 228 (2.2%) died, 7772 (75.9%) recovered, and 2237 (21.9%) were still in isolation or being treated at the last follow-up (April 16, 2020). The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that age > 70, male sex, moderate or severe disability, the presence of symptoms, nursing home residence, and comorbidities of diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic lung disease, or asthma were significantly associated with increased risk of mortality (p โ‰ค 0.047). For machine learning, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), linear support vector machine (SVM), SVM with radial basis function kernel, random forest (RF), and k-nearest neighbors were tested. In prediction of mortality, LASSO and linear SVM demonstrated high sensitivities (90.7% [95% confidence interval: 83.3, 97.3] and 92.0% [85.9, 98.1], respectively) and specificities (91.4% [90.3, 92.5] and 91.8%, [90.7, 92.9], respectively) while maintaining high specificities > 90%, as well as high area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (0.963 [0.946, 0.979] and 0.962 [0.945, 0.979], respectively). The most significant predictors for LASSO included old age and preexisting DM or cancer; for RF they were old age, infection route (cluster infection or infection from personal contact), and underlying hypertension. The proposed prediction model may be helpful for the quick triage of patients without having to wait for the results of additional tests such as laboratory or radiologic studies, during a pandemic when limited medical resources must be wisely allocated without hesitation.ope

    A Study on the Traffic Safety of VLCC for Incheon North Port by Using Ship Handling Simulation

    Get PDF
    Recently, ships have been getting larger and larger in size thanks to the development of cutting-edge technology and the shipbuilding industry. Accordingly, the traffic route of each port needs deeper water level and wider fairway width while port areas demand bigger facilities. As ships become larger, mutual intervention increases between the ships departing and arriving at the port, whereas ship handling performance declines due to deep drafts. The challenge of ensuring safe ship operation reveals the limitations of countermeasures during emergency cases. The north port of Incheon is specifically famous for its strong current, narrow fairway, and many curved fairways, which are brought about by its geographical structure where many islandsexist around the fairway. Therefore, the maximum size of a calling vessel has been restricted to full-loaded 70K DWT Panamax vessels until now although half cargo-loaded VLCC will call the port in the future. This study reviewed the surrounding conditions of the Dongsudo fairway in various ways and evaluated arrival and departure safety in consideration of the VLCCโ€™s maneuvering characteristics through ship handling simulation. For study method, Incheon North Portโ€™s five weak waters around Budo, Baekam Lighthouse, Bukjangjaseo, Incheon Bridge, and SK Dolphin were set based on ship handling simulation results conducted in the VLCC arrival and departure familiarization training course for Incheon Port pilots using โ€œthe marine transportation safety diagnosis research to enhance SK Energy/Incheon CLX No. 3 Wharf berth capabilitiesโ€ conducted in 2013. This study analyzed and evaluated proximity and passing speed in the five weak waters by setting them as evaluation factors. This study presents the standard of safe passing by evaluating the passing handling status of the VLCC based on the data implemented in a virtual space using a simulator. However, the findings of this study cannot be used as the basis to judge the status of mistakes/errors on the ship handling accidents of similar ships because the standard cannot be absolute. Many difficulties exist in patternizing, standardizing, and making numerical values of ship piloting since ship piloting is a highly subjective work. However, the analyzed and evaluated data indicate the average data of many results, which can show a pattern. Consequently, the data analyzed in this study are expected to be effectively utilized in the VLCCโ€™s calling at the Incheon North Port.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ธ์ฒœํ•ญ์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„ 2.1 ๊ธฐ์ƒํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„ 2.1.1 ๋ฐ”๋žŒ 2.1.2 ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜ 2.1.3 ํ•ด๋ฉด๊ธฐ์•• 2.1.4 ํ˜„์ƒ์ผ์ˆ˜ 2.1.5 ํƒœํ’ 2.2 ํ•ด์ƒํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„ 2.2.1 ์กฐ์œ„ 2.2.2 ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ 2.2.3 ํŒŒ๋ž‘ 2.3 ํ•ญ๋งŒํ˜„ํ™ฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 2.3.1 ํ•ญ๋กœ 2.3.2 ์ •๋ฐ•์ง€ ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ธ์ฒœํ•ญ์˜ ์ž…์ถœํ•ญ ํ•ญ๋กœ 3.1 ํ•ญ๋กœ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 3.1.1 ์ˆ˜์—ญ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ดยท์™ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 3.1.2 ์ˆ˜์—ญ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์ œ 4์žฅ VLCC์˜ ์กฐ์ข…ํŠน์„ฑ 4.1 ์ฒœ์ˆ˜์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ VLCC์˜ ์„ ์ฒด์šด๋™ 4.1.1 ์ฒœ์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 4.1.2 ์„ ์ € ์—ฌ์œ  ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ 4.1.3 ์ฒœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ์˜ ์„ ์ฒด์šด๋™ 4.2 314K DWT๊ธ‰ ์‹ค์ œ VLCC์˜ ์กฐ์ข…์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์‹œ์šด์ „ ์ž๋ฃŒ 4.2.1 ์„ ๋ฐ•์ œ์› 4.2.2 ์„ ํšŒ๊ถŒ ์‹œํ—˜ 4.2.3 10/10~20/20๋„ Zig-Zag ์‹œํ—˜ 4.2.4 Crash Stop Astern ์‹œํ—˜ 4.2.5 Initial turning ability trial(Stb'd) 4.3 300K DWT๊ธ‰ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ฐ• VLCC์˜ ์กฐ์ข…์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํŠน์„ฑ 4.3.1 ์„ ๋ฐ•์ œ์› 4.3.2 ์‹ฌ์ˆ˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์กฐ์ข…์„ฑ๋Šฅ 4.3.3 ์ฒœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์กฐ์ข…์„ฑ๋Šฅ 4.3.4 ์‹ค์ œ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์กฐ์ข…์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ œ 5์žฅ VLCC์˜ ์ธ์ฒœํ•ญ ํ†ตํ•ญ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 5.1 ์„ ๋ฐ•์กฐ์ข… ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 5.1.1 ์„ ๋ฐ•์กฐ์ข… ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ 5.1.2 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค 5.2 ์„ ๋ฐ•์กฐ์ข… ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5.3 ์„ ๋ฐ•์กฐ์ข… ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ 5.3.1 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ• ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 5.3.2 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฑด ์„ค์ • 5.3.3 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์„ค์ • 5.3.4 ๋Œ€์ƒ์ˆ˜์—ญ์˜ ํ•ญ๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 5.4 ํ†ตํ•ญ ๋ฐ ๋Œํ•€์ ‘๊ทผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 5.4.1 ๋ถ€๋„๋“ฑ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€๊ทผํ•ด์—ญ ํ†ตํ•ญ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 5.4.2 ๋ฐฑ์•”๋“ฑ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€๊ทผํ•ด์—ญ ํ†ตํ•ญ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 5.4.3 ๋ถ์žฅ์ž์„œ ๋ถ€๊ทผํ•ด์—ญ ํ†ตํ•ญ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 5.4.4 ์ธ์ฒœ๋Œ€๊ต ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ž…ํ•ญ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 5.4.5 SK์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋Œํ•€๋ถ€๊ทผ ์ž…ํ•ญ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 5.4.6 VLCC์˜ ์ธ์ฒœํ•ญ ์•ˆ์ „์ž…ํ•ญ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ‰๊ฐ€ 5.5 ๋น„์ƒ์ƒํ™ฉ์‹œ์˜ ์ธ์ฒœ๋Œ€๊ต ํ†ตํ•ญ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 5.5.1 ๋น„์ƒ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์œ„์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ํƒ€๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐ ํšŒ๋‘์ œ์–ด 5.5.2 VLCC ๋น„์ƒ์ƒํ™ฉ ์„ ๋ฐ•์กฐ์ข… ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด 5.5.3 ์ž…ํ•ญ์‹œ VLCC ๋น„์ƒ์ƒํ™ฉ ์„ ๋ฐ•์กฐ์ข… ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ 6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ

    Oil-water separation through density difference between rGO/LDPE film and oil-water

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ๊น€์šฉํ˜‘.๊ต์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ํ•ด์–‘ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ์œ ์ถœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ ์œ ์ถœ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์œ ํ•ดํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ํผ์ ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‹ ์ฒด์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…ํžˆ๊ณ  ํ•ด์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋“ค๊ณ , ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์นœ์•ก์„ฑ(Lyophilic)๊ณผ ์†Œ์•ก์„ฑ(Lyophobic)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํก์ฐฉ(adsorption) ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ณผ(filtration) ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํก์ฐฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ณ ์ ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์ด ๋ง‰ํžˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ์ ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด์ธ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธต์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ๊ณ„๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ดํ™”ํ•™์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ํด๋ฆฌ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ(Low Density Polyethylene)์— ํ™˜์›๋œ ์‚ฐํ™”๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€(Reduced Graphene Oxide)์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ rGO/LDPE ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. rGO/LDPE ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‘œ๋ฉด์žฅ๋ ฅ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ์˜ ๋”ฅ์ฝ”ํŒ…(Dip coating) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ๊ณ„๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, rGO/LDPE ํ•„๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ด€, ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋™๋ ฅ ์ž๋™ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.As trade volume increases, large and small oil spill accidents occur worldwide. Spilled oil and harmful chemicals spread to the coast, causing economic and physical damage to people and destroying marine ecosystems. It takes a lot of money and manpower to recover from these damages. In order to reduce such damage, quick and efficient action is needed. Previous studies have used lyophilic and lyophobic materials to remove oil by adsorption or filtration. However, the adsorption method has the advantage that it can remove the oil of high viscosity, but it has the disadvantage that it is difficult to separate the oil continuously. The filtration method has the advantage that the oil can be continuously removed, but since the pores of the filter are clogged, it is difficult to apply it to separation. In this paper, to remove oil of various viscosities, water and oil were separated using density difference of material. Immiscible liquids, water and oil, are positioned in layers according to their respective densities. Films made of materials with a density between water and oil are located between the water and oil interfaces by density differences and physically separate water and oil. An rGO/LDPE film was fabricated by adding reduced graphene oxide(rGO) to Low Density Polyethylene(LDPE), which has excellent chemical resistance and density between water and oil. The contact angle of the rGO/LDPE film was measured and the characteristics of the film were analyzed between the water and the oil interface using a dip coating program of a surface tension meter. In addition, water and oil were separated by a non-powered automatic oil recovery system consisting of the rGO/LDPE film, tube, and oil recovery container.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ…ฐ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ฒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ด 1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 2 2. ์‹คํ—˜ 4 2.1 rGO/LDPE ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ œ์ž‘ 4 2.2 rGO/LDPEใ€€ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํŠน์„ฑ ํ•ด์„ 7 2.3 ๋ฌผ-๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 8 3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 10 3.1 rGO/LDPE ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํŠน์„ฑ 10 3.2 ๋ฌผ-๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ๊ณ„๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ rGO/LDPE ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํŠน์„ฑ 16 3.3 ๋ฌผ-๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 20 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  28 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 29 Abstract 31Maste

    ์™ธ์‹์—…์ข… ๋‚ด ํ”„๋žœ์ฐจ์ด์ฆˆ ๊ฐ€๋งน์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ์ƒ ์ด์ ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๊ทธ ์›์ธ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 8. ์ด์ƒ์Šน.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์™ธ์‹์—…์ข…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ์˜์—…์‹ค์ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํ”„๋žœ์ฐจ์ด์ฆˆ ๊ฐ€๋งน์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ๋งค์ถœ์•ก ๋Œ€๋น„ ์˜์—…์ด์ต๊ณผ ์˜์—…๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐœ ์ค‘ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์—…์ข…์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋งน์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งค์ถœ์•ก ๋Œ€๋น„ ์˜์—…์ด์ต์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋งค์ž…๋น„์™€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ๊ณผ๊ณต๊ณผ ์ง€์ถœ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ถˆ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋งค์ž…๋น„์˜ ์ผ์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€๋งน์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋งน์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ณธ์‚ฌ์— ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋กœ์—ดํ‹ฐ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋งน์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ๋กœ์—ดํ‹ฐ ์ง€๋ถˆ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ๊ฐ€๋งน์‚ฌ์—… ๋‚ด ๊ตฌ์ž… ๊ฐ•์ œ 9 โ…ข. ๊ด€๋ จ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 12 โ…ฃ. ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 16 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 16 2. ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก 22 3. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 25 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  41 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 43 Abstract 50Maste
    • โ€ฆ
    corecore