105 research outputs found

    2002-2013 ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๊ณต๋‹จ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ข…๋‹จ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์†Œ์•„ ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋‡Œ์ „์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ž‘ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๊ณฝ์˜ํ˜ธ.์„œ๋ก  : ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์€ 3๊ฐœ์›”์—์„œ 5์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์•ฝ 2 - 5 %์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ํ”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์†Œ์•„์˜ ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ž‘์ ์ธ ๋‡Œ์ „์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ž‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• : 2002๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๊ณต๋‹จ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ 2002๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2007๋…„์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์†Œ์•„์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ƒํ›„ ์ฒซ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ณ„ (per-person) ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์—ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ณ„ (per-febrile illness case) ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ ์ดํ›„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ์ „์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ž‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ : ์ด 54,233๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ 5๋…„ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ 11.19 % ์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์กฐ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‹œ์˜ ๋‡Œ ์†์ƒ์€ ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ 1.17, 1.40, 1.97 (๋ชจ๋“  p <0.001) ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์—ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ถœ์ƒ ์‹œ์˜ ๋‡Œ ์†์ƒ, ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ถ”์ •, ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ, ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฐ ๋ถˆํŠน์ • ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์€ ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ ๋ˆ„์  ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก, ํŠนํžˆ 3ํšŒ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ ์ดํ›„ 1๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‡Œ์ „์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ž‘์ด ์ง„๋‹จ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  : ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์กฐ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ, ์ถœ์ƒ ์‹œ์˜ ๋‡Œ ์†์ƒ, ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ถ”์ •, ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ, ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฐ ๋ถˆํŠน์ • ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ ๋ˆ„์  ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‡Œ์ „์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ž‘์ด ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹คIntroduction: Febrile seizure is a relatively common disease that affects approximately 2โ€“.5% of children between the ages of three months and five years. We performed a large, population-based study to analyze the risk factors of the febrile seizures and the subsequent epileptic seizures. Methods: Relevant data from children born between 2002โ€“.2007 were retrieved from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort 2002-2013. Children who did not survive the first five years were excluded from the analysis. The risk factors for febrile seizures were assessed separately in per-person and perfebrile case analyses, and factors contributing to an increased risk of subsequent epileptic seizures were identified. Results: A total of 54,233 children were included and the five-year prevalence rate of febrile seizure was 11.19%. In the per-person analysis, male sex, preterm birth and brain injury at birth increased the risk of febrile seizure with odds ratios of 1.17, 1.40 and 1.97 (all p < 0.001), respectively. A high household income level was associated with reduced odds of febrile seizure. In the per-febrile illness analysis, male sex, brain injury at birth, presumed bacterial infection, gastrointestinal or genitourinary infection and unspecified sepsis were independent risk factors of a febrile seizure during febrile illness. The cumulative number of febrile seizure episodes, especially more than the third episodes, was associated with a new diagnosis of an epileptic seizure within one year. Conclusions: Sex, preterm birth, brain injury at birth, presumed bacterial infection, genitourinary and gastrointestinal infections and unspecified sepsis were identified as likely risk factors for febrile seizures. A greater number of febrile seizure episodes was associated with a higher probability of subsequent epileptic seizures.Abstract i Contents iii List of tables and figures iv Introduction 1 Material and Methods 2 Results 5 Discussion 17 Conclusion 22 References 23 Appendix 27 Abstract in Korean 29Maste

    ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋ธ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ๋ฐ•ํ—Œ๋ฌต.Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has dismal survival rate due to late detection because of unspecific symptoms, rapid progression of tumor, and resistance to conventional therapies. The current diagnostic method for PDAC is imaging modalities, such as computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, which also delay the early diagnosis due to high cost and invasiveness. Serum-based biomarkers have been used for early detection of cancers. Although many groups have discovered biomarkers for PDAC, biomarkers themselves cannot be applied to the real clinic. It needs a diagnostic model. Therefore, in this study, we developed an automated multi-marker enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit using 3 biomarkers (leucine-rich alpha-2- glycoprotein [LRG1], transthyretin [TTR], and CA 19-9) that were previously discovered and proposed a diagnostic model for PDAC based on this kit for clinical usage. Methods: Individual LRG1, TTR, and CA 19-9 panels were combined into a single automated ELISA panel and tested on 728 plasma samples, including PDAC (n=381) and normal samples (n=347). The diagnostic model was developed using logistic regression according to the automated ELISA kit to predict the risk of pancreatic cancer (high-, intermediate-, and low-risk groups). Results: The automated multi-marker ELISA kit showed reproducibility and consistency. The proposed logistic regression model provided reliable prediction results with a positive predictive value of 92.05%, negative predictive value of 90.69%, specificity of 90.69%, and sensitivity of 92.05%, which all simultaneously exceed 90% cutoff value. The thresholds, delta 1 and delta 2, between low, intermediate and high were 32% and 60%. Conclusion: This diagnostic model based on the triple marker ELISA kit could distinguish PDAC from normal samples well and showed better diagnostic performance than that of previous PDAC markers. It can give an information of the risk of pancreatic cancer, which, on that account, can be used as the diagnostic tool in the cancer screening. In the future, it needs external validation to be used in the clinic.๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์‹œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์ ˆ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 20% ๋‚ด์™ธ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ญ์•”์ œ์— ์ž˜ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ธต ์ดฌ์˜(CT)๋‚˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ(MRI)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฟ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋†’์€ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์นจ์Šต์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ๋งˆ์ปค๋Š” ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•”์˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ž„์ƒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด automated triple marker enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ํ‚คํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , triple marker ํ‚คํŠธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ง„๋‹จ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ LRG1, TTR ๋ฐ CA 19-9 panel์„ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ kit๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์คด๊ด€์„ ์•” (n=381)๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ (n=347) ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 728๊ฐœ์˜ plasma sample์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ELISA ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ด๋ฒˆ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ž๋™ํ™” triple marker ELISA kit์˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ํ™•์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘ data์˜ predictor์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด Pearson Correlation์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ทŒ๊ด€์„ ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €, ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„, ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ด์ „ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ELISA ๊ฐ’๊ณผ triple marker ๊ฐ’ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ”ผ์–ด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” 0.865๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์–‘์„ฑ์˜ˆ์ธก๋„ 92.05%, ์Œ์„ฑ์˜ˆ์ธก๋„ 90.69%, ํŠน์ด๋„ 90.69%, ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ 92.05%๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ CA 19-9๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ง„๋‹จ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค(AUC: 0.851 vs. 0.912, P=0.001). ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์„ ์ €, ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„, ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ threshold๋Š” 0.32์™€ 0.6์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ž๋™ํ™” triple-marker ELISA kit๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ, ์ตœ์†Œ ์นจ์Šต์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜์ƒ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด kit๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ์„ ์ž˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ €, ์ค‘, ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์˜ ์„ ๋ณ„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์˜ ํ™˜์ž์‹๋ณ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์œจ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋™ํ™” triple-marker ELISA kit๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ด์ „ ๋งˆ์ปค๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Materials and methods 4 Chapter 3. Results 15 Chapter 4. Discussion 34 Bibliography 42 Abstract in Korean 47๋ฐ•

    ์ž๊ทน์˜ ๋‹ด๊ธฐ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจํ–‰ํƒœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์ •๋ณด์œตํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต), 2013. 8. ์ด์ค‘์‹.์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ฒฉ๊ณผ ํŽœ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์†์—์„œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊บผ๋‚ด ๋ช‡ ์ž ์ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ•œ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋””๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋™๊ธฐ, ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„์™€ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ, ๊ณ  ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋„๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์บก์ณ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์บก์ณํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉ, ๋งค์ฒด๋ณ„, ๋™๊ธฐ๋ณ„, ๋‚ด์šฉ ์œ ํ˜•, ์ž๊ทน ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ˜„์ƒํ•™, ์ธ์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ, ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ํ–‰ํƒœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ, ๋…ธํŠธ, ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ, ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ, ํ•  ์ผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์บ˜๋ฆฐ๋”, ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ์Œ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ, ์†๊ธ€์”จ ์ค‘ 2 ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ 3 ์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ 10 ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž 44 ๋ช…์„ ์ตœ์ข… ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋กœ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ 15 ๊ฐœ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฉ”์‹ ์ €๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์†ก ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งค์ฒด ๋™๊ธฐ, ์ž๊ทน์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์ž๊ทน ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ํ™”๋ฉด ๋‚ด์šฉ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์„ค๋ฌธ ์‘๋‹ต์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ „์†กํ•ด์ค€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ํ™”๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ›„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ๋งˆ์นœ ํ›„, ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ๋งค์ฒด ๋™๊ธฐ, ์ž๊ทน ์œ ํ˜•, ๋‚ด์šฉ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งค์ฒด๋ณ„, ๋™๊ธฐ๋ณ„, ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋งค์ฒด ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋„์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ์•ฝ 80%๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋‹ด์€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋กœ ๋‹ด๊ธฐํ˜• ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด 11 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž๊ทน ์œ ํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰, ์ค€๋น„, ๋Œ€ํ™”, ํƒ์ƒ‰ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ž๊ทน์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ž๊ทน์„ ์บก์ณํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์—…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ฐพ์•„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰, ์ค€๋น„, ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž๊ทน ์œ ํ˜•์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€ํ™”๋‚˜ ํšŒ์˜, ์‚ฌ๊ต ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ์˜ ์ž๊ทน์ด ์ด‰๋งค๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์ด ์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋„๊ตฌ์ธ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ชธ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ€์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ 20 ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์œ ํ˜• ์ค‘, ๊ธธ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์บก์ณํ•œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ, ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋‚˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ, ์ œ๋ชฉ, ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋งค์ฒด์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋“ค, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์ธ ์‹ค์žฌ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ ์ •๋ณด, ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ •๋ณด, ์ž์•„ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž๊ทน์˜ ๋‹ด๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋„์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ํ–‰ํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ 1) ๋งค์ฒด ํ˜•์‹์˜ ํ˜ผ์ข… 2) ๋ฐ€์ฐฉ์„ฑ, 3) ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์œ ๋ณดํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ˜• ๋ฉ”๋ชจ, 4) ์ž๊ทน์˜ ๋‹ด๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, 5) ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๋˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ , ์ •์„ฑ์  ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„  ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•œ ๋™์‹œ์—, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์ธ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ ๋ฉ”์‹ ์ €๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ํ™”๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.The increase of smartphone users implies the changes in people' everyday information capturing practice. The particular interest of this paper lies on memo behavior, traditionally referring to personal records on the paper or with digital input. Recently, it seems that smartphone memo tool replace the traditional one by providing various ways of capturing information: typing or copy-and-paste text, taking a picture, or recording voices, and consequently it brings changes the accessibility and diversities of media usage. As Mcluhan viewed the emergence of new media as the extension of human sense, it is assumed that the form of smartphone technology reframes the way people are engaged in media, in other words, the contents. This study aims to examine the major changes among smartphone users' memo behaviors by focusing on external stimulus and refinement. In particular, it was started from the idea that the phenomenon of capturing technology such as quick access to the operating system, high- definition camera, and diverse tools, made serious changes in routines of memo behavior, in which it blurs the boundary between information capturing and creation. On the basis of this assumption, the objective of the study is to identify the characteristics and distribution of smartphone memo in following sub- topics: media forms, motivation, contents, and refining stimulus. The study pursued these questions by collecting the screenshots of smartphone memo with online survey from 44 smartphone users with various demographic backgrounds. Smartphone memo, is defined as a digital records which refers to the wide range of information capturingactivities with smartphone, assuming that the current smartphone memo is not bound to a single memo tool compare to traditional forms. In addition, three types of information capturing strategy were specified based on whether and how much it contains stimulus:capture, summarize, and diary type.Data collection was conducted by two parts: the participants sent the screenshots of recent fifteen memo through mobile messenger from more than two of following smartphone applications: default memo, note, camera, e-mail to self, to-do list, calendar, social network service, voice, and sketch, and conducting retrospective online survey for each memo that participants created. The survey questions, both opened and closed, included the external stimulus and refining was engaged in, context, and motivation for information capturing. 655 screenshots and survey data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and content analysis. The result showed that average four applications per person were used for information capturing practice with smartphone. While 37% of 655 memo were recorded with camera phone, as a copy of external stimulus, default memo, note, task management, sketch applications tend to contain less stimulus and capture type. In media types, although a large number of memo up to 83% was text-based media, it appears that either non-text or partly non-text memo such as image, voice took 17%, which implies the hybridity of media types are increased. In terms of stimulus and refinement, 80% of total memo contain external stimulus, and the types of stimulus were varied from search, conversation, browse, prepare, appreciate, to meeting, social activity, notification, and serendipity. Not only participants use smartphone memo in order to refer later as frequently mentioned in previous researches, they also do memo in order not to forget, and share information with others. While 24% of the choice of media was its quick and simple writing as same as a general characteristic of memo, there were unique reasons to choose smartphone due to a large amount of information, chained work with smartphone, proximity, and retrieval. Lastly, the contents of the memo became more diverse than traditional memo, particularly, wayfinding, code, title, shopping, contents, and media whose information type is quite complex and large. In conclusion, the five characteristics of smartphone memo behavior were drawn from the analysis: hybridity of media types, embodied proximity, reserving judgment, close to the world, relational-driven memo. The implication of this study lies at explicating new phenomenon in smartphone memo as a research topic in alignment with media theory, cognitive psychology, and previous memo behavior user studies. However, the future study is expected to elaborate the improvement in survey data of the study which may lack the validity compare to actual behavioral logs, by tracking more accurate and reliable data of information capturing practice.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  11 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 13 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 13 1. ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 13 2. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ด€์  14 2.1. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ 15 2.2. ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ์ง€๊ฐ, ์ธ์ง€ 16 2.3. ๋…ธํŠธํ…Œ์ดํ‚น์˜ ์ธ์ง€์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 17 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 18 1. ์ •๋ณด ์บก์ณ 18 1.1. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์บก์ณ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ณต 19 2. ์ •๋ณด ์Šคํฌ๋žฉ 22 3. ์ผ์ƒ์  ๋…ธํŠธํ…Œ์ดํ‚น 23 4. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ 23 4.1. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 24 4.2. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ๋งค์ฒด, ๋‚ด์šฉ, ๋™๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 24 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •์˜ 25 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 26 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •์˜ 27 1. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ 27 2. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ๋งค์ฒด๋ณ„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 27 3. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ 30 4. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ 31 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 32 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 32 1. ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ์บก์ณ 33 2. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ 34 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹ค ํ—˜ 35 1. ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 35 2. ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜ 37 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 40 1. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๊ทœ์น™ 42 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 45 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ๋งค์ฒด์  ํŠน์„ฑ 45 1. ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๋ณ„ 45 2. ๋งค์ฒด ํ˜•์‹๋ณ„ 48 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ 50 1. ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„ํฌ 50 2. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ์ž๊ทน ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ 52 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 54 1. ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ณ„ 55 2. ๋งค์ฒด ๋™๊ธฐ๋ณ„ 56 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 59 1. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์œ ํ˜• 59 2. ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 60 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 63 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ 63 1. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 67 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  71 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 73 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 74 Abstract 79Maste

    Positional Patterns Among the Auriculotemporal Nerve, Superficial Temporal Artery, and Superficial Temporal Vein for use in Decompression Treatments for Migraine

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    This study aimed to clarify intersection patterns and points among the superficial temporal artery (STA), superficial temporal vein (STV), and auriculotemporal nerve (ATN) based on surface anatomical landmarks to provide useful anatomical information for surgical decompression treatments of migraine headaches in Asians. Thirty-eight hemifaces were dissected. The positional patterns among the ATN, STA, and STV were divided into three morphological types. In type I, the ATN ran toward the temporal region and superficially intersected the STA and STV (nโ€‰=โ€‰32, 84.2%). In type II, the ATN ran toward the temporal region and deeply intersected the STA and STV (nโ€‰=โ€‰4, 10.5%). In type III, the ATN ran toward the temporal region and deeply intersected the STV alone (nโ€‰=โ€‰2, 5.3%). The intersection points of types II and III were 10.3โ€‰ยฑโ€‰5.6โ€‰mm (meanโ€‰ยฑโ€‰SD) and 10.4โ€‰ยฑโ€‰6.1โ€‰mm anterior and 42.1โ€‰ยฑโ€‰21.6โ€‰mm and 41.4โ€‰ยฑโ€‰18.7โ€‰mm superior to the tragus, respectively. The ATN superficially intersected the STA and STV in all the Korean cadaver, while the ATN deeply intersected the STA and STV in 15% of the Thai cadavers. The pattern of the ATN deeply intersecting the STA and STV was less common in present Asian populations than in previously-reported Caucasian populations, implying that migraine headaches (resulting from the STA and STV compressing the ATN) are less common in Asians.ope

    Anatomic Description of the Infraorbital Soft Tissues by Three-dimensional Scanning System

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    Purpose: For minimally invasive procedures, three-dimensional (3D) anatomical knowledge of the structures of the face is essential. This study aimed to describe the thickness of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and depths of the facial muscles located in the infraorbital region using a 3D scanner to provide critical clinical anatomical guidelines for improving minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Materials and Methods: The 3D scanning images of 38 Korean cadavers (22 males and 16 females; age range: 51~94 years at the time of death) were analyzed. Eight facial landmarks (P1~P8) were marked on the cadaveric faces. The images were scanned in three steps-undissected face, hemiface after skinning, and revealing the facial muscles. Student's t-test was used to identify significant differences. Result: The skin and subcutaneous tissue tended to become thicker from the upper to lower and medial to lateral aspects, and the muscles followed the same pattern as that of the most superficial located muscle and the deepest located muscles. No significant sex-related differences were found in the skin at any landmark. However, the muscles tended to be deeper in the female participants. Conclusion: The study data can serve as a basis for creating or enhancing clinical anatomy-based guidelines or improving procedures in the infraorbital region.ope

    Effective Botulinum Toxin Injection Guide for Treatment of Temporal Headache

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    This study involved an extensive analysis of published research on the morphology of the temporalis muscle in order to provide an anatomical guideline on how to distinguish the temporalis muscle and temporalis tendon by observing the surface of the patient's face. Twenty-one hemifaces of cadavers were used in this study. The temporalis muscles were dissected clearly for morphological analysis between the temporalis muscle and tendon. The posterior border of the temporalis tendon was classified into three types: in Type I the posterior border of the temporalis tendon is located in front of reference line L2 (4.8%, 1/21), in Type II it is located between reference lines L2 and L3 (85.7%, 18/21), and in Type III it is located between reference lines L3 and L4 (9.5%, 2/21). The vertical distances between the horizontal line passing through the jugale (LH) and the temporalis tendon along each of reference lines L0, L1, L2, L3, and L4 were 29.7 ยฑ 6.8 mm, 45.0 ยฑ 8.8 mm, 37.7 ยฑ 11.1 mm, 42.5 ยฑ 7.5 mm, and 32.1 ยฑ 0.4 mm, respectively. BoNT-A should be injected into the temporalis muscle at least 45 mm vertically above the zygomatic arch. This will ensure that the muscle region is targeted and so produce the greatest clinical effect with the minimum concentration of BoNT-A.ope

    The Anatomical Basis of Paradoxical Masseteric Bulging after Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Injection

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    The aim of this study was to determine the detailed anatomical structures of the superficial part of the masseter and to elucidate the boundaries and locations of the deep tendon structure within the superficial part of the masseter. Forty-four hemifaces from Korean and Thai embalmed cadavers were used in this study. The deep tendon structure was located deep in the lower third of the superficial part of the masseter. It was observed in all specimens and was designated as a deep inferior tendon (DIT). The relationship between the masseter and DIT could be classified into three types according to the coverage pattern: Type A, in which areas IV and V were covered by the DIT (27%, 12/44); Type B, in which areas V and VI were covered by the DIT (23%, 10/44); and Type C, in which areas IV, V, and VI were covered by the DIT (50%, 22/44). The superficial part of the masseter consists of not only the muscle belly but also the deep tendon structure. Based on the results obtained in this morphological study, we recommend performing layer-by-layer retrograde injections into the superficial and deep muscle bellies of the masseter.ope

    Ultrasound-Guided Injection of the Adductor Longus and Pectineus in a Cadaver Model

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    BACKGROUND: The close anatomic and functional relationship between the proximal parts of the adductor longus and pectineus muscles produce considerable overlap in symptoms and signs in the inguinal region. To our knowledge, there have been no publications of ultrasound (US)-guided injection techniques into the 2 muscles. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to describe US-guided injection techniques in the proximal part of the adductor longus and pectineus muscles and to validate whether these techniques deliver injections appropriately to their target muscles in unembalmed cadavers. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric study. METHODS: A preliminary trial with 2 unembalmed cadavers provided information on the target sonographic structures of proximal adductor longus and pectineus muscles. Bilateral US-guided intramuscular injections in the proximal adductor longus and pectineus were performed using the remaining 5 unembalmed male cadavers. To avoid confusion of dye location, we did not inject into both the adductor longus and pectineus muscle in the same side. After injections, each specimen was dissected to evaluate the accuracy of injection. RESULTS: Ten injections (5 for the adductor longus muscle and 5 for the pectineus muscle) were performed targeting the proximal parts of muscles in 5 cadaveric specimens. All injections were successful and blue dye was injected accurately at the target area within the adductor longus and the pectineus muscles. No other muscles were injected unintentionally. There were no accidental penetrations and/or injuries at adjacent neurovascular structures as well. LIMITATION: Despite successful injection of the proximal parts of adductor longus and pectineus, this study did not verify the usefulness of this technique in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study may play a role in the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with chronic pelvic pain syndrome and sports hernia.ope

    Three-dimensional structure of the orbicularis retaining ligament: an anatomical study using micro-computed tomography

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    The orbicularis retaining ligament (ORL) is an important structure for maintaining the eyelid and cheek skin and contouring the characteristic facial appearance. However, the ORL is a delicate structure that is easily damaged in manual dissection. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the ORL using a micro-computed tomography (mCT) with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) preparation for the acquisition of its three-dimensional information non-destructively. Twenty-two specimens were obtained from non-embalmed human cadaver (mean age 73.7 years). Multidirectional images of the mCT showed that the ORL consisted of continuous tiny plates with a multilayered plexiform shape. The modified Verhoeff Van Gieson staining and immunofluorescence revealed a ligamentous tissue consisting of multiple fibroelastic bundles. The preorbicularis fibres of the ORL had more layers and a more intricate arrangement than its retro-orbicularis fibres. The number, complexity and ambiguity of the ORL fibres increased in the lateral area and their density and extent increased near the dermis. Its dermal anchorage was shown as a confluence of its fibroelastic tissue into the dermis. The ORL comprises a multilayered meshwork of very thin continuous fibroelastic plates and its related cutaneous deformities might be a complicated outcome of subcutaneous tissue shrinkage, lipid accumulation and ORL retention.ope

    Ultrasonographic Analyses of the Forehead Region for Injectable Treatments

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    Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injections in the forehead region should only target the frontalis. This study applied ultrasonography with the aim of providing guidelines for predicting the layered structure and soft-tissue thickness of the forehead. We performed ultrasound scanning at 7 facial landmarks in 40 Korean adults. Allowing for the error range, the minimum depth from the skin to exclude the muscle layer was 2.3 mm, and the maximum depth from the skin to include the muscle layer was 2.8 mm. Of the total 7 points from the skin to muscle surface, significant differences between the males and females were found in 6 points (p < 0.05). Clinicians can use ultrasonography to identify the structural layers of the scalp. Even if ultrasound-guided injections are not performed, it is possible to target only muscle layers in BoNT-A injections by maintaining a needle depth of around 2.5 mm.ope
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