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    The effects of sensorial saturation on procedure-related pain of the infants in cardiac intensive care unit

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค์— ์ž…์›ํ•œ ์˜์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ •๋งฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ •๋งฅ๊ด€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์‹œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ „ํ™˜์š”๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ฐ๊ฐํฌํ™”(Sensorial Saturation; SS)์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ํ›„ ์˜์•„์˜ ํ†ต์ฆํ–‰๋™๋ฐ˜์‘, ํ†ต์ฆ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐํฌํ™”์š”๋ฒ•์ด ์ฒ˜์น˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ†ต์ฆ ์™„ํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋น„๋™๋“ฑ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์ „ํ›„ ์‹œ์ฐจ์„ค๊ณ„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ S ๋ณ‘์› ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค์— ์ž…์›ํ•˜์—ฌ 2019๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํ‰์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ 1์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์˜์•„๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ •๋งฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ •๋งฅ๊ด€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์‹œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ 38๋ช…, ๊ฐ๊ฐํฌํ™”์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ 40๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ด 78๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—๋Š” Bellieni & Buonocore(2017)๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฒ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌ(Taste), ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๋‹ค๋“ฌ๊ธฐ(Touch), ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ž˜๊ธฐ(Talk)์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์žฌ(3Ts)๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐํฌํ™”์š”๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ(๊ฐ์‹ธ์ฃผ๊ธฐ)๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐํฌํ™”์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ํ†ต์ฆ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์ฒ™๋„(์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™์ˆ˜, ์‚ฐ์†Œํฌํ™”๋„, ํ˜ธํก์ˆ˜)์™€ ํ†ต์ฆํ–‰๋™์ฒ™๋„(Modified Behavioral Pain Scale; MBPS)๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ •๋งฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ •๋งฅ๊ด€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ง์ „, ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ 3๋ถ„ ํ›„, ์ œ๊ฑฐ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์งํ›„, ์ œ๊ฑฐ์ข…๋ฃŒ 1๋ถ„ ํ›„์— ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” SPSS 25.0 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Independent t-test์™€ ฯ‡2 test, Repeated Measures ANOVA๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1) ๊ฐ๊ฐํฌํ™”์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์ •๋งฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ •๋งฅ๊ด€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ํ†ต์ฆ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„(F=6.46, p=.013), ์‹œ์ (F=87.22, p<.001) ๋ฐ ์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ตํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ(F=53.15, p<.001), ํ˜ธํก์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„(F=8.12, p<.001), ์‹œ์ (F=26.20, p<.001) ๋ฐ ์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ตํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ(F=15.19, p<.001)์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์†Œํฌํ™”๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„(F=.52, p=.47), ์‹œ์ (F=13.53, p=.27)์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ตํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ(F=4.46, p<.001)์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 2) ๊ฐ๊ฐํฌํ™”์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์ •๋งฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ •๋งฅ๊ด€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ํ†ต์ฆํ–‰๋™๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ฆํ–‰๋™์ฒ™๋„(MBPS) ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„(F=92.06, p<.001), ์‹œ์ (F=92.35, p<.001) ๋ฐ ์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ตํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ(F=45.21, p<.001)์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ฐ๊ฐํฌํ™”์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ†ต์ฆ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™์ˆ˜์™€ ํ˜ธํก์ˆ˜๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œํฌํ™”๋„๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ†ต์ฆํ–‰๋™๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐํฌํ™”์š”๋ฒ•์ด ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐํฌํ™”์š”๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฒฝ์ •๋งฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ •๋งฅ๊ด€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ฒ˜์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…์ž์  ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sensorial saturation therapy, which is one of the distraction techniques of infants in the cardiac intensive care unit. It was performed a nonequivalent control group nonsynchronized design study, using the physiological pain scales and Modified Behavioral Pain Scale to assess pain during the procedure of internal jugular central venous catheter removal. The subjects were infants under one year of age who had been admitted to S hospital in Seoul and had undergone thoracotomy for congenital heart disease from April to September 2019. When jugular vein removal was performed, 38 patients received the general nursing intervention, 40 patients received sensory saturation, and 78 patients were enrolled. The experimental group was provided with sensory saturation therapy using three interventions(3Ts) simultaneously, oral sugar(Taste), massage(Touch), and speaking to the baby to obtain distraction(Talk), following the intervention provided by Bellieni & Buonocore(2017). The control group was given general nursing intervention(swaddle an infant with a rectangular blanket). The physiological pain scales(heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate) and the Modified Behavioral Pain Scale(MBPS) were measured immediately before the removal of the internal jugular central venous catheter, 3 minutes after the start of removal, immediately after the end of removal, and 1 minute after the end of removal. Collected data were analyzed using a descriptive statistic, independent t-test, ฯ‡2 test, and Repeated Measures ANOVA using SPSS 25.0 Windows program. The main results of the study are as follows. 1) The physiological pain responses by the time of the procedure of internal jugular central venous catheter removal between the experimental group receiving sensory saturation therapy and the control group providing general nursing intervention were as follows. Heart rate and respiratory rate were significantly different. Heart rate was measured between groups (F = 6.46, p = .013), time (F =87.22, p <.001) and interaction between time and group (F = 53.15, p <.001), and respiration rate was measured between groups (F = 8.12, p <.001), time (F = 26.20, p <.001) and interaction between time and group (F = 15.19, p <.001). Oxygen saturation was not significant between groups (F = .52, p = .47) and time (F = 13.53, p = .27), but the interactions between time and group (F = 4.46, p <.001) was significantly different. 2) The behavioral pain responses by the time of the procedure of internal jugular central venous catheter removal between the experimental group receiving sensory saturation therapy and the control group providing general nursing intervention were as follows. Modified Behavior Pain Scale(MBPS) was significantly different. It measured between groups (F = 92.06, p <.001), time (F = 92.35, p <.001) and the interaction between time and group (F = 45.21, p <.001). In conclusion, in the experimental group receiving sensory saturation therapy, the physiological pain response significantly decreased with time, but the oxygen saturation was not significantly different. Also, the behavioral pain response was significantly decreased over time, suggesting that sensory saturation was effective in relieving pain. Therefore, sensory saturation therapy can be used as an independent nursing intervention to relieve pain, such as internal jugular central venous catheter removal.open์„

    F. Chopin์˜ ใ€ŠBallade No. 4, Op. 52ใ€‹์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์Œ์•…๋Œ€ํ•™ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ด๋ฏผ์ •.๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ์‡ผํŒฝ(Frรฉdรฉric Franรงois Chopin, 1810-1849)์˜ ใ€Š๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ ์ œ 4๋ฒˆใ€‹(Ballade No. 4 in F minor, Op. 52)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ ์ „๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฅด์ธ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋‹ด์‹œ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ๋Š” ์ค‘์„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์Œ์œ ์‹œ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 14์„ธ๊ธฐ ์•„๋ฅด์Šค ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์‡ผ(Guillaume de Machaut, 1300-1377)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์ • ํ˜•์‹(fixed form)์ด ๋œ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฐ์ง€์— ํผ์ ธ ๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์„ฑ์•…๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์‡ผํŒฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์•… ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‡ผํŒฝ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ž‘๊ณก๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํด๋ž€๋“œ ์‹œ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ธ ํ‚ค์—๋น„์น˜(Adam Mickiewicz, 1798-1855)์˜ ์‹œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•…๊ณก ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜์–ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ ์  ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ์–‘์‹์˜ ๊ธฐ์•… ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์ดํ›„ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‡ผํŒฝ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ  ์›์ˆ™๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋Š” ใ€Š๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ ์ œ 4๋ฒˆ, Op. 52ใ€‹์—๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ์„œ์ฃผ, ์ œ 1์ฃผ์ œ, ์ œ 2์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ์ „์กฐ๋˜์–ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์ด ํ•œ์ธต ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ œ 1์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ํ›„ ์žฅ์‹์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต, ๋™๊ธฐ ๋‹จํŽธ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ํ…์Šค์ฒ˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€์œ„๋ฒ•์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ๋ฒจ์นธํ†  ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ๋น„ํ™”์„ฑ์Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฏ ์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ 2์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์—์„œ 3๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์กฐ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉฐ ์Œ์—ญ์ด ํ™•์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ ์ „๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์Œ์•…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•(Thematic transformation)๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.This is an analysis of the thematic development methods in ใ€ŠBallade No. 4 in F minor, Op. 52ใ€‹ by Frรฉdรฉric Franรงois Chopin(1810-1849), a nineteenth century Romantic composer. A ballade was an example of originally free form poetry, a type of literary genre. The ballade, as a musical genre, is derived from the song of French minnesinger in the Middle Ages. It became a popular and significant fixed form through the works of Guillaume de Machaut(1300-1377), an important composer of the Ars Nova style in the fourteenth century. Afterwards, the ballade was diffused across European countries and matured into its own distinctive style of vocal music. In the nineteenth century, with the contribution of Chopin, it evolved as an independent genre of instrumental music. Chopins 4 Ballades were inspired by literature and the Polish poet. Especially, Mickiewiczs poems are closely associated with his ballades. Furthermore, the pieces feature narrative structures developed from the transformation of the themes using various musical techniques in a piece. This descriptive form of instrumental pieces greatly influenced later composers. ใ€ŠBallade No. 4 in F minor, Op. 52ใ€‹, considered the most mature piece of Chopin's ballades, features three main themes: introduction, the first and second themes. The introductory theme appears in different key in the middle of the piece and harmonic progression becomes more colorful. The first theme is transformed and developed with six variations after the exposition: repetition with ornamentation, transformation using fragments and imitation, textural change, combination of motives, imitative counterpoint and ornamentation in the bel canto style with nonharmonic tone. The second theme appears again in key of third degree relationship in the middle of the piece. Also the form of accompaniment changes and the range of notes expands. This analytical study of the thematic development methods of this piece shows that the method is similar to the technique of Thematic transformation used in the Romantic era.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ๋ณธ ๋ก  3 1. ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ 3 1. 1. ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 3 1. 2. ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ 8 2. ์‡ผํŒฝ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ 13 3. ใ€Š๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ ์ œ 4๋ฒˆ, Op. 52ใ€‹ ์ฃผ์ œ ์ „๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 22 3. 1. ์„œ์ฃผ๋ถ€ 22 3. 2. ์ œ 1์ฃผ์ œ ์ „๊ฐœ 26 3. 3. ์ œ 2์ฃผ์ œ ์ „๊ฐœ 44 โ…ข. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  51 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 53 Abstract 56Maste

    Elastosis Perforans Serpiginosa

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    Elastosis perforans serpiginosa is a rare skin disease characterized by transepidermal elimination of abnormal elastic fibers. This condition classically presents as small papules arranged in serpiginous or annular patterns on the neck, face, arms, or other flexural areas. While these lesions may spontaneously resolve, they often persist for longer periods of time. Though numerous treatment modalities have been described in the literature, most are not very effective. A 35-year-old man presented to Gangnam Severance Hospital with a 2-year history of skin eruptions on his neck, which were refractory to topical antifungal or steroid treatment. On examination, the patient showed multiple crusted and erythematous papules arranged in an annular pattern with central clearing. A biopsy specimen revealed acanthosis with notable transepidermal elimination of nuclear debris and eosinophilic degenerated elastic fibers from the dermis via an epidermal channel. Verhoeff-van Gieson staining showed dense clumps of altered elastic fibers in the papillary dermis. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of elastosis perforans serpisinosa was made. Treatment with topical 0.05% tretinoin application for 6 months resulted in no improvement.ope

    Expression of collagenases (matrix metalloproteinase-1, 8, 13) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 of retrodiscal tissue in temporomandibular joint disorder patients

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    Objectives: The aim of this study was to reveal how collagenases (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-1, 8, 13) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) are expressed in immunohistochemistry of retrodiscal tissue in temporomandibular joint disorder patients. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 39 patients who underwent discoplasty or discectomy. Immunohistochemical staining was undertaken and expression levels of MMP-1, 8, 13, and TIMP-1 were evaluated. The status of internal derangement of disc, osteoarthritis, and joint effusion were analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Disc status observed during operation was also categorized. Results: The more severe disc derangement was observed on MRI, the more increased expression of MMPs and TIMP-1 appeared. Regarding MMP-13 expression, 86.7% of late-stage disc displacement patients showed grade II or III. Expression level of MMPs or TIMP was not statistically significant associated with joint effusion level. In perforation and/or adhesion groups, all patients showed grade II or III expression of MMP-13. Once perforation occurred, MMP-13 showed increased expression with statistical significance. Conclusion: MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression seem to be related to progression of osteoarthritis whereas MMP-8 does not seem to have a specific role with regard to temporomandibular joint disorders. TIMP-1 is considered to be partly related to internal derangement rather than osteoarthritis, but it is not significant.ope

    Surface changes of denture base resin according to two toothpastes and a kitchen detergent

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    Objectives : This study evaluated the changes in surface roughness of denture base resin according to the types of denture cleansers. Methods : A denture base resin(Vertex RS, Dentimax, Netherland) was used. Two toothpaste(Antiplaque, Bukwang, Korea; 2080, Aekyung, Korea) and a kitchen detergent(Trio, Aekyung, Korea) were used as a denture cleanser. The specimens were put on the V8 crossbrushing machine(Sabri enterprises, Downers grove, IL, USA) to reproduce toothbrushing and the toothbrushes were flat, round end and soft type. The surfaces of denture base resin specimens were observed by profilometer(SJ-400, MITUTOYO, Japan) and SEM(S-3000N, Hitachi Co., Ibaraki, Japan). Results : 1. According to the result of measuring surface roughness, there was statistically significant difference in Ra, Rq, and Rz(p<0.05). 2. As for Ra, Rq and Rz, Antiplaque toothpaste showed the highest roughness, and there was significant difference from other groups(p<0.01). 2080 toothpaste, Trio, and distilled water were classified as the same group. 3. According to the result of observation with the SEM, the surfaces of the Antiplaque toothpaste group after toothbrushing showed the greatest roughness, and the surfaces of 2080 toothpaste, Trio, and distilled water groups were rough in order. Trio and distilled water had the surfaces similar to those before toothbrushing. Conclusions : Studies to compare the efficacy of denture management methods and examine the effects of denture cleansers on denture materials will be helpful for dental hygienists and dentists providing patients with proper information and education. And it will be also useful for denture users' oral health.ope

    Cellular attachment and differentiation on titania nanotubes exposed to air- or nitrogen-based non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma.

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    The surface topography and chemistry of titanium implants are important factors for successful osseointegration. However, chemical modification of an implant surface using currently available methods often results in the disruption of topographical features and the loss of beneficial effects during the shelf life of the implant. Therefore, the aim of this study was to apply the recently highlighted portable non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet (NTAPPJ), elicited from one of two different gas sources (nitrogen and air), to TiO2 nanotube surfaces to further improve their osteogenic properties while preserving the topographical morphology. The surface treatment was performed before implantation to avoid age-related decay. The surface chemistry and morphology of the TiO2 nanotube surfaces before and after the NTAPPJ treatment were determined using a field-emission scanning electron microscope, a surface profiler, a contact angle goniometer, and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope. The MC3T3-E1 cell viability, attachment and morphology were confirmed using calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-1 staining, and analysis of gene expression using rat mesenchymal stem cells was performed using a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that both portable nitrogen- and air-based NTAPPJ could be used on TiO2 nanotube surfaces easily and without topographical disruption. NTAPPJ resulted in a significant increase in the hydrophilicity of the surfaces as well as changes in the surface chemistry, which consequently increased the cell viability, attachment and differentiation compared with the control samples. The nitrogen-based NTAPPJ treatment group exhibited a higher osteogenic gene expression level than the air-based NTAPPJ treatment group due to the lower atomic percentage of carbon on the surface that resulted from treatment. It was concluded that NTAPPJ treatment of TiO2 nanotube surfaces results in an increase in cellular activity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that this treatment leads to improved osseointegration in vitro.ope

    Effects of non-thermal atmospheric pressure air plasma on gene expression at SLA- treated titanium surfaces

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    Dental implants manufacturers have developed high hydrophilic and rough implant surfaces which in turn exhibited better osseointegration than conventional ones. Based on in vitro studies, sand blast, large grit, acid etching(SLA)-treated surfaces with microstructural characteristics may promote the process of osseointegration. But when the SLA surface is kept dry in the air, it becomes hydrophobic. Appropriate non-thermal atmospheric pressure air plasma jet(air-NTAPPJ) processes render surfaces hydrophilic. The purpose of this research is to air-NTAPPJ on SLA surface treatment to improve the osteogenic functionality. The experiment was carried out through the a cytotoxicity assay and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The results were that the cell viability and gene expression of ALP, OCN, OPN, and Runx-2 of rMSC enhanced by air-NTAPPJ treated. Thus, air-NTAPPJ application can lead to an improved osseointegration.ope

    Temporomandibular Disorders during or after Dental Implant Treatment

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    Purpose: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) may occur during or after regular dental treatment. The aim of this study is to suggest management of TMD involved in dental implant treatment. Materials and Methods: We investgated the etiology, site of implantation, symptoms, treatments and improvements with a focus on TMD among patients who complained of TMD symptoms during or after dental implant treatment. Results: A total of 19 patients complained of TMD associated with implant treatment. Thirteen patients complained of masticatory muscle pain, 13 patients complained of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain, and 8 patients complained of both masticatory muscle pain and TMJ pain. The patients were treated primarily with counselling, medication and physical therapy, and secondarily with occlusal splint therapy. Six patients received only primary treatment, and their average recovery time was 4.2 months. Four patients received secondary treatment, and their average recovery time was 8.5 months. None of the patients underwent surgical intervention of the TMJ. Conclusion: Patients who have a risk of developing TMD may experience TMD symptoms during or after implant treatment, such as facial pain, masticatory myalgia, TMJ pain and mouth opening limitation. To mitigate these symptoms, we suggest the application of the usual treatment protocols for TMD.ope
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