91 research outputs found

    Let-7 family์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๊น€์ƒ๊ฑด.๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ„ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ๋Š” Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-ฮฒ) ์™€ Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, Platelet Activating Factor ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด‰์ง„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” Let-7 family microRNA ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ์˜ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ Let-7 family, ํŠนํžˆ Let-7a ์™€ Let-7f ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์œ ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ํ™”์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ง€ํ‘œ์™€ ์ด๋“ค Let-7 family ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์—ญ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ CCl4 ์ฒ˜์น˜๋กœ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™” ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ Let-7 family ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ Let-7 family ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ € ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, Let-7 family ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Let-7 family ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ํ‘œ์  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ผ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ 12์ผ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Let-7 family ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์ธ LX-2 ์™€ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์ธ HepG2 ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Let-7 family ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ผ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ LX-2 ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ Let-7 family ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. LX-2 ์„ธํฌ์— Let-7a ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์งˆ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  TGF-ฮฒ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, TGF-ฮฒ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด Let-7a ์— ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ PAI1 ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. TGF-ฮฒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ smad2/3์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ์—ญ์‹œ Let-7a ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œ Let-7 family ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Let-7 family ์˜ maturation ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” Lin28B ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•œ ์ผ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ Lin28B ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” miRNA ์ธ Let-7 family ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ, ๊ทธ Let-7 family ์˜ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์–ต์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. Let-7 family ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ smad2/3, NF-B ๋ฐ MAPK ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ„ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™”์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์  ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.List of Abbreviationsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ4 List of Figuresโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ5 I. ์„œ๋ก โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ6 II. ์‹คํ—˜์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ8 1. ์‹œ์•ฝ ๋ฐ ํ•ญ์ฒด 8 2. ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„ 8 3. ์ผ์ฐจ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 9 4. ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ 9 5. ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ํšจ์†Œ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฒ• 10 6. miRNA ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ํšจ์†Œ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฒ• 11 7. ๋ฆฌํฌํ„ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• 11 8. ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํš์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 12 9. ๋ฉด์—ญํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• 12 10. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ 13 III. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ14 VI. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ34 V. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ37 ABSTRACTโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ40Maste

    Isolated Dissection of Superior Mesenteric Artery: Study on the Treatment Guidelines

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    Purpose: Isolated superior mesenteric artery (SMA) dissection is a rare, but increasing vascular disorder. However, optimal treatment guidelines are not well established. The purpose of this study is to review a single institutional experience in the management of isolated SMA dissections and establish optimal treatment guidelines. Methods: Between November 2004 and August 2009, 26 patients were diagnosed with isolated SMA. dissection at Eulji University Hospital. Diagnosis was confirmed with CT scans in all patients. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records, imaging studies, and the early outcomes of the patients. Results: There were 22 (84.5%) men and 4 women. The mean age was 55.4 (39 similar to 74) years. The mean follow-up was 39.1 (4.1 similar to 53.3) months. In 15 patients, CT scans were performed for abdominal pain, and in the other 11 patients, the isolated SMA dissections were detected incidentally during workup for other causes. The radiographic findings included an intimal flap with a patent false lumen in 16 and intramural hematoma in 10. The dissection started at a mean of 22.3 (5 similar to 46) mm from the origin of the SMA with a mean length was 47.7 (1.0 similar to 150) mm. Treatments included expectant management in 13, anticoagulation in 6, stenting in 6 patients, and surgery in one case of bowel infarction. None required additional intervention. All patients remained asymptomatic during follow-up. Conclusion: Most patients with isolated SMA dissection were successfully managed medically. Surgical or percutaneous intervention should be reserved for those with evidence of bowel necrosis or mesenteric ischemia and failed cases to initial medical treatment. ๋‹จ๋…์„ฑ ์ƒ์žฅ๊ฐ„๋ง‰๋™๋งฅ ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์˜ํ•™์ €๋„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์ธ ํผ๋ธŒ๋ฉ”๋“œ(PubMed)์—์„œ isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹จ์–ด(keyword)๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜์–ด ์˜ํ•™์ €๋„์—์„œ 106์˜ˆ๋ฐ–์— ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ด ์•ˆ๋  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‹ค.(1) ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์›์ธ, ๋ณ‘ํƒœ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ง€์นจ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ ์‘์ฆ ์œ ๋ฌด, ์ฆ์ƒ, ๋‚ด๋ง‰ํŽธ(intimal flap) ํ˜น์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ˜‘์ฐฉ ์œ ๋ฌด, ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์™ธ์— ์ „์‚ฐํ™” ๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ƒ์žฅ๊ฐ„๋ง‰๋™๋งฅ ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(2-4) ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์š”๋ฒ•(expectant management), ํ•ญ์‘๊ณ ์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ง€์นจ์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋™๋งฅ์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์ ์ •์„ฑ, ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์ •๋„, ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ์›์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์  ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Gobble RM, 2009, J VASC SURG, V50, P1326, DOI 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.07.019Subhas G, 2009, ANN VASC SURG, V23, P788, DOI 10.1016/j.avsg.2008.12.006Morris JT, 2008, J VASC SURG, V47, P649, DOI 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.08.052Casella IB, 2008, J VASC SURG, V47, P197, DOI 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.07.051Sakamoto I, 2007, EUR J RADIOL, V64, P103, DOI 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.05.027KIM HK, 2007, J KOREAN SOC VASC SU, V23, P159Picquet J, 2005, J VASC SURG, V42, P788, DOI 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.05.048Froment P, 2004, CARDIOVASC INTER RAD, V27, P529, DOI 10.1007/s00270-003-0158-yNagai T, 2004, INTERNAL MED, V43, P473Okada M, 2004, INTERNAL MED, V43, P451Kim JH, 2004, KOREAN J RADIOL, V5, P134Suzuki S, 2004, ABDOM IMAGING, V29, P153, DOI 10.1007/s00261-003-0110-2Leung DA, 2000, EUR RADIOL, V10, P1916Yasuhara H, 1998, J VASC SURG, V27, P776Nakamura K, 1997, SURG TODAY, V27, P272AMBO T, 1994, SURG TODAY, V24, P933SISTERON A, 1975, CHIRURGIE ARTERIOPAT, P197

    Kinematic Modeling of Distal Radioulnar Joint for Human Forearm Rotation

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    This paper presents the kinematic modeling of the human forearm rotation constructed with a spatial four-bar linkage. Especially, a circumduction of the distal ulna is modeled for a minimal displacement of the position of the hand during the forearm rotation from the supination to the pronation. To establish its model, four joint types of the four-bar linkage are, firstly, assigned with the reasonable grounds, and then the spatial linkage having the URUU (Universal-Revolute-Universal-Universal) joint type is proposed. Kinematic analysis is conducted to show the behavior of the distal radio-ulna as well as to evaluate the angular displacements of all the joints. From the simulation result, it is, finally, revealed that the URUU spatial linkage can be substituted for the URUR (Universal-Revolute-Universal-Revolute) spatial linkage by a kinematic constraint

    Performance and Optimality of PID Trajectory Tracking Control for Mechanical Systems

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    Docto

    ๊ณ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กคํ˜ˆ์ฆ ํ† ๋ผ์—์„œ ์žฅ๊ณจ๋™๋งฅ์˜ ํ’์„ ๋„๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†์ƒ ํ›„ ์น˜์œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2000.Maste

    Geopolitical Economies and South Korea's Heavy Industrialization in the late 1960s and early 1970s: Case Studies on "Hyundai Heavy Industries" and "Changwon Machine-building Industrial Complex"

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ง€๋ฆฌ์ „๊ณต), 2015. 2. ๋ฐ•๋ฐฐ๊ท .๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด๋ก ์ , ์‹ค์ฆ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ฆฌ-์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์žฌํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์€ ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •์น˜ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์˜ ํˆฌ์Ÿ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฒ„์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์Šค์ผ€์ผ์— ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€๋ฆฌ-์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฆฌ-์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์ด๋ž€ ์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ธ์‹๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ํˆฌ์Ÿ์ด ํŽผ์ณ์ง€๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ•์ ์ „๋žต๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ, ์ด ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ธฐํšํ•˜๋Š” ํ—ค๊ฒŒ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ดˆ๊ตญ์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์ง€์ •ํ•™์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰๊ณผ์ •์— ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํŠน์ • ์ง€์ •ํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜์กด ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ตญ์  ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ €ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ‹€๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์งธ, ๋‹ค์ค‘์Šค์ผ€์ผ์  ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ์ •์น˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ•™๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ—ค๊ฒŒ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์˜ ์ถ•์ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์ • ์ „๋žต์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ตญ์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ 1960-70๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—… ์œก์„ฑ์ „๋žต๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜„๋Œ€์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, โ‘  ์žฌ๋ฒŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ‘ก๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์—…๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์  ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํŽผ์ณ์ง€๋Š” ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํŠน์ •์„ธ๋ ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต์  ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๋žต์  ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ž„์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ณต์—…ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฒŒ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์œจํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜(Johnson 1987Migdal 1988) ํ˜น์€ ์ฐฉ๊ทผ๋œ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ (Ruesschemeyer and Evans, 1985: 69-70) ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋“ค ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์  ๊ฐœ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃฉ๋œ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ๋‹ค(Kim, 1997). ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‘์ง‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์•ฝํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ฐจ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค(๊น€๋ช…์ˆ˜ 1988: 291). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•์ ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , 1960๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์ „๋žต๋“ค ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—… ์œก์„ฑ์ „๋žต๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ, ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜์กด์  ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด, 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—… ์œก์„ฑ ์ „๋žต๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒญ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—…์•ˆ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐฑ์ง€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—…์˜ ๋ฐฑ์ง€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ „๋žต-โ‘ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ง์ ‘ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž์œ ์ง€์—ญ ์„ค์น˜์•ˆ๊ณผ โ‘ก ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—…์—์„œ ๊ตญ์˜๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์œก์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค์•ˆ-์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ, ํŠน์ง•, ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ 1973๋…„ ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์„ ์–ธ ์ดํ›„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ 1970๋…„ 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค ์‚ฌ์—…์•ˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜์กด์  ์ง„ํ™”๊ณผ์ • ์ฆ‰ ์ „๋žต์  ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค์•ˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ์กฐ์„ ๊ณต์—… ์œก์„ฑ์•ˆ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŽผ์ณ์ง„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์ „๋žต์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ํ•˜์ฒญ๊ณ„์—ดํ™” ์ „๋žต์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋งŒํ˜•์˜ ๊ตญ์˜๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋Œ€์ฒด ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ฃผ๋„ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ณต์—…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ณ„ํšํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ„๊ธ‰๋ถ„ํŒŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์ด ํ—ค๊ฒŒ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ง€์ •ํ•™ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰๋™๋งน์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ด์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ง€์ •ํ•™์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค๋กœ ์ฒซ์งธ, 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—… ์œก์„ฑ์•ˆ์ธ ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—…์•ˆ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•ด์„œ ์žฌ์ผ๊ตํฌ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ-๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€-์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์—…-์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋งˆ์‚ฐ, ์ฐฝ์› ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณต๋‹จ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ˜„๋Œ€์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตฐ์‚ฐ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด-์žฌ๋ฒŒ-๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ƒ‰์ „์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•œ์ผ๊ตญ๊ต ์ •์ƒํ™”์™€ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์ „ ์ฐธ์ „ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง€์ •ํ•™์  ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ƒ‰์ „์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ƒ‰์ „์ฒด์ œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ดˆ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์˜€์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋˜ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์ด ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š” โ‘ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ณต๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ โ‘ก๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ, ์ •์น˜์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์™€ ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ดˆ๊ตญ์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์งธ, ๋‹ค์ค‘์Šค์ผ€์ผ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งบ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€๋ฐฉํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ƒ‰์ „์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์Šค์ผ€์ผ๊ณผ ์ดˆ๊ตญ์  ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํŠน์ • ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ—ค๊ฒŒ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ์ •์น˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณต๋‹จ์€ ๋‹ค์ค‘์Šค์ผ€์ผ์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ด์ž ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์‚ฐ, ์ฐฝ์› ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ณต๋‹จ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽผ์นœ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ณต์—…๋‹จ์ง€๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ค‘์Šค์ผ€์ผ์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ„๋žตํžˆ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์—…๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฐ์—…๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ถ•์ ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์ด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์ดˆ๊ตญ์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž์œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์›๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—… ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์ •์น˜์™€ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ตญ์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณต๋‹จ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋„์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์ „๋žต์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ์‚ฐ์—…๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž์œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์›๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—…๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•์ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ์ง„ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒญ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—… ๊ฑด์„ค์•ˆ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—…์•ˆ์˜ ํ๊ธฐ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰๋œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตญ์˜๊ธฐ์—… ํ™•์žฅ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์„ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค์•ˆ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ์˜๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋Œ€์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋งŒํ˜•์˜ 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค์•ˆ์ด ๋‹น์‹œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ตญ์˜๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฏผ์˜ํ™”์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธก์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์žฌ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”์ „๋žต์ด ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค์•ˆ ์ค‘ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์กฐ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ •๋ถ€์•ˆ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ƒ‰์ „์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ง€์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฒŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์ „๋žต์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์†์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ตญ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ƒ‰์ „์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์ „๋žต์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ดํ›„์— ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์–ธ๋˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ƒ‰์ „์ฒด์ œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ƒ‰์ „์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  3 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ดˆ์  6 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 8 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 9 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 13 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ 13 1. ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก  ์ •์˜์™€ ํŠน์ง• 13 2. ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๊ฐœ์š”(mapping) 16 3. ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ : ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋Œ€ ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ 21 4. ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก  ๋น„ํŒ: ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ 24 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ •์น˜/๊ฒฝ์ œ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ: ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ž์œจ์„ฑ 28 1. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ž์œจ์  ์กด์žฌ์ธ๊ฐ€? 30 2. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? 33 3. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ๊ฐ€? 35 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ: ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘์Šค์ผ€์ผ์  ์ดํ•ด 38 1. ์˜์—ญ์  ํ•จ์ •๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 39 2. ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ถ•์ ๊ณผ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 39 3. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ดํ•ด 41 4. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘์Šค์ผ€์ผ์  ์ดํ•ด 43 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์•ˆ: ์ง€๋ฆฌ-์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ๊ด€์  44 1. ์ง€๋ฆฌ-์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •์˜ 46 2. ์ง€๋ฆฌ-์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ 47 3. ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ƒ‰์ „์—ฐํ•ฉ 58 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€: ์ง€๋ฆฌ-์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๊ธฐ 59 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ง€๋ฆฌ-์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ: ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž์œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์›๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต๋‹จ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ 62 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 62 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž์œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ : ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์˜ 65 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋งˆ์‚ฐ, ์ฐฝ์› ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณต์—…๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ํƒœ๋™: ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์ž„ํ•ด๊ณต์—…๋‹จ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณ„ํš 69 1. ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์ž„ํ•ด๊ณต์—…๋‹จ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 69 2. ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์ž„ํ•ด๊ณต์—…๋‹จ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์ง• 70 3. ์ดํ›„ ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • ๊ฐœ๊ด„ 74 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ž„ํ•ด๊ณต๋‹จ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์‹œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๋„์„ฑ 79 1. ๊ธฐ์—… ์œ ์น˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ณต๋‹จ ์กฐ์„ฑ ํ™œ๋™ 79 2. ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์  ํŠน์„ฑ: ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜์กด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต์—… ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ 83 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—…์•ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—…์œผ๋กœ ํŠนํ™”๋œ ๋งˆ์‚ฐ ์ฐฝ์›์ง€์—ญ 84 1. ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—…์˜ ์œ ์น˜: ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์ •์น˜ 84 2. ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์Šน์ธ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์ •์น˜์˜ ์‹คํŒจ 86 ์ œ 6 ์ ˆ ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž์œ ์ง€์—ญ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋‹ค์ค‘์Šค์ผ€์ผ์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฐํ•ฉ 88 1. ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒญ๊ณ„์—ดํ™” ์ „๋žต ์œ ์ง€์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธก์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ 88 2. ๋งˆ์‚ฐ๊ณต๋‹จ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ 2์ฐจ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์ •์น˜: ์ž„ํ•ด๊ณต๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž์œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ 89 3. ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž์œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ง€์ • 92 ์ œ 7 ์ ˆ ์ฐฝ์›: ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต๋‹จ ์ž…์ง€ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋‹นํ™” 93 ์ œ 8 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 96 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ํ•œ๊ตญํ˜• ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์ „๋žต์˜ ๋„์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •: ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—… ์œก์„ฑ ์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ 99 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 99 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—… ์œก์„ฑ ์ „๋žต: ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒญ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”, ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—…์•ˆ 101 1. ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—…์•ˆ์˜ ์ œ์ถœ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 101 2. ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—…์•ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • 102 3. ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—…์•ˆ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 105 4. ๋™์–‘์ค‘๊ณต์—… ์•ˆ์ด ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋œ ์ด์œ : ์žฌ์ผ๊ตํฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์  ์žฃ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฐ˜๊ณต ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ 108 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ 111 1. ๊ตญ์˜๊ธฐ์—… ํ™•์žฅ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์˜ํ™” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 111 2. ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ๊ณต์žฅ์•ˆ: ์ค‘์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—… ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ 115 3. ์ผ๋ณธ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒญ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ตญ์  ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์žฅ 116 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค ์‚ฌ์—… 121 1. 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค ์‚ฌ์—…์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 121 2. 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค ์‚ฌ์—…์•ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์ง• 123 3. ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ: ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€์™€์˜ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ต์„ญ ์ „๋žต ์‹คํŒจ 126 4. 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ: ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์กด์ , ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณต์—… ์œก์„ฑ์•ˆ ํ์ง€ 127 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 128 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”์™€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ƒ‰์ „์—ฐํ•ฉ: ํ˜„๋Œ€์กฐ์„  ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 131 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 131 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ๊ฑด์„ค ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์˜ˆ์™ธ, ํ˜„๋Œ€์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต 131 1. 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค์•ˆ ์ค‘ ์กฐ์„ ์‚ฐ์—…์•ˆ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 131 2. ์กฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์•ˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ณผ์ •: ์ด๊ด„ 133 3. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ 4๋Œ€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณต์žฅ ์‚ฌ์—…์•ˆ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ ์กฐ์„ ์†Œ ๊ฑด์„ค ์ œ์•ˆ 135 4. ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ฑด์„ค์˜ ์กฐ์„ ์†Œ ๊ฑด์„ค ์ œ์•ˆ 137 5. ์ •๋ถ€ ์›์•ˆ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 139 6. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ•ฉ์ž‘์•ˆ ์ถ”์ง„ 142 7. ์žฌ์›์กฐ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋…์ž ์ถ”์ง„์•ˆ ์ œ์ถœ 144 8. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ•ฉ์ž‘์•ˆ ๋Œ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋…์ž ์ถ”์ง„์•ˆ 147 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž๊ธˆ์› ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ์ฐจ๊ด€๋„์ž…์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์ด์œ  149 1. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํž˜ 149 2. ๋ƒ‰์ „์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ธ๋ฌผ Van Fleet 151 3. ํ˜„๋Œ€์™€ ์ •๋ถ€์™€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„: ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€๋กœ 153 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‚ฌ: ๋ƒ‰์ „์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์„ฑ๊ณต ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 154 1. 50๋…„๋Œ€ ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์‹œ์„ค๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋งˆ๋ จ 154 2. ์ฒซ ํ•ด์™ธ๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์›€ 156 3. ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ฑด์„ค์˜ ๋„์•ฝ: ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์ „ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง„์ถœ 158 4. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์ „ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์—… ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๋ผ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 159 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐํ•ด์™ธ๋ฐœ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ฑด์„ค๊ธฐ์—… ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๋ผ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 163 ์ œ 6 ์ ˆ ํ˜„๋Œ€์กฐ์„ ์ด ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”์— ๋ผ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 167 1. ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€์กฐ์„ ์ด ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 167 2. ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”์— ํ˜„๋Œ€์กฐ์„ ์ด ๋ผ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 170 ์ œ 7 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 172 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  174 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 178 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋ก์› ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ๋ก 205 ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๋ช…๋‹จ 211 Abstract 213Docto

    Microleakage of dentin bonding agents in porcelain laminate veneer under simulated physiologic pressure

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ฐฑ์•„๋ฒ”๋ž‘์งˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ•˜๋ฐฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€์—ฐ์ด ํ™•์žฅ๋œ porcelain laminate veneer๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์น˜์•„์— ๋„๋ง์ธต ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ข…์˜ ์ƒ์•„์งˆ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ œ์˜ ๋ณ€์—ฐ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์น˜์•„ 60๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 15๊ฐœ์”ฉ 4๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด, ๋ณ€์—ฐ์„ ๋ฒ•๋ž‘์งˆ์ƒ์— ๋‘” ๊ตฐ์„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ, ์ƒ์•„์งˆ์— ๋ณ€์—ฐ์„ ๋‘” ๊ตฐ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ All Bond 2๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฐ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ 1๊ตฐ, Scotchbond MP๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฐ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ 2๊ตฐ,Gluma๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฐ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ 3๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ์„ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  pocelain laminate veneer๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์น˜์งˆ์˜ ์‚ญ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ•๋‚ด์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ํ›„ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์•„์งˆ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์น˜์•„์— pocelain laminate veneer๋ฅผ ์ ‘์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์„ ์„ญ์”จ 37๋„์˜ ํ•ญ์˜จ์กฐ์— 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ด๊ทผ ํ›„ 1500ํšŒ์˜ thermocyding์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ›„ 0.5% basic fuchsin ์šฉ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€์—ฐ ๋ˆ„์ถœ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝํ•˜์—์„œ ๋น„๊ต ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ๋ฒ•๋ž‘์งˆ์ƒ์— ๋ณ€์—ฐ์„ ๋‘” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‹œํŽธ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ณ€์—ฐ๋ˆ„์ถœ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ์ƒ์•„์งˆ์— ๋ณ€์—ฐ์„ ๋‘” ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํŽธ์—์„œ ๋ณ€์—ฐ๋ˆ„์ถœ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•๋ž‘์งˆ์ƒ์— ๋ณ€์—ฐ์„ ๋‘” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์ด ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์€ ๋ณ€์—ฐ๋ˆ„์ถœ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ (p0.05), Gluma๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ 3๊ตฐ์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๋ณ€์—ฐ๋ˆ„์ถœ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค(p<0.05). MICROLEAKAGE OF DENTIN BONDING AGENTS IN PORCELAIN LAMINATE VENEER UNDER SIMULATED PHYSI0LOGIC PRESSURE Young-Jin Choi, D.D.S. Department of Dental Science, Graduate School, Yonsei Universty (Directed by Prof. Ho-Young Lee, D.D.S., M.S.D., Ph.D) The purpose of this study was to evlauate the microleakage of 3 dentin bonding agents using different dentin pretreatment method under simulated physilogic pressure in cementing the porcelain laminate veneer. Noncarious 60 human maxillary molars were selected and randomly assigned to 4 groups of 15 each. The group with the margin placed on the enamel was classified as the control and the groups with the margin placed on root surface were subdivided into 3 groups according to the dentin bonding agents used. The group using All Bond 2 was classified as experimental group1, the group using Scotchbond MP was classified as experimental group 2, and the group using Gluma was classified as experimental group 3. Roots were removed at 3mm below the cementoenamel junction, and reductions of the teeth for the porcelain laminate veneer were done on the mesial 1/2 of the buccal surface of each teeth. The pulp was extirpated and the pulp chamber was cleaned with 37% phosphoric acid for the patency of dentinal tubule. Under simulated physiologic pressure, porcelain laminate veneers were cemented t0 the teeth using each dentin bonding agent and luting cement. After cementation, all samples were stored at 36โ„ƒ in water for 24 hours and thermocycled for 1500 cycles, then immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution and the teeth were sectioned longitudinally by using diamond saw and the extent of microleakage was measured. The following results were obtained, 1. Microleakage was observed in a few samples of control group but all the samples of experimental groups. 2. The control group showed the less extent of microleakage than the experimental groups. In experimental groups the experimental group 1 & the experimental group 2 showed similiar extent of microleakage and the experimental group 3 showed the greater extent of microleakage than other groups. Conclusively, practicing the porcelain laminate veneers in the clinic although the margin of the porcelain laminate veneer should be placed on enamel, in the case that it is inevitable to place the margin of the porcelain laminate veneer on the root surface, it is recommened to use dentin bonding agents which use no dentin pretreatment or a dentin pretreatment which can leave the smear plugs. [์˜๋ฌธ] The purpose of this study was to evlauate the microleakage of 3 dentin bonding agents using different dentin pretreatment method under simulated physilogic pressure in cementing the porcelain laminate veneer. Noncarious 60 human maxillary molars were selected and randomly assigned to 4 groups of 15 each. The group with the margin placed on the enamel was classified as the control and the groups with the margin placed on root surface were subdivided into 3 groups according to the dentin bonding agents used. The group using All Bond 2 was classified as experimental group1, the group using Scotchbond MP was classified as experimental group 2, and the group using Gluma was classified as experimental group 3. Roots were removed at 3mm below the cementoenamel junction, and reductions of the teeth for the porcelain laminate veneer were done on the mesial 1/2 of the buccal surface of each teeth. The pulp was extirpated and the pulp chamber was cleaned with 37% phosphoric acid for the patency of dentinal tubule. Under simulated physiologic pressure, porcelain laminate veneers were cemented t0 the teeth using each dentin bonding agent and luting cement. After cementation, all samples were stored at 36โ„ƒ in water for 24 hours and thermocycled for 1500 cycles, then immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution and the teeth were sectioned longitudinally by using diamond saw and the extent of microleakage was measured. The following results were obtained, 1. Microleakage was observed in a few samples of control group but all the samples of experimental groups. 2. The control group showed the less extent of microleakage than the experimental groups. In experimental groups the experimental group 1 & the experimental group 2 showed similiar extent of microleakage and the experimental group 3 showed the greater extent of microleakage than other groups. Conclusively, practicing the porcelain laminate veneers in the clinic although the margin of the porcelain laminate veneer should be placed on enamel, in the case that it is inevitable to place the margin of the porcelain laminate veneer on the root surface, it is recommened to use dentin bonding agents which use no dentin pretreatment or a dentin pretreatment which can leave the smear plugs.restrictio

    (The) expression of sperm-specific cation channel, CatSper in human spermatozoa

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์‹์„ธํฌ์ธ ์ •์ž๋Š” ๊ณ ํ™˜์—์„œ ์ •์žํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ํ™˜์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ž๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์ฆ‰ ์ˆ˜์ •๋Šฅํš๋“ ๊ณผ์ • ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, ์ •์ž๋Š” ๋ถ€๊ณ ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์šด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ •๋Šฅํš๋“ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ •์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ์ •๋œ ์ •์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž๊ถ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ž€๊ด€์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ž€๋œ ๋‚œ์ž๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋™ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„ ๋‚œ์ž ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ธต๊ณผ ํˆฌ๋ช…๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋šซ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์นผ์Š˜์ด์˜จ๊ณผ cyclic nucleotide๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์นผ์Š˜์ด์˜จ์€ ์ •์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ •๋Šฅํš๋“์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นผ์Š˜์ด์˜จ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ •์ž์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์นผ์Š˜ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์นผ์Š˜์ด์˜จ์ด ์ •์ž ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์šด๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์นผ์Š˜์ด์˜จ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. CatSper๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์–‘์ด์˜จ ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ์„œ, ์ •์ž์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์นผ์Š˜์ด์˜จ์„ ์ •์ž์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ CatSper์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์ฅ์˜ ๊ณ ํ™˜๊ณผ ์ •์ž ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ณ ํ™˜์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ •์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ •์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ CatSper์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ •์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ CatSper์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ •์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ RNA๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ nested RT-PCR ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ CatSper mRNA๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ CatSper mRNA๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ •์ž์‹œ๋ฃŒ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Nested RT-PCR์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์€ CatSper mRNA์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์–‘์„ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ฐ’์ด ์ •์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง์ง„์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ WHO ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ •์ž์ฆ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” CatSper mRNA ๋ฐœํ˜„์–‘์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์ด 50% ์ดˆ๊ณผ์ธ ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ฐ’์€ 1.5ยฑ0.6์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์ด 50% ์ดํ•˜์ธ ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ฐ’์€ 1.2ยฑ0.6์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ตฐ์˜ CatSper mRNA ๋ฐœํ˜„์–‘์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 25% ์ •๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค (p=0.141). ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •์ž์˜ ์ง์ง„์„ฑ์„ 1.7์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์ง์ง„์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ตฐ์˜ CatSper mRNA ๋ฐœํ˜„์–‘์ด ์ง์ง„์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 23% ์ •๋„ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด ์—ญ์‹œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค (p=0.168). ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ •์ž์—์„œ CatSper ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ์‚ฌ์ •๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ •์ž์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ CatSper ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌํ™”ํ•™๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, CatSper ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ •์ž์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ •์ž์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ถ€์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ˜„๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๋ถ€์˜ ๋„ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์ตœ๋ง๋‹จ์ธ end piece๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ connecting piece, mid- piece, principal piece์˜ ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ CatSper ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์ •์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ CatSper ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ, ์ƒ์ฅ ์ •์ž์—์„œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ •์ž์—์„œ๋„ CatSper ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ mRNA์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ •์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง์ง„์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก CatSper mRNA๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ž„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ CatSper ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์–‘์ด์˜จ ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ์„œ CatSper์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์†์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]In the testis, spermatozoa are incapable of progressive motility and unable to fertilize an egg. Progressive motility and capacitation of sperm are crucial for fertilizing oocytes. Progressive motility is acquired during transit through the epididymis, and the capacitation is attained after incubation within the female reproductive tract. Numerous studies demonstrated that calcium ion and cyclic nucleotide control sperm motility and capacitation. Especially, calcium ion has been focused as the primary determinant of sperm cell behavior and extracellular calcium seems to be required for all of these physiological processes. CatSper, a newly identified cation channel in mouse sperm and human testis, is reported to exist in flagellum of mouse spermatozoa. CatSper has a closest similarity to pore forming ฮฑ1 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav), including six-transmembrane-spanning domain, glutamate/aspartate residues of pore region and lysine/arginine repeats of voltage sensor region. In knock-out mice for CatSper, mutant sperm shows impaired progressive motility and sterility in vitro fertilization because they fail to penetrate zona pellucida of oocytes. Moreover, the mutant sperm is incapable of inducing intracellular calcium elevation by cyclic nucleotide. So it is concluded that CatSper is a sperm specific cation channel and plays a key role in the sperm motility and fertility in mouse. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the expression and intracellular localization of CatSper in human spermatozoa. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between CatSper expression and motility of ejaculated human spermatozoa. To our best knowledge, this is the first report to show the expression of CatSper mRNA and protein in human spermatozoa. We confirmed the expression of CatSper mRNA in ejaculated human spermatozoa by nested RT-PCR. Moreover, we found that CatSper protein was dominantly expressed in flagellum of human sperm. Using double fluorescent immunostaining with anti-CatSper and anti-ฮฒ-tubulin antibody, we concluded that CatSper protein was localized in connecting piece, mid-piece and principal piece of flagellum, not in end piece. In each sperm population, a few sperms showed very weak immunostaining of CatSper protein. This suggested that expression of CatSper protein may be heterogeneous in same sperm population and each sperm expresses CatSper protein at a different amount. Using nested RT-PCR and semi-quantitative analysis of CatSper mRNA, we compared the expression of CatSper mRNA with sperm motility, motility/viability ratio and progressiveness. In comparison of CatSper mRNA expression and sperm motility (not distinguishing dead sperms from whole sperm population), the mean value of CatSper mRNA expression (meanยฑSD) was 1.5ยฑ0.6 in normozoospermia (n=18) and 1.4ยฑ0.6 in asthenozoospermia (n=21). There was no statistical significance between two groups. When compared the expression of CatSper mRNA with motility/viability ratio (group A; > 0.5, group B; ยกA0.5), group A (n=31) was 1.5ยฑ0.6 whereas group B (n=8) was 1.2ยฑ0.6. The mean value of group A was 25% higher than that of group B but it was not significantly different. In comparison of CatSper mRNA expression with progressiveness (group A''; >1.7, group B''; โ‰ค1.7), group A'' (n=28) was 1.6ยฑ1.0 whereas group B'' (n=11) was 1.3ยฑ0.6. The mean of group A'' was 23% higher than that of group B'' but there also was no statistical significance. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that ejaculated human spermatozoa expresses mRNA and protein of CatSper and CatSper protein is dominantly localized in flagellum including connecting piece, mid-piece and principal piece. There was no immunoreactivity in end piece of flagellum. We failed to show the significant difference of CatSper mRNA expression between normozoospermia and astheno- zoospermia. But we found the tendency of increasing CatSper mRNA expression according to increase of motility/viability ratio and progressiveness in ejaculated sperm. Moreover, most of sperm population expressed CatSper protein in immunocytochemical study. So further studies are focused on the mutation of CatSper gene resulting in functional loss or impairment of CatSper as a cation channel.ope

    Some Implications to the North Korean Agriculture from the Asian Transitional Experience

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    ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‚œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์›์ธ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด, ๋†์ž์žฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋‚™ํ›„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทผ๋กœ ์˜์š•์„ ๋งˆ๋น„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ํ† ์ง€์ œ๋„์™€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์ง€์›์˜ ์„ฑ ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทนํžˆ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆํ‹ฐ์•„ ์„ผ(Amartya Sen)์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ† ์ง€ ์†Œ์œ  ์ž๊ฒฉ ํ˜น์€ ๊ถŒํ•œ(Entitlement), ์ฆ‰ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ† ์ง€ ์†Œ์œ  ๋‚˜ ์ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ์™ธ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒด์ œ์ดํ–‰์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ๋†์—…์€ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ˜„ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ๋Š” ํŒ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด ๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ถํ•œ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋†์—… ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„์ฒด์ œ ์ด ํ–‰๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ์ค‘๊ตญยท๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜๏ผ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ œ, ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์ œ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์‚ฌ์—… ํ—ˆ์šฉ, ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ž์œ ํ™” ๋ณ‘ํ–‰, ์‹œ์žฅ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜์กด์„ฑ์ด ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ ๋œ๋‹ค
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