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    ์ด์‹ ์šฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์—ฐ์ž‘ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ <์ฝ”๋ž„ ํŒํƒ€์ง€>(Chorale Fantasy) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์ „๊ณต, 2015. 8. ๋ฐ•์ข…ํ™”.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ์ด์‹ ์šฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์—ฐ์ž‘ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ (Chorale Fantasy)์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์•…ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์ด์‹ ์šฐ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ด€๊ณผ ์Œ์•… ์–ด๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ž‘๊ณก ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์–‘์‹์ด ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์‹ ์šฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (Psalm 20)์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ต์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ง€์‹์„ ์Œ“์€ ํ›„, ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์„ธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ข…๊ต์‹œ, ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ , ํ˜•์‹์  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์Œ์ •, ์Œ์•…์  ์ฃผ์ œ ๋ฐ ํŒจ์‹œ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์Œ์•…์  ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์—๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ทน์ ์ธ(dramatic) ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์Œ์•…์  ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ๊ณ ์Šค๋ž€ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ด€์šฉ์–ด๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ •์„œ์™€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ฃผ์ œ์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋‹ค์˜์„ฑ์ด ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์–‘์‹์  ๋‹ค์›์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์Œ์•…์ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ ฅ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š” ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์  ์ •์‹ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์›์ฃ„์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์˜ ํฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์›, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ, ์‹ ์•™์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜ ์•ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ž์œ ๋ผ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์  ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ ์€ ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์†Œ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์Œ์•… ์–ด๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์Œ์•… ์–ด๋ฒ•์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์กฐํ™” ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒญ์ค‘๊ณผ์˜ ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ธ ์ž‘๊ณก ๊ธฐ๊ต๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฉด์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ดˆ์„์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ…ฐ ์•…๋ณด ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ด ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…น 1. ์„œ๋ก  1 2. ์ด์‹ ์šฐ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 4 2.1. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž‘๊ณก ์‹œ๊ธฐ(1987-1997) 4 2.2. (Psalm 20) ์ดํ›„ ๋…์ž์  ์ž‘๊ณก ์‹œ๊ธฐ(1997- ) 11 3. (Chorale Fantasy) ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ถ„์„ 25 3.1 ์ œ 1๋ฒˆ : (Comfort, comfort my people) 27 3.1.1 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 27 3.1.2 ์•…์žฅ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 33 3.1.3 ์Œ์•…์  ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์šด์šฉ 92 1) ์ฝ”๋ž„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 92 2) ์Œ์•…์  ์ƒ์ง• 99 3.2 ์ œ 2๋ฒˆ : (The Collar) 108 3.2.1 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ํ˜•์‹ 108 3.2.2 ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋ถ„์„ 115 3.2.3 ์Œ์•…์  ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์šด์šฉ 137 1) ์ฝ”๋ž„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 137 2) ์Œ์•…์  ์ƒ์ง• 139 3.3 ์ œ 3๋ฒˆ : (Alleluia) 145 3.3.1 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ 145 3.3.2 ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋ถ„์„ 146 3.3.3 ์ฝ”๋ž„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 161 4. ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์ ‘๊ทผ 164 4.1 ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ทน์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 164 4.2 ๊ด€์šฉ ์–ด๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ •์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„ 169 4.3 ์ฃผ์ œ์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋‹ค์˜์„ฑ ํ‘œํ˜„ 172 4.4 ์–‘์‹์  ๋‹ค์›์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํ‘œํ˜„ 174 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์Œ์•…ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜์„ฑ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ตฌํ˜„ 178 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 182 Abstract 190Docto

    ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ

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    ์–ธ์–ด๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ํ•™๋ น๊ธฐ ์•„๋™์˜ ํ•™์Šต๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ณด์ƒ๋œ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ทน๋ณต๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•™์Šต์—๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด ํŒ๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์—ฐ๋ น์ด 4~7์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” 30๋ช…์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์•„๋™์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด ํŒ๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ์ด 40๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ์ œ์•ฝ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋…ผํ•ญ๊ณผ ์„œ์ˆ ์–ด ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์•„๋™์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋™์ผ ์–ธ์–ด์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ๋™์ผ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ์—ฐ๋ น ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์•„๋™๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋…๋ฆฝํ‘œ๋ณธ t-๊ฒ€์ •(independent t-test)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ธ์€ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„(multiple linear regression)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฒญ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน๋งŒ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด ํŒ๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์€ ๋™์ผ ์–ธ์–ด์—ฐ๋ น ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์•„๋™๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒญ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ฒญ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน๋งŒ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด ํŒ๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์€ ๋™์ผ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ์—ฐ๋ น ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์•„๋™๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ์—ฐ๋ น์€ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ณ€์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์–ด๋ฆด์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ์ƒํ™œ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด์—ฐ๋ น ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์•„๋™์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Meta-linguistic ability is the ability to treat language itself as an object of thought and closely related with schoolerโ€™s learning ability. Although language ability in children with cochlear implants(CI) has been developed effectively, language-related problems still remain. Moreover, Children with CI have been shown academic troubles, such as reading and writing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the meta-linguistic ability in children with CI by using meta-linguistic judgment and correction task. Subjects were 30 children whose language age(LA) ranged 4 to 7 years and 30 normal hearing children who matched children with CI in sex and LA. Meta-linguistic judgment and correction task were forty sentences containing selectional restriction. Every sentence consisted of an argument and a predicate. Meta-linguistic ability was measured by asking children to judge the grammaticality of sentences and correct those sentences which they consider to be incorrect in two presentation conditions, auditory-only(AO) and auditory-visual(AV). The performance of meta-linguistic judgment and correction task between two groups was analyzed by independent t-test. Multiple linear regression method was used to predict significant variables of meta-linguistic ability of children with CI in AO condition. The results were as follows: First, meta-linguistic ability in children with CI was significantly lower than that of LA matched normal hearing children in AO condition but not significantly different in AV condition. Second, meta-linguistic ability in children with CI was no significantly different from that of hearing age(HA) matched normal hearing children in AO condition. Third, the age at implantation and HA were statistically significant predicting variables of meta-linguistic ability in children with CI in AO condition. In conclusion, the younger the age at implantation and the longer the duration of CI use, children with CI had better meta-linguistic ability. Therefore, children with CI should receive early implantation so as to reduce discrepancy among chronological age, HA and LA. Then, they could catch up the normal hearing childrenโ€™s meta-linguistic ability.ope

    Inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome: The relationship with clinical, hormonal and metabolic characteristics

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    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical, hormonal and metabolic characteristics according to luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: A total of 225 women with PCOS were included in this study. They were divided into two groups according to LH/FSH ratio; group A (LH/FSH 2, n=65). We compared clinical, hormonal and metabolic characteristics including age at menarche, body mass index (BMI), blood pressures, ovarian volume, and serum androgen levels between the two groups. Serum glucose and insulin levels, fasting glucose/insulin ratio, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipid profiles were also compared between the two groups. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to evaluate correlation between the LH/FSH ratio and various parameters. RESULTS: Age of menarche in the group B was significantly later than that in the group A. BMI, waist-hip ratio and blood pressures were significantly lower in the group B compared to those of the group A. Ovarian volume and serum levels of LH, estradiol, total testosterone, sex-hormone binding globulin, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (OHP), and high density lipoprotein were significantly higher in the group B. Postprandial 2 hours glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the group A. After adjustment of BMI, the LH/FSH ratio was significantly positively correlated with age at menarche, ovarian volume, total testosterone levels, and 17-OHP levels. CONCLUSION: The inappropriate gonadotropin secretion may be negatively correlated with BMI, and positively with age of menarche and increased ovarian androgen production irrespective of BMI in women with PCOS. However, it may not be associated with metabolic characteristicsope

    ๊ด€์„ธํ–‰์ •์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ- ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ†ต๊ด€ํ–‰์ •์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ–‰์ •ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ ์ธ FTA๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€์„ธ์ฒญ์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ค‘์‹ฌ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ด€์„ธํ–‰์ •์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€์„ธํ–‰์ •๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์„ธ๊ด€์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž… ๋ฌด์—ญ์—…์ฒด ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž, ๊ด€์„ธ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ด€๋Œ€ํ–‰์—…์ฒด, ๋ณด์„ธํ™”๋ฌผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ†ต๊ด€์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ iii ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ iv ๊ฐœ ์š” v 1. ์„œ ๋ก  1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 4 2. ๊ด€์„ธํ–‰์ •์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 2.1 ํ–‰์ •์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์˜์˜ 5 2.2 ๊ด€์„ธํ–‰์ •์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 8 2.2.1 ํ–‰์ •์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ 8 2.2.2 ๊ด€์„ธํ–‰์ •์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ 9 2.3 ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 13 3. AHP ๋ชจํ˜•์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 3.1 AHP ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 18 3.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 19 3.2.1 ์กฐ์‚ฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 19 3.2.2 ์„ธ๋ถ€ํ‰๊ฐ€์š”์†Œ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 20 3.2.3 ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 22 4. ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ†ต๊ด€์„œ๋น„์Šค๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 4.1 ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๋ถ„์„ 29 4.2 ์ค‘์š”๋„ ๋„์ถœ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 31 4.3 ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 49 5. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  5.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 55 5.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  58 5.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„๊ณผ์ œ 60 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 62 ๋ถ€๋ก A ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 6

    Middle powers Trade Policy in East Asia: FTA Policy of South Korea and Singapore

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    2018 ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜ํ•™ํšŒ ํ•˜๊ณ„ํ•™์ˆ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‘ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๊ตญ(middle power)์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฌด์—ญํ˜‘์ •(free trade agreement: FTA) ์™ธ๊ต ์ „๋žต์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๊ตญ ํ†ต์ƒ ์ „๋žต์˜ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”์— ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์ˆ˜์ถœ ์ง€ํ–ฅ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋Œ€์™ธ๋ฌด์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตญ์ต ์ฆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1997~98๋…„ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์–‘์ž์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ž์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ FTA๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋‚ด FTA ๋ณด์œ ๊ตญ 1์œ„์™€ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‘ ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฌด์—ญ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜ยท์™ธ๊ต์  ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ FTA๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์˜ FTA ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๊ตญ์€ FTA ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ด์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•œ ์ค‘์žฌ์ž, ์กฐ์ •์ž ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ค‘ FTA ํŒจ๊ถŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ FTA ์ฒด๊ฒฐ์„ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.This study aims to figure out the types and characteristics of middle powers trade policy in East Asia by analyzing FTA policy of South Korea and Singapore, the two typical middle powers in East Asia. South Korea and Singapore have grown into middle powers relatively fast through export-oriented industrialization and still tried to increase their national interest through international trade. Since the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, the two countries have formed a number of bilateral as well as multilateral FTAs with various countries. As a result, Singapore and South Korea have been ranked first and second respectively among countries having most FTAs in East Asia. They have used FTAs not only to obtain economic optimality through trade expansion, but also achieve broader foreign policy goals. After investigating the current situations and the distinct features of the two middle powers FTAs, this study finds that the two middle powers FTA policy is better explained with realistic perspectives emphasizing the hedging strategies to avoid the dangers from US-China FTA competition than liberal views stressing a middle powers roles as a mediator, facilitator, and/or manager.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ „๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„(๊ณผ์ œ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ: 2018-0986) ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ

    Effects of red ginseng supplementation on menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

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    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of red ginseng (RG) on menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was conducted with postmenopausal women between the ages of 45 and 60 years. A total of 72 women were randomly assigned to either an RG group (supplemented with 3 g of RG, including 60 mg of ginsenosides, per day) or a placebo group for 12 weeks. We analyzed changes in menopausal symptoms (the Kupperman index and the menopause rating scale), cardiovascular risk factors (lipid profiles, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and carotid intima-media thickness), and serum estradiol levels from baseline to 12 weeks. RESULTS: Significant improvements in the Kupperman index (P = 0.032) and in the menopause rating scale (P = 0.035) scores were observed in the RG group compared with the placebo group. Total cholesterol (P = 0.009) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.015) significantly decreased in the group receiving RG. The RG group also showed a significant decrease in carotid intima-media thickness (P = 0.049). Serum estradiol levels were not influenced by RG supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: RG could be an attractive herbal dietary supplement for relieving menopausal symptoms and conferring favorable effects on markers of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women.ope
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