22 research outputs found

    ๊ณ ํ†ต ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ์˜์ง€์  ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ์ฐจ: EEG ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ธ์ง€๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2021.8. ์ด์„ฑ์€.Contrary to the long-held belief that empathy is automatic and reflexive, recent evidence has begun to emphasize the role of top-down processes in empathic experience. That is, empathy is increasingly conceived as motivational in nature. The present study aims to investigate whether the effect of motivation for empathy is modulated by biological sex. 24 subjects (14 men, 10 women) viewed pictures of painful situations either passively or actively trying to up- or down-regulate empathy. As an index of empathic resonance with the targetโ€™s pain, I measured the EEG mu suppression. The results showed that men, as expected, exhibited the strongest mu suppression during up-regulation. For women, however, the strongest mu suppression occurred while trying to down-regulate pain empathy. One possible interpretation of such results for women is that their active inhibiting efforts โ€œbackfiredโ€, paradoxically leading to the greatest level of vicarious pain. In conclusion, women appear to experience greater difficulty voluntarily modulating pain empathy. Empathy for men, on the other hand, appears to be more motivational and flexible in nature. These findings contribute a line of neural evidence to the Primary Caretaker Hypothesis, which posits that empathy may have evolved from offspring care, a role predominantly associated by female primates. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๋ž€, ํƒ€์ธ์ด ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์  ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ํ†ต๋…์„ ๋ง‰๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฐ์€ ์ž๋™์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ดํ•ด๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ณต๊ฐ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด์ž ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๊ธฐ์—, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์ด ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹(top-down) ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” โ€˜์ผ์ฐจ์–‘์œก์ž ๊ฐ€์„คโ€™์„ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‚จ๋…€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด 24๋ช…(๋‚จ์„ฑ 14๋ช…, ์—ฌ์„ฑ 10๋ช…)์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ‰์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํƒœ, ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ, ์…‹์งธ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” EEG(electroencephalogram)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‡ŒํŒŒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณ ํ†ต ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฒด๊ฐ๊ฐํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฎค๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ฐ๊ฐํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ฐ๊ฐํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”, ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์—ญํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„์นœ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ์ž๋™์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒดํ™”๋œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ•จ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต ๊ณต๊ฐ์€ ๋” ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ ํƒ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต ๊ณต๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์ง€์  ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€, ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์  ๊ทผ์›์€ โ€˜์œก์•„โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜์ผ์ฐจ์–‘์œก์ž ๊ฐ€์„คโ€™์— ๋‡Œ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ , ์‹ค์šฉ์  ํ•จ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜๋œ๋‹ค.1.Introduction 1 2.Literature Review 7 2.1. The Nature of Empathy 7 2.1.1. Empathy and Its Neurobiological Basis 7 2.1.2. Pain Empathy and Its Neurobiological Basis 10 2.2. Theories of Empathy 12 2.2.1. Automaticity as a Theme in the Empathy Literature 12 2.2.2. Motivation as a Theme in the Empathy Literature 15 2.2.3. Sex-related Effects in Motivated Empathy 19 2.3. Research Objectives and Hypotheses 23 3.Methodology 24 3.1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) 24 3.2. Time-Frequency Analysis 25 3.3. Mu Rhythm 26 3.4. Alpha Rhythm 29 3.5. Overview of the Study 30 4.Expereiment 31 4.1. Participants 31 4.2. General Procedures 32 4.3. Picture Stimuli 35 4.4. EEG Data Acquisition 37 4.5. EEG Data Pre-processing and Time-Frequency Analysis 38 4.6. Statistical Analysis 40 5.Results 41 5.1. Behavioral Results 41 5.2. EEG Results 42 5.3. Correlation of Mu Suppressions and Self-report Measures of Pain Empathy 46 6. Discussion 47 6.1. Summary and Interpretation of the Results 47 6.2. Theoretical Contributions and Practical Implications 54 6.3. Limitations and Future Directions 55 7. Overall Conclusions 56 References 58 Appendix 74 Abstract in Korean 78์„

    The Impact of Climate Crisis SSI-STEAM Lessons on Junior High School Students' Climate Literacy

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ๊น€์ฐฌ์ข….Climate crisis education is essential for future generations since the climate crisis is getting serious in a modern society. The climate crisis education should be aimed at fostering climate literacy, which is the ability to make responsible decisions and present solutions to the climate crisis based on a scientific understanding of the climate system and the climate crisis. because future generations are stakeholder in this problem. As climate crisis problems continue to change and become more complex, we should be able to look beyond scientific knowledge and look at problems socially, politically and economically. The nature of these climate crisis issues is consistent with the purpose of SSI (Socio-Scientific Issues) education, and can be linked to STEAM (Arts integrated-STEM) education approaches in the context of interdisciplinary, creativity and personality cultivation characteristics of SSI education. In this study, we developed and applied a climate crisis SSI-STEAM class aimed at cultivating climate literacy to analyze how this class affects the climate literacy of junior high school students and what characteristics it exhibits in their climate literacy. To measure climate literacy, 48 questions (16*3) of the Climate Literacy Questionnaire (CLQ) consisting of knowledge, perception, and action elements were developed through literature research and a group discussion of 13 science education experts, and at the same time, the 7courses climate crisis SSI-STEAM class were developed. The research was conducted on 31 second-year junior high school students in Seoul, and the results of pre-survey, post-survey, class activities, basic survey data, and 18 in-depth interviews conducted after class were used as research data. And quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analyzed and integrated at the same time according to the convergent design of mixed methods research. The study found that, first, quantitative changes were made to students' climate literacy after applying the climate crisis SSI-STEAM class. An analysis of the students' pre- and post-CLQ responses through the paired sample t-test showed that the students who participated in the class generally improved their climate literacy, especially for students who had no experience in climate crisis classes. Second, the four characteristics of climate literacy change that emerged after the application of the class were concept specification, expansion of scope of thinking, positive responsibility and relevance recognition, and the association was confirmed between the four characteristics. However, behavioral changes in individual-level were confirmed in the case of action elements, but local, national, and international levels could only confirm as the intent of action. Based on the findings of the study, the conclusions of this study can be described as follows: First, the climate crisis SSI-STEAM classes developed and applied in this study was enough to help students cultivate climate literacy. This can be seen from the fact that both quantitative and qualitative results of climate literacy change were related to the content and method of this lessons. Second, the three elements of knowledge, perception, and action of climate literacy are organically intertwined with each other, and each element works in a complex way, resulting in a four-step change. The first step is to know the climate crisis in detail, the second step is to recognize the seriousness of the climate crisis, and the third step is to take responsibility for solving the climate crisis problem based on a positive mindset that it can solve the climate crisis problem. And the fourth step is the stage in which the relationship between the climate crisis and oneself is recognized, empathy is made, and empathy is manifested as an action. Therefore, the study is expected to contribute to fostering climate literacy-savvy citizens, and further, educational programs should be developed to allow students to practice various social actions to cope with the climate crisis beyond their personal level. Furthermore, more active research on climate literacy needs to be carried out to clarify definitions, elements and details, and research on climate literacy measurement tools should be conducted in depth.๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ, ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๊ต์œก์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๊ต์œก์€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ธ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณผํ•™์ง€์‹์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ •์น˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ์Ÿ์ ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ SSI(Socio-Scientific Issues) ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์ƒํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, SSI ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜ใƒป์ธ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ STEAM(Arts integrated-STEM) ๊ต์œก ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ SSI-STEAM ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ 13์ธ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์‹, ์ธ์‹, ํ–‰๋™ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ CLQ(Climate Literacy Questionnaire) ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 48๋ฌธํ•ญ(16*3)์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— 7์ฐจ์‹œ์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ SSI-STEAM ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์†Œ์žฌ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ 31๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์ „์„ค๋ฌธ, ์‚ฌํ›„์„ค๋ฌธ, ์ˆ˜์—… ํ™œ๋™ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ, ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ˆ˜์—… ํ›„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ 18๋ช…์˜ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด๋‹ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ด์  ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–‘์  ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์งˆ์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ SSI-STEAM ์ˆ˜์—… ์ ์šฉ ํ›„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘์— ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „, ์‚ฌํ›„ CLQ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ๋Œ€์‘ํ‘œ๋ณธ t-๊ฒ€์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜์—…์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ˆ˜๊ฐ• ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘์— ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ˆ˜์—… ์ ์šฉ ํ›„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”, ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ํ™•์žฅ, ๊ธ์ •์  ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ, ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ ์ธ์ง€์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง• ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ–‰๋™ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋งŒ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ตญ๊ฐ€ยท๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ํ–‰๋™ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋งŒ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„œ์ˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ SSI- STEAM ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ํ•จ์–‘์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์–‘์ , ์งˆ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘์˜ ์ง€์‹, ์ธ์‹, ํ–‰๋™ ์„ธ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ฝํ˜€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 4๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. 1๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„, 2๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„, 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„, 4๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ •์ด์ž…์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ •์ด์ž…์ด ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์–‘์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์ •์˜์™€ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ ์„ธ๋ถ€๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ 5 1. ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ 5 2. ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 8 3. ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 12 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ SSI-STEAM ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ 14 1. SSI ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ 14 2. STEAM ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ 17 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ 21 1. ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘์˜ ์ •์˜ 21 2. ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ์š”์†Œ 23 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 28 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 28 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 28 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•™๊ต ๋งฅ๋ฝ 31 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ 35 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ SSI-STEAM ์ˆ˜์—… 40 1. ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ SSI-STEAM ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 40 2. ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ SSI-STEAM ์ˆ˜์—… ์ ์šฉ 48 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 61 1. ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ์‚ฌ์ „, ์‚ฌํ›„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 61 2. ์‚ฌํ›„ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด๋‹ด 62 3. ์ˆ˜์—… ํ™œ๋™ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ, ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ 64 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 68 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘์˜ ์–‘์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 68 1. ์ง€์‹ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 71 2. ์ธ์‹ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 78 3. ํ–‰๋™ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 86 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์†Œ์–‘ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง• 94 1. ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”: ๋ญ‰๋šฑ๊ทธ๋ ค์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 96 2. ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ํ™•์žฅ: ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ 102 3. ๊ธ์ •์  ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ: ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ๋”ฐ์งˆ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ 109 4. ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ ์ธ์ง€: ๋ฌผ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ํ‹€์–ด๋†“์œผ๋ฉด ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  116 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 123 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  123 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ œ์–ธ 127 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 128 ๋ถ€๋ก 136 Abstract 139Maste

    ํ”ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„๋œ ์ „ํ†ต ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ํšŒํ™”์  ํ‘œํ˜„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„œ์–‘ํ™”๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์ž„์žํ˜.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜„์ƒ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์†Œ์žฌ์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์  ์ธก๋ฉด, ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „ํ†ตยท๊ณ ์ „์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ์ƒํ™œ์–‘์‹์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์˜› ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํƒ€๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ์ „ํ†ต์„ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์ž์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์˜์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ์‚ผ์Šค๋ ˆ ๋ณต์›, ์žฌํ˜„๋œ ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ „์€ ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์œ„์ ์ธ ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜์‹์  ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํšŒํ™” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ตยท๊ณ ์ „์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ฑ„ ์ด๊ตญ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Š๊ปด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์™ธ๊ด€๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ „ํ†ต๋ฌธํ™” ํ™๋ณด ์ „์‹œํšŒ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ์†ยท์‹ ํฅ ์ข…๊ต, ์‚ฌ๊ทน ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค. ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณ ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ‰๋ชจ์Šต๋งŒ ํ‰๋‚ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ, ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์  ๊ด€๋…์ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋œ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์† ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์กฐํ˜•์  ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ๋ณ€์šฉ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ผญ ์•ˆ์ผํ•จ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ์€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ผํ• ๋งˆ๋•…์ฐฎ๊ณ  ์ดˆ๋ฆ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•ด๋„ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งˆ๋ƒฅ ์งˆ์ฑ…๋งŒ ํ•  ์ž๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‰ฝ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์—๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ์‹œ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋™์–‘๊ณผ ์„œ์–‘, ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ธ์Šต, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ, ์กฐ์•…ํ•จ๊ณผ ์žฅ์—„ํ•จ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋“ฑํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ„๊ณ„์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์กฐ์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑธ์ณ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜๋‹ค. ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒยท์ข…๊ต์  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ณ ์กธํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธํ™” ์—†์ด ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋˜, ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ผ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๊ทธ ๊ณ ์กธํ•จ์„ ํ™”๋ฉด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ค‘ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ์  ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ๋“ฆ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ“์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ—ˆ๋ฆ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌํ™”ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์—„์ˆ™ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ™”๋ผ๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฏ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ ์กฐ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ๋„ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์กฐํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ฐธ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์†์˜ ํ˜„์‹คํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ํšŒํ™”๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด๋ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ณผ ์• ์ •์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์•”์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์  ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ ์ธต์„ ์Œ“๋Š” ์œ ํ™” ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋„ ์–‘๋ฉด์  ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง์น ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ • ์—†์ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์–‡๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ชป์ง€์•Š๊ฒŒ ์บ”๋ฒ„์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋ถ“์˜ ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋Œ€๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ๋ช… ๋ฏธ๋””์—„์„ ์„ž์–ด ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ๋ถ“์งˆ์€ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์ž„์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ํ™˜์˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ“์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ด์ง ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‚ด๋“ฏ ๋…น์ด๋Š” ๋ถ“์งˆ์ด ๊ฒน์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‹ฆ์ธ ํ”์ ์€ ํ™”๋ฉด ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๊ฐ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์œ ๋ณดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ์„ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ „ํ†ต 3 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ธ์Šต 3 2. ์ด์งˆ์  ่‡ช(์ž)๋ฌธํ™” 8 โ…ข. ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ์†Œ๋น„ 10 1. ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ํ‘œํ”ผ์  ๋ณต์› 10 2. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ์†ยท์‹ ํฅ์ข…๊ต์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์ƒ 15 1) ์—ฐ์ž‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 16 2) ์—ฐ์ž‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 19 3. ๊ฐ์ƒ์  ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ถŒ์„ ์ง•์•… ์„œ์‚ฌ 21 โ…ฃ. ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•จ์˜ ํšŒํ™”์  ํ‘œํ˜„ 25 1. ํšŒํ™”์  ๊ฐ€๊ฐ 25 1)ํšŒํ™”์  ์ „์ œ 26 2)ํ•œ ๊ฒน์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ด์ค‘์˜ ๋ถ“์งˆ 28 3)ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด๋ฐ๊ณผ ํ™•๋Œ€ 30 2. ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ 35 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  44 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ชฉ๋ก 46 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 48 Abstract 50Maste

    ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ธ์ž์˜ ํผ์ง€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ์„œ์ผ์›.ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜์˜, ๋ฑƒ๋†€์ด ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋น„์†Œ๋ชจ์ (non-consumptive) ์šฉ๋„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜์„ ์ฆ๊ธธ ๋•Œ, ์ˆ˜์งˆ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถˆ์พŒ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์ˆ˜์งˆ์€ ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•˜์ฒœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜์„ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•จ๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘์š” ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์งˆ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์พŒ์ ํ•จ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ(River Recreational Index Model, RRIM)์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ์ง€์ˆ˜(River Recreational Index, RRI)๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์งˆ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์พŒ์ ํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋„๋ก 0์—์„œ 100๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ์ˆ˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜, ์–‘ํ˜ธ, ๋ณดํ†ต, ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰(River Recreational Grade, RRG)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜์–ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ์–‘ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ, ๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ™œ๋™ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” RRIM์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๋ชจ๋ธ(Fecal Coliform Model)๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ(Water Quality Index Model, WQIM)๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์€ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œFCM์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰(Fecal Coliform Grade, FCG)์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, WQIM์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ์™ธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€์ˆ˜(Water Quality Index, WQI)๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•จ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํผ์ง€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ WQIM์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ RRIM์—์„œ๋Š” FCG์™€ WQI๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ RRIM ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ RRI์™€ RRG๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถ„๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์งˆ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ํ˜• ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ˜• ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ผ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜FCG๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. FCG์—์„œ 1๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์€ ์ง์ ‘์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ, 2๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ™œ๋™ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ถ„๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ0.63์˜ ์ •๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ถ„๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ์™ธ์— ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค์ธ DO, pH, ํƒ๋„, ํด๋กœ๋กœํ•„ a์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•จ๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํผ์ง€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. RRI ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ธ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์†ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•-์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜• ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์†Œ์†ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์†Œ์† ๊ฐ’์„ WQI๋กœ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. WQI๋Š” ํผ์ง€ ํ•จ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•จ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. RRIM์€ ๋‚™๋™๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ๋ณด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์ •๊ณ ๋ น๋ณด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์ ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ๋ณด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์ ์€ ์ ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ FCG๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ 1๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•์ •๊ณ ๋ น๋ณด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ์™ธ์—๋„ 2๋“ฑ๊ธ‰๊ณผ 3๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. WQI๋Š” ๋‘ ์ง€์  ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ธ์ž ์ค‘ ํด๋กœ๋กœํ•„ a์™€ pH์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. DO๋Š” ๋‘ ์ง€์  ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ข‹์€ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ WQI์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํƒ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํด๋กœ๋กœํ•„ a์™€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒ์‡„๋˜์–ด WQI์— ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. FCG์™€ WQI๋ฅผ RRI๋กœ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ๋ณด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ FCG๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ 1๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— RRI๋Š” WQI์™€ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, RRI๋ฅผ RTWQI์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋‘ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.65์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์ •๊ณ ๋ น๋ณด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, FCG๊ฐ€ 2๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 3๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ผ ๋•Œ, ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ RRI๊ฐ€ WQI๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ RTWQI์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ FCG์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ RRI๊ฐ€ RTWQI๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰๊ท  52.5์ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ดˆ ๋ก โ…ฐ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ โ…ณ ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ถ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ท ๊ธฐ ํ˜ธ โ…น 1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ 3 2. ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 7 2.1 ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„ 7 2.1.1 ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„ 7 2.1.2 ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜์šฉ ์ˆ˜์งˆ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 8 2.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 14 2.2.1 ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ์˜ˆ์ธก 14 2.2.2 ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์งˆ์ง€์ˆ˜ 17 3. ์ด๋ก ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 20 3.1 ๋ถ„๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 20 3.1.1 ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 20 3.1.2 ๋ถ„๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ธ์ž 23 3.1.3 ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 24 3.2 ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 31 3.2.1 ํผ์ง€ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ์ด๋ก  31 3.2.2 ์†Œ์† ํ•จ์ˆ˜ 32 3.2.3 ํผ์ง€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 35 4. RRIM์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 38 4.1 RRIM ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ FCG, RRG ์ •์˜ 38 4.2 ๋ถ„๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 39 4.2.1 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 4.2.2 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ถœ ๋ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ 46 4.2.3 ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋„์ถœ 46 4.3 ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 59 4.3.1 ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ธ์ž ์„ ์ • 59 4.3.2 ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์„ ์ • 63 4.3.3 ์†Œ์†ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜ 69 4.3.4 ์ข…ํ•ฉํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 83 4.4 RRIM ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 85 4.5 ์†Œ์†ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ๋„ ํŒ๋‹จ 88 4.5.1 ํผ์ง€ ์†Œ์†ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ”„ ์†Œ์†ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์ ์šฉ์˜ ๋น„๊ต 88 4.5.2 ๊ฐ€์šฐ์Šค ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต 89 5. ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ ์šฉ 92 5.1 ์ ์šฉ ์ง€์  92 5.2 RRIM ์ ์šฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 92 5.2.1 ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ๋ณด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์  92 5.2.2 ๊ฐ•์ •๊ณ ๋ น๋ณด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์  104 5.2.3 RTWQI์™€ RRI์˜ ๋น„๊ต 104 6. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํš 117 7. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 119 Abstract 127Maste

    Propofol prevents further prolongation of QT interval during liver transplantation

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    Here, we aimed to compare the effects of two anesthetic methods (desflurane inhalation anesthesia vs. propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA)] on corrected QT interval (QTc) values during living donor liver transplantation. Altogether, 120 patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation were randomized to either the desflurane or TIVA group. The primary outcome was intraoperative QTc change. Other electrocardiogram, hemodynamic findings and postoperative outcomes were examined as secondary outcomes. QTc values were prolonged intraoperatively in both groups; however, the change was smaller in the TIVA group than in the desflurane group (PGroup ร— Time 500 ms in the desflurane group than in the TIVA group (63.3% vs. 28.3%, P < 0.001). In patients with preoperative QTc prolongation, QTc was further prolonged in the desflurane group, but not in the TIVA group (PGroup ร— Time < 0.001). Intraoperative norepinephrine and vasopressin use were higher in the desflurane group than in the TIVA group. Propofol-based TIVA may reduce QTc prolongation during living donor liver transplantation compared to that observed with desflurane inhalational anesthesia, particularly in patients with preoperative QTc prolongation. Additionally, patients managed with propofol-based TIVA required less vasopressor during the procedure as compared with those managed with desflurane inhalational anesthesia.ope

    Effects of the Type of Intraoperative Fluid in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

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    Purpose: Perioperative fluid management in kidney transplant recipients is crucial to supporting the fluid, acid-base, and electrolyte balance required for graft perfusion. However, the choice of intraoperative crystalloids in kidney transplantation remains controversial. We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of intraoperative fluids on acid-base and electrolyte balance and graft outcomes. Materials and methods: We included 282 living donor kidney transplant recipients from January 2010 to December 2017. Patients were classified into two groups based on the type of intraoperative crystalloids used (157 patients in the half saline group and 125 patients in the balanced crystalloid solutions group, Plasma-lyte). Results: Compared with the half saline group, the Plasma-lyte group showed less metabolic acidosis and hyponatremia during surgery. Hyperkalemia incidence was not significantly different between the two groups. Changes in postoperative graft function assessed by blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were significantly different between the two groups. Patients in the Plasma-lyte group exhibited consistently higher glomerular filtration rates than those in the half saline group at 1 month and 1 year after transplantation after adjusting for demographic differences. Conclusion: Intraoperative Plasma-lyte can lead to more favorable results in terms of acid-base balance during kidney transplantation. Patients who received Plasma-lyte showed superior postoperative graft function at 1 month and 1 year after transplantation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the superiority of intraoperative Plasma-lyte over other types of crystalloids in relation to graft outcomes.ope

    Evaluation of facts related to effective management and accuracy of data in order communication system and

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    ๋ณ‘์›ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌope

    <๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์˜ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜(saudades do Brazil)>๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ Darius Milhaud์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ธ๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์Œ์•…๊ณผ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์ „๊ณต,1996.Maste

    ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฐฉ์„ธ๋™์—์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ˜ˆ์ƒ‰์ „์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2001.Maste

    (The)Interaction between hORC subunits analyzed by RNA interference

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2006.Maste
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