Relation between Kawasaki Disease and Immunoglobulin E

Objective Kawasaki disease is a systemic vascular disease which is caused by an immunologic response. The purpose of this study is to see how a high IgE level affects Kawasaki disease, in two groups of high IgE level and low IgE level. Methods A retrospective study was done from 2008 to 2010, among patients, who were admitted in Severance Children's Hospital for Kawasaki disease with IgE levels checked. Age groups with an IgE level above reference ranges and those with normal ranges were done. Also, clinical characteristics were analyzed. Statistical method was done by SPSS 18. Results A total of 198 Kawasaki patients were analyzed from 2008 to 2010. Among them 123 (62%) patients showed elevated IgE levels. Patients with high IgE had a significantly higher lymphadenopathy prevalence (p=0.006), however they had no connection with quantitative values. Patients with BCG site redness appeared to have lower IgE levels than patients without redness. Coronary complication had no relation with IgE levels. There was no correlation between laboratory results and IgE levels. Conclusion 62% of Kawasaki disease patients show high IgE levels in our study. The symptoms of BCG site redness aged less than 1 year seemed to be related with IgE level. To understand the pathophysiology of Kawasaki disease, more studies should be performed on the role of IgE.ope

A Case of Lung Involvement Associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can develop extra-articular manifestations, including growth retardation, osteopenia and chronic uveitis. However, pleuropulmonary involvement is rare. Approximately 40% of patients with JIA have abnormal pulmonary function tests without pulmonary symptoms, with the commonest abnormality in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, but clinically evident pulmonary parenchymal disease in JIA is extremely uncommon. We describe a 15-year-old male with JIA who presented with dyspnea due to interstitial lung disease.ope

Enhanced detection and serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae using multiplex polymerase chain reaction

Purpose: Methods for quick and reliable detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae are needed for the diagnosis of pneumococcal disease and vaccine studies. This study aimed to show that sequential multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more efficient than conventional culture in achieving S. pneumoniae -positive results. Methods: Nasopharyngeal (NP) secretions were obtained from 842 pediatric patients admitted with lower respiratory infections at Severance Children’s Hospital in Korea between March 2009 and June 2010. For identification and serotype determination of pneumococci from the NP secretions, the secretions were evaluated via multiplex PCR technique with 35 serotype-specific primers arranged in 8 multiplex PCR sets and conventional bacteriological culture technique. Results: Among the results for 793 samples that underwent both bacterial culture and PCR analysis for pneumococcal detection, 153 (19.3%) results obtained by PCR and 81 (10.2%) results obtained by conventional culture technique were positive for S. pneumoniae. The predominant serotypes observed, in order of decreasing frequency, were 19A (23%), 6A/B (16%), 19F (11%), 15B/C (5%), 15A (5%), and 11A (4%); further, 26% of the isolates were non-typeable. Conclusion: As opposed to conventional bacteriological tests, PCR analysis can accurately and rapidly identify pneumococcal serotypes.ope

Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Bocavirus in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Korea

Purpose: Human bocavirus (hBoV), a recently discovered virus, has been detected in children with respiratory tract infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and molecular phylogeny of hBoV in the respiratory samples of children with acute respiratory tract infections in 2010. Methods: Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 953 children with lower respiratory tract infections at Severance children’s hospital in Korea from January 2010 to December 2010. We applied the multiplex PCR technique for the identification of 12 respiratory viruses from the samples. Among the total specimens, hBoV positive samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by sequencing a fragment of the VP1/VP2 gene junction. Results: hBoV was detected in 141 (14.8%) among 953 patients. The 61.7% of hBoV-positive samples were found to co-exist with other respiratory viruses. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that all 141 hBoV-positive isolates were identified as hBoV 1, revealing a high similarity among the isolates (>98%). Conclusion: hBoV 1 with minimal sequence variations circulated in children with acute respiratory infections during 2010. More research is needed to determine the clinical severity and outcomes of the minimal sequence variations.ope

A Nationwide Survey on the Child Day Care and Common Infectious Diseases

Purpose : As the number of children who attend child care centers has increased, concerns has increased about the effect of child day care on childhood illness. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between experience in child care and common infectious diseases in children under 5 years of age. Methods : Data were collected by surveying 1,000 respondents with children under age 5 through online interviews using a structured questionnaire. The contents of the survey were composed of demographic characteristics, child care facilities usage, experience in infectious diseases, and immunization status. Results : Among the 1,000 children <5 years of age, 78.5% attended a child care facility. Rates of common communicable illnesses were higher in children in child care than for children reared exclusively at home. The predominant communicable diseases which the respondents' children experienced, in order of decreasing frequency, were gastroenteritis (47.1%), otitis media (41.8%) and pneumonia (19.1%). The immunization rate of vaccines that are not included the national immunization program (NIP) (Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine - 76.6%, hepatitis A vaccine - 63.3%, pneumococcal vaccine - 59.4%, rotavirus vaccine - 43.1%) was lower than that of the NIP vaccines (90.4%). Conclusion : Children in child care experience more bouts of common infectious disease, so nationwide policies to prevent or to control the spread of infectious agents in a child-care should be available and appropriate immunization should be emphasized as the most effective method for the control of infectious disease for children.ope

Clinical Manifestation of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Korean Children

Purpose : The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, epidemiology and the clinical manifestation of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection in Korean children. Methods : From February 2010 to January 2012, we collected nasopharyngeal aspiration from 1,554 children who were hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infections at the Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children’s Hospital. hMPV was detected by performing reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The medical records of the patients with positive results were retrospectively reviewed. Results : We detected hMPV in 99 of the 1,554 hospitalized children. The mean age of the hMPV infected children was 25 months, and 87% of the illnesses occurred between April and June. The most common diagnoses were pneumonia (73%) and bronchiolitis (16%). The clinical manifestations included cough, fever, respiratory distress, hoarseness, tachypnea, and wheezing. Coinfection with other respiratory viruses was found in 43 children (43%). Conclusion : hMPV is one of the major virus causing acute respiratory tract infection in the age between 13 months and 48 months old with peaks during April to June. Reports of hMPV in Korea has been increasing but additional studies are required to define the epidemiology and the extent of disease caused by hMPV to determine future development of this illness in Korean children.ope

불완전성을 갖는 자이로 구조의 고유진동수 분리

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 기계항공공학부, 2011.8. 김지환.Maste

원자력공급역학: 수출경쟁이 핵비확산에 미치는 영향

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 에너지시스템공학부, 2012. 8. 황일순.running more interaction programs for a global code of conductestablishing a multinational consortium for reactors, fuels, components, enrichment, reprocessing, and storagesand forming higher diplomatic, economic, and technical interdependence among suppliers.and 3) a moderate competition between the United States and Canada in export to South Korea. As a result, a new supply dynamics model for nuclear export decision-making has been developedit was tested via the three cases and a new cooperation case between the United States and India. The nuclear supply dynamics model shows that suppliers pursuit of economical, strategic, and political benefits produces the four types of feedback among suppliers. A nuclear export decision can be politically driven based on consideration of market importance and nonproliferation requirement. In the risk-taking feedback scenario, a supplier can compromise conditions of supply in order to avoid negotiation deadlock with a recipientotherwise, the supplier must risks losing its competitive position. In the lack of vigilance feedback scenario, a supplier can be distracted to attract markets while it deals with no vigilance with unattractive recipients. In the consensus-building feedback scenario, a supplier can build consensus with other suppliers on conditions of supply to avoid being the only party in negotiation conflict with a recipient, and thus to seek its competitive position. Finally, in the external constraint feedback scenario, if a supplier tries to loosen conditions of supply, other suppliers constrain it from doing so to keep their competitive positions. The first two types of feedback can loosen conditions of supply, while the latter two can strengthen the conditions. Under high competition, Canada and the United States compromised safeguards conditions of supply to India that was the largest democracy and business economic market – the risk-taking feedback was dominant. Under low competition, the Soviet Union as well as other suppliers was indifferent to proliferation risks in North Korea where market attractiveness was trivial and Soviet political influence seemed credible – the lack of vigilance feedback was superior. Under moderate competition, the United States persuaded Canada to build consensus on stringent conditions of supply while constraining France from supplying South Korea with sensitive reprocessing technology – the consensus-building and external constraint feedback were prominent. In summary, the nuclear supply dynamics model predicts that a high competition renders suppliers to discount recognized proliferation risk, whereas a low competition may also increase potential proliferation risk due to lack of vigilance of suppliers. It is expected that a moderate competition results in healthy feedback among suppliers, allowing them to pay due attention to strict nonproliferation conditions of supply. Case-specific supplier behaviors have been preserved up to date with continuing pursuit for gaining strategic advantages and economic profits. The United States lifted a ban on India permitting the unaccepted nuclear weapon state legitimate access to civil nuclear technology and materials without requiring her ratification of NPT. This recent example highlights that strong strategic and economic stake of the supplier led to pursue the market at the expense of negative impact on the international nonproliferation regime while most nuclear transactions still rely on specific bilateral arrangements. Such a bilateral negotiation process between a supplier and a recipient is usually exclusivefew interaction opportunities are allowed for other nuclear suppliers. There is no way that other suppliers can legally require a disclosure of nuclear negotiation processes. In addition, nuclear suppliers are sharing scant political, strategic, and economic benefits, although interdependence among suppliers is important to maintain a power balance and prevent a supplier from violating the global nuclear export guidelines. Therefore, todays nuclear export systems need to be upgraded so as to facilitate transparent interactions with each supplier, and to create more political, strategic, and economic benefits shared by nuclear suppliers. The upgraded strategy can assure the consensus-building process and reinforce the external constraint mechanism, while preventing both special concessions to win intense competition and lack of vigilance in a monopolistic trade. Practicable approaches for more supply-side interaction and more benefit-sharing include: building a global negotiation framework based on nonproliferation conditions of supply while classifying other business conditions지난 60년간 평화적 목적으로 전달된 핵물질•장비•기술은 때때로 핵무기, 핵테러 등의 부작용을 양산해왔다. 특히, 일부 공급국들이 자국의 이익을 위해 특정 수요국에만 특혜를 주는 차별적 공급정책은 핵비확산에 악영향을 미쳐왔다. 하지만 이를 규제하는 원자력공급국그룹과 같은 국제수출통제체제의 권한은 매우 제한적이고, 아직도 원자력수출은 양자 간의 복잡한 이해관계에 크게 의존하고 있어, 핵확산의 위험성은 원자력거래에 계속 내재하고 있다. 이런 위험은 최근 수출체제가 급격한 변화를 겪으면서 더 도드라지고 있다. 체르노빌사고 이전까지 설치용량의 90%를 담당하던 미국, 러시아, 프랑스, 영국, 캐나다, 독일의 영향력이 사고 이후에는 30%로 감소하면서, 이제는 신규 공급국들이 시장을 주도하고 있다. 또한, 새로운 기술들이 산업화되고 있으며, 핵확산에 취약한 불법거래네트워크가 일부 국가 혹은 테러리스트들을 통해 확산되고 있다. 이런 공급 측면의 핵확산 문제에도, 현재까지 핵확산과 관련된 수요측면의 연구가 주를 이루고 있으며, 공급 측면의 연구는 미비한 상황이다. 지금까지 공급자측 연구의 주요논지는 과도한 경제•정치•전략적 이익추구가 극심한 공급경쟁을 유발하여, 수요자에게 충분한 핵비확산 선행조건을 요구하지 않은 채 수출이 진행되었다는 것이다. 기존연구의 단점을 방법론 측면에서 살펴보면, 통계연구는 검증된 데이터가 매우 적고 상세한 인과관계 파악마저도 불가능하며, 사례연구는 오직 소수의 과열경쟁에만 초점을 맞추고 있다. 그러므로 사례연구를 통해 여러 공급경쟁 수준에 따라 핵확산위험이 어떻게 달라지는지 분석하고, 상세한 인과관계를 파악하여 의미 있는 정책제언을 할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 논문의 연구질문은 ① 원자력수출에서 핵비확산•핵안보 공급조건에 영향을 미치는 공급국 사이의 상호작용은 무엇인가? ② 공급경쟁이 이 공급국 상호작용에 미치는 영향은 무엇인가?이다. 이에 대한 답을 찾기 위해, 여기서는 시스템 사고로 실제 수출 사례를 분석하고, 공급조건을 결정하는 변수들 사이의 인과관계를 밝혀냈다. 이를 바탕으로 핵확산을 방지하는 피드백을 강화하고, 반대로 촉진시키는 피드백을 규제하는 방향으로 정책제언을 도출했다. 사례분석의 독립변수로 수요국의 정치적 중요성, 수요국의 시장매력도, 종속변수로 수요국에 대한 공급국의 핵비확산 요구조건을 설정했다. 자료 확보가 용이한 1950-70년대 사례를 중심으로, 공급경쟁의 정도에 따라 과열경쟁은 캐나다와 미국의 인도수출, 독점체제는 소련의 북한수출, 중간사례는 미국과 캐나다의 한국수출을 선택했다. 이 사례분석에서 드러난 문제의식을 최근 미국과 인도 원자력협정 사례에 적용하여 현 제도의 문제점과 개선점을 제시하였다. 캐나다와 미국은 인도로의 원자력수출이 핵확산으로 이어질 가능성을 인지했음에도, 충분한 핵비확산 공급조건을 요구하지 않았다. 미•소•영•캐•프는 지정학적으로 중요하고, 매력적인 시장을 지닌 인도를 차지하기 위해서 치열한 공급경쟁을 벌였고, 그 중 후발주자에 국내시장도 작은 캐나다가 특히 경쟁에서 승리하기 위해 적극 핵확산위험을 감수하였다. 소련은 대북한 원자력거래에서 핵확산위험을 인지하지 못하고, 무관심 때문에 북한을 핵비확산 의무로부터 자유롭게 내버려뒀다. 특히 북한의 경제불황은 공급국들의 원자력수출에 대한 유인을 약화해, 북한의 핵기술 개발 속도를 둔화시켰다. 이는 북한 핵기술에 대한 공급국들의 저평가로, 나아가서 핵확산 위험에 대한 무관심으로 이어졌다. 1970년대 초, 한국은 프랑스로부터 재처리시설 도입을 시도하였다. 이에 미국은 캐나다에게 상업원전을 협상카드로 한국을 함께 설득할 것을 요청했고, 프랑스에는 민감한 재처리시설 대신 핵연료제조 및 우라늄처리기술을 수출할 것을 권고했다. 미국은 다른 공급국들과 상호협력 및 상호규제를 통해 엄격한 핵비확산 공급조건을 요구하면서도, 다른 공급국들이 느슨한 공급조건을 무기로 시장을 빼앗는 것을 방지하였다. 최근까지도 핵확산에 취약한 차별적 공급정책은 현재까지도 계속되고 있다. 미국은 2005년에 인도가 핵비확산 조약에 가입하거나 핵무기를 포기하지 않아도 원자력 발전기술을 수입할 수 있도록 특혜를 주었다. 공급경쟁 정도와 관계없이 공급자의 핵비확산•핵안보 공급조건 결정에 경제•정치•전략적 이익은 중요한 요인이다. 과도한 공급경쟁 때문인 특혜 또는 독점으로 말미암은 무관심은 핵확산을 일으키기도 했다. 중간 정도 공급경쟁에서는 공급자간의 상호협력 및 상호규제가 지나친 경쟁이나 독점의 무관심을 방지하는 중요한 피드백으로 작용했다. 따라서 원자력거래에 동반되는 핵확산위험을 낮추려면, 국제 핵비확산 체제도 공급국 사이의 상호협력 및 상호규제를 강화하는 방향으로 개선되어야 한다. 이를 위해, 첫째로 투명성이 보장되는 공급국과 수요국 사이의 핵비확산 공급조건에 특화된 국제협상절차가 수립되어야 하며, 다른 공급국들에 이 협상과정을 지켜보고 상호작용할 기회를 줘야 한다. 둘째로 공급국들이 같은 권리와 의무 아래에서 상호이익 및 의존도를 키워서 수립된 국제협상절차가 제 기능을 발휘하도록 상호협력과 상호규제를 강화해야 한다.In commercial nuclear trade, buyer-dependent profit-oriented nuclear export competition has promoted the spread of nuclear weapons technology and weapons-grade fissile materials. Even today, the existing international nuclear export control regime such as Nuclear Suppliers Group is still too weak to maintain consistent export policies for nuclear nonproliferation and nuclear security. Moreover, the export control regime is traditionally governed by nuclear weapons states encountering a transition, as new nuclear power plants are mostly supplied by emerging nuclear suppliers. Under such a power transition, disagreements on export practices between new and old suppliers may deepen. In addition, nuclear transactions would evolve from point-to-point transfers to a system of complex trade networks, and the non-binding global regime has no control over every detail of nuclear export. The regime can also face a dilemma over the choice between the erosion of technical barriers to proliferation and the denial of sensitive technology transfer. Despite the importance of supply-side dynamics in nuclear proliferation, the majority of past studies have focused on the demand-side aspects. Limited studies on the supply-side dynamics to date have identified at least two important challenges. First, various statistical analyses have yet failed to generate reliable quantitative datasets with no success in yielding a critical causal relationship among decision-making components. Second, case studies only looked at the impact of excessive competition among suppliers, without attempting to develop an understanding about underlying mechanisms. With the advent of new suppliers, it is necessary to investigate an evolving spectrum of export competition based on structured and focused case studies. The present dissertation is aiming at suggesting a set of positive reformative strategies for an improved nuclear export control regime. A systems-thinking model is employed to address two critical questions: 1) what types of supply-side feedback influence nuclear suppliers to decide nonproliferation conditions of supply, and 2) how political and business competition among suppliers, in turn, affects the feedback structures. The proposed reformative strategies can strengthen the types of feedback that can reinforce nonproliferation, or can weaken the feedback to proliferation. Three export cases of 1960-70s representing different competition levels were studied: 1) a strong export competition between Canada and the United States to India2) a monopolistic case of the Soviet Union to North KoreaAbstract i Acknowledgements vi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Objectives: reforming nuclear export controls 2 1.2 The dual-use nature of nuclear energy and the transition of nuclear export environment 3 1.3 The dilemma: the erosion of technical barriers versus the regime of sensitive-technology denial 12 Chapter 2 Review of the State of the Art 19 2.1 State-level theory of nuclear proliferation and reversal: two different views of trade actors 20 2.1.1 Demand-side approach of decision-making on nuclear weapons development 22 2.1.2 Supply-side approach of decision-making on nuclear materials and technology export 27 2.2 System-level assessments of proliferation risk 34 2.2.1 Attribute analysis on nuclear proliferation vulnerability of materials and technology 37 2.2.2 Scenario analysis of overall nuclear system responses to nuclear proliferation 40 2.3 Research rationale from a gap in the literature 42 Chapter 3 Research Design 47 3.1 Research questions and approaches 47 3.2 Methodology 53 3.2.1 Controlled comparison of cases 53 3.2.2 System thinking and causal loop diagrams 56 3.3 Case selection 60 3.3.1 Statistical overview 61 3.3.2 Rationale for case selection 70 Chapter 4 Nuclear Decision-Making Model for Conditions of Supply 83 4.1 Competitive, regulated, political nuclear market 84 4.2 Feedback loosening conditions of supply 86 4.2.1 The risk-taking feedback 87 4.2.2 The lack of vigilance feedback 89 4.3 Feedback strengthening conditions of supply 91 4.3.1 The consensus-building feedback 91 4.3.2 The external constraint feedback 94 4.4 Inter-linkages and other influencing factors 96 Chapter 5 Analysis of Nuclear Export Cases 99 5.1 Exports from Canada and the United States to India: high attractiveness, high competition, high risk-taking 100 5.1.1 Nuclear assistance and nuclear program 102 5.1.2 Nuclear exports from Canada and the United States 107 5.1.3 Assessment, summary and lessons 127 5.2 The Soviet Union to North Korea: unattractiveness, low competition, lack of vigilance 131 5.2.1 Nuclear assistance and nuclear program 132 5.2.2 Nuclear exports from the Soviet Union 138 5.2.3 Assessment, summary and lessons 158 5.3 The United States and Canada to South Korea: modest competition, nonproliferation feedback 162 5.3.1 Nuclear assistance and nuclear program 163 5.3.2 Nuclear exports from the United States and Canada 169 5.3.3 Assessments, summary and lessons 187 Chapter 6 Cross-case Comparison and Verification with Current Export Regime 191 6.1 Cross-case comparison: export to India, North Korea, and South Korea 191 6.2 Application to U.S.-India civil nuclear agreement 207 6.3 Evaluation of current global nuclear export regime 214 Chapter 7 Conclusion 221 7.1 Policy recommendation on nuclear export controls 222 7.2 Summary, findings, and future work of dissertation 232 Bibliography 239 Abbreviation 257 초록 259Docto

synthesis of polymer binder based on phenanthrene for Si anode via Suzuki polycondensation

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 화학생물공학부, 2014. 8. 김영규.최근 고용량 고출력이 요구되는 전기자동차 전력저장장치등 차세대 리튬이온 배터리의 수요가 증가해왔다. 이런 추세에 따라서 이론용량이 큰 실리콘이 급부상하게 되면서 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔다 하지만 실리콘의 상업화를 위한 많은 노력에도 불구하고 현재까지도 아직 탄소계 음극에서 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 실리콘의 경우 충방전시 매우 큰 부피변화가 일어나고 이에 활물질의 파쇄 이로 인한 전지용량의 감소로 전지로서는 가장 큰 단점을 지니고 있다. 지난연구에서는 활물질의 변화(나노구조화, 충전재와의 결합등)에 주로 초점을 맞추었지만, 최근 바인더가 cyclic performance를 향상시켜줄수 있다는 보고가 많이 되어 오고 있다. 따라서 바인더의 선택이 고용량의 음극을 도입하는데 매우 중요하다고 할수 잇겠다. 그래서 우리 실험실에서는 전도성을 가지는 새로운 고분자 바인더를 개발하였다. 바인더가 도전재의 역할도 하게 된다면 우리는 통상적으로 사용하였던 도전재를 사용할 필요없이 단지 바인더만으로 전지의 성능을 유지할수 있다. 또한 소량의 바인더를 사용하더리도 전기화학적인 성능을 유지시켜 줄수 있을거라고 예상하였다. 이에 새로운바인더 물질로 3,6-poly(phenanthrenequinone)을 목표물질로 선정하고 이것을 스즈키 커플링 반응에 기반하여 성공적으로 합성할 수가 있었다. 합성된 고분자를 통해 여러 전기화학적인 특성을 조사해보았다. 고분자만을 활물질로 한 전지를 만들어 충방전 실험을 한결과 고분자가 리튬가 전자를 동시에 받을수 있는 mixed conductor로서 작용하여 활물질로서 용량발현을 할수 있다는 것을 확인할 수가 있었습니다. 그리고 좀더 높은 분자량의 고분자를 합성하기 위해 분자량을 컨트롤 할수 있는 원인을 규명하고 그에 고분자량의 고분자를 합성할수 있었다. 합성된 고분자를 통해 전기화학적인 특성을 분석해본결과 속도특성실험에서는 올리고머 수준의 분자들보다 분자량이 높은 고분자의 경우 초기용량이 더 높게 나왔고 약 100000인 경우의 고분자가 가장 좋은 속도 특성을 나타내었다. 그리고 수명특성실험의 경우에도 더 높은 고분자의 경우 좋은 수명특성을 보여 고분자의 전도성이 분자량과 관련이 있음을 알수 있었고 높은 분자량의 고분자의 경우 더 향상된 전도성으로 인해 더 좋은 전기화학적 성능 발현을 한것으로 생각된다. 결국 새롭게 합성된 고분자는 기존에 쓰던 도전재의 사용없이도 실리콘전극의 도입이 가능하기 때문에 앞으로 바인더로서 가능성있는 물질로 보인다.ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF SCHEMES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Introduction 1. Introduction of Lithium ion batteries 2. Anode 2.1. Silicon as anode material 3. Polymer binder 4. Conducting polymer 4.1. Doping Results & discussion 1.Initial studies for conductve binder 1.1. Design of target molecule 1.2. Synthesis of PPH derivative and its copolymers 2.Design of modified target polymer and its synthesis 2.1. Design of new target polymer 2.2. Synthesis of 3,6-poly(phenanthrenequinone) 2.3. 3,6-PPQ as mixed conductor 2.4. Modified synthetic scheme of 3,6-PPQ 2.5. Electrochemical test with synthesized PPQ Experimental Details REFERENCES ABSTRACT IN KOREANMaste

Random Accessible Mesh Compression for Large Meshes

Docto