22 research outputs found
Relation between Kawasaki Disease and Immunoglobulin E
Objective
Kawasaki disease is a systemic vascular disease which is caused by an immunologic response. The purpose of this study is to see how a high IgE level affects Kawasaki disease, in two groups of high IgE level and low IgE level.
Methods
A retrospective study was done from 2008 to 2010, among patients, who were admitted in Severance Children's Hospital for Kawasaki disease with IgE levels checked. Age groups with an IgE level above reference ranges and those with normal ranges were done. Also, clinical characteristics were analyzed. Statistical method was done by SPSS 18.
Results
A total of 198 Kawasaki patients were analyzed from 2008 to 2010. Among them 123 (62%) patients showed elevated IgE levels. Patients with high IgE had a significantly higher lymphadenopathy prevalence (p=0.006), however they had no connection with quantitative values. Patients with BCG site redness appeared to have lower IgE levels than patients without redness. Coronary complication had no relation with IgE levels. There was no correlation between laboratory results and IgE levels.
Conclusion
62% of Kawasaki disease patients show high IgE levels in our study. The symptoms of BCG site redness aged less than 1 year seemed to be related with IgE level. To understand the pathophysiology of Kawasaki disease, more studies should be performed on the role of IgE.ope
A Case of Lung Involvement Associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can develop extra-articular manifestations, including growth retardation, osteopenia and chronic uveitis. However, pleuropulmonary involvement is rare. Approximately 40% of patients with JIA have abnormal pulmonary function tests without pulmonary symptoms, with the commonest abnormality in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, but clinically evident pulmonary parenchymal disease in JIA is extremely uncommon. We describe a 15-year-old male with JIA who presented with dyspnea due to interstitial lung disease.ope
Enhanced detection and serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae using multiplex polymerase chain reaction
Purpose: Methods for quick and reliable detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae are needed for the diagnosis of pneumococcal disease and vaccine studies. This study aimed to show that sequential multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more efficient than conventional culture in achieving S. pneumoniae -positive results. Methods: Nasopharyngeal (NP) secretions were obtained from 842 pediatric patients admitted with lower respiratory infections at Severance Childrenโs Hospital in Korea between March 2009 and June 2010. For identification and serotype determination of pneumococci from the NP secretions, the secretions were evaluated via multiplex PCR technique with 35 serotype-specific primers arranged in 8 multiplex PCR sets and conventional bacteriological culture technique. Results: Among the results for 793 samples that underwent both bacterial culture and PCR analysis for pneumococcal detection, 153 (19.3%) results obtained by PCR and 81 (10.2%) results obtained by conventional culture technique were positive for S. pneumoniae. The predominant serotypes observed, in order of decreasing frequency, were 19A (23%), 6A/B (16%), 19F (11%), 15B/C (5%), 15A (5%), and 11A (4%); further, 26% of the isolates were non-typeable. Conclusion: As opposed to conventional bacteriological tests, PCR analysis can accurately and rapidly identify pneumococcal serotypes.ope
Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Bocavirus in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Korea
Purpose: Human bocavirus (hBoV), a recently discovered virus, has been detected in children with respiratory tract infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and molecular phylogeny of hBoV in the respiratory samples of children with acute respiratory tract infections in 2010.
Methods: Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 953 children with lower respiratory tract infections at Severance childrenโs hospital in Korea from January 2010 to December 2010. We applied the multiplex PCR technique for the identification of 12 respiratory viruses from the samples. Among the total specimens, hBoV positive samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by sequencing a fragment of the VP1/VP2 gene junction.
Results: hBoV was detected in 141 (14.8%) among 953 patients. The 61.7% of hBoV-positive samples were found to co-exist with other respiratory viruses. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that all 141 hBoV-positive isolates were identified as hBoV 1, revealing a high similarity among the isolates (>98%).
Conclusion: hBoV 1 with minimal sequence variations circulated in children with acute respiratory infections during 2010. More research is needed to determine the clinical severity and outcomes of the minimal sequence variations.ope
A Nationwide Survey on the Child Day Care and Common Infectious Diseases
Purpose : As the number of children who attend child care centers has increased, concerns has increased about the effect of child day care on childhood illness. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between experience in child care and common infectious diseases in children under 5 years of age. Methods : Data were collected by surveying 1,000 respondents with children under age 5 through online interviews using a structured questionnaire. The contents of the survey were composed of demographic characteristics, child care facilities usage, experience in infectious diseases, and immunization status. Results : Among the 1,000 children <5 years of age, 78.5% attended a child care facility. Rates of common communicable illnesses were higher in children in child care than for children reared exclusively at home. The predominant communicable diseases which the respondents' children experienced, in order of decreasing frequency, were gastroenteritis (47.1%), otitis media (41.8%) and pneumonia (19.1%). The immunization rate of vaccines that are not included the national immunization program (NIP) (Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine - 76.6%, hepatitis A vaccine - 63.3%, pneumococcal vaccine - 59.4%, rotavirus vaccine - 43.1%) was lower than that of the NIP vaccines (90.4%). Conclusion : Children in child care experience more bouts of common infectious disease, so nationwide policies to prevent or to control the spread of infectious agents in a child-care should be available and appropriate immunization should be emphasized as the most effective method for the control of infectious disease for children.ope
Clinical Manifestation of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Korean Children
Purpose : The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, epidemiology and the clinical manifestation of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection in Korean children. Methods : From February 2010 to January 2012, we collected nasopharyngeal aspiration from 1,554 children who were hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infections at the Department of Pediatrics, Severance Childrenโs Hospital. hMPV was detected by performing reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The medical records of the patients with positive results were retrospectively reviewed. Results : We detected hMPV in 99 of the 1,554 hospitalized children. The mean age of the hMPV infected children was 25 months, and 87% of the illnesses occurred between April and June. The most common diagnoses were pneumonia (73%) and bronchiolitis (16%). The clinical manifestations included cough, fever, respiratory distress, hoarseness, tachypnea, and
wheezing. Coinfection with other respiratory viruses was found in 43 children (43%). Conclusion : hMPV is one of the major virus causing acute respiratory tract infection in the age between 13 months and 48 months old with peaks during April to June. Reports of hMPV in Korea has been increasing but additional studies are required to define the epidemiology and the extent of disease caused by hMPV to determine future development of this illness in Korean children.ope
๋ถ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ ์์ด๋ก ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ณ ์ ์ง๋์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ธฐ๊ณํญ๊ณต๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2011.8. ๊น์งํ.Maste
์์๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ์ญํ: ์์ถ๊ฒฝ์์ด ํต๋นํ์ฐ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์๋์ง์์คํ
๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2012. 8. ํฉ์ผ์.running more interaction programs for a global code of conductestablishing a multinational consortium for reactors, fuels, components, enrichment, reprocessing, and storagesand forming higher diplomatic, economic, and technical interdependence among suppliers.and 3) a moderate competition between the United States and Canada in export to South Korea. As a result, a new supply dynamics model for nuclear export decision-making has been developedit was tested via the three cases and a new cooperation case between the United States and India.
The nuclear supply dynamics model shows that suppliers pursuit of economical, strategic, and political benefits produces the four types of feedback among suppliers. A nuclear export decision can be politically driven based on consideration of market importance and nonproliferation requirement. In the risk-taking feedback scenario, a supplier can compromise conditions of supply in order to avoid negotiation deadlock with a recipientotherwise, the supplier must risks losing its competitive position. In the lack of vigilance feedback scenario, a supplier can be distracted to attract markets while it deals with no vigilance with unattractive recipients. In the consensus-building feedback scenario, a supplier can build consensus with other suppliers on conditions of supply to avoid being the only party in negotiation conflict with a recipient, and thus to seek its competitive position. Finally, in the external constraint feedback scenario, if a supplier tries to loosen conditions of supply, other suppliers constrain it from doing so to keep their competitive positions. The first two types of feedback can loosen conditions of supply, while the latter two can strengthen the conditions.
Under high competition, Canada and the United States compromised safeguards conditions of supply to India that was the largest democracy and business economic market โ the risk-taking feedback was dominant. Under low competition, the Soviet Union as well as other suppliers was indifferent to proliferation risks in North Korea where market attractiveness was trivial and Soviet political influence seemed credible โ the lack of vigilance feedback was superior. Under moderate competition, the United States persuaded Canada to build consensus on stringent conditions of supply while constraining France from supplying South Korea with sensitive reprocessing technology โ the consensus-building and external constraint feedback were prominent. In summary, the nuclear supply dynamics model predicts that a high competition renders suppliers to discount recognized proliferation risk, whereas a low competition may also increase potential proliferation risk due to lack of vigilance of suppliers. It is expected that a moderate competition results in healthy feedback among suppliers, allowing them to pay due attention to strict nonproliferation conditions of supply.
Case-specific supplier behaviors have been preserved up to date with continuing pursuit for gaining strategic advantages and economic profits. The United States lifted a ban on India permitting the unaccepted nuclear weapon state legitimate access to civil nuclear technology and materials without requiring her ratification of NPT. This recent example highlights that strong strategic and economic stake of the supplier led to pursue the market at the expense of negative impact on the international nonproliferation regime while most nuclear transactions still rely on specific bilateral arrangements.
Such a bilateral negotiation process between a supplier and a recipient is usually exclusivefew interaction opportunities are allowed for other nuclear suppliers. There is no way that other suppliers can legally require a disclosure of nuclear negotiation processes. In addition, nuclear suppliers are sharing scant political, strategic, and economic benefits, although interdependence among suppliers is important to maintain a power balance and prevent a supplier from violating the global nuclear export guidelines.
Therefore, todays nuclear export systems need to be upgraded so as to facilitate transparent interactions with each supplier, and to create more political, strategic, and economic benefits shared by nuclear suppliers. The upgraded strategy can assure the consensus-building process and reinforce the external constraint mechanism, while preventing both special concessions to win intense competition and lack of vigilance in a monopolistic trade. Practicable approaches for more supply-side interaction and more benefit-sharing include: building a global negotiation framework based on nonproliferation conditions of supply while classifying other business conditions์ง๋ 60๋
๊ฐ ํํ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฌ๋ ํต๋ฌผ์งโข์ฅ๋นโข๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋๋๋ก ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ํตํ
๋ฌ ๋ฑ์ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ์์ฐํด์๋ค. ํนํ, ์ผ๋ถ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ๋ค์ด ์๊ตญ์ ์ด์ต์ ์ํด ํน์ ์์๊ตญ์๋ง ํนํ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๊ณต๊ธ์ ์ฑ
์ ํต๋นํ์ฐ์ ์
์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ท์ ํ๋ ์์๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ตญ์ ์์ถํต์ ์ฒด์ ์ ๊ถํ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ํ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์์ง๋ ์์๋ ฅ์์ถ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ณต์กํ ์ดํด๊ด๊ณ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์์กดํ๊ณ ์์ด, ํตํ์ฐ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ ์์๋ ฅ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๊ณ์ ๋ด์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ์ํ์ ์ต๊ทผ ์์ถ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์ผ๋ฉด์ ๋ ๋๋๋ผ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฒด๋ฅด๋
ธ๋น์ฌ๊ณ ์ด์ ๊น์ง ์ค์น์ฉ๋์ 90%๋ฅผ ๋ด๋นํ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋ฌ์์, ํ๋์ค, ์๊ตญ, ์บ๋๋ค, ๋
์ผ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฌ๊ณ ์ดํ์๋ 30%๋ก ๊ฐ์ํ๋ฉด์, ์ด์ ๋ ์ ๊ท ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ๋ค์ด ์์ฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ด ์ฐ์
ํ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํตํ์ฐ์ ์ทจ์ฝํ ๋ถ๋ฒ๊ฑฐ๋๋คํธ์ํฌ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ํน์ ํ
๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ๋ค์ ํตํด ํ์ฐ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ํตํ์ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ์๋, ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ํตํ์ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์์์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๊ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๋นํ ์ํฉ์ด๋ค. ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง ๊ณต๊ธ์์ธก ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฃผ์๋
ผ์ง๋ ๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ์ โข์ ์นโข์ ๋ต์ ์ด์ต์ถ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ทน์ฌํ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ ๋ฐํ์ฌ, ์์์์๊ฒ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ํต๋นํ์ฐ ์ ํ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์๊ตฌํ์ง ์์ ์ฑ ์์ถ์ด ์งํ๋์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋จ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ฉด, ํต๊ณ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ฆ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ๊ณ ์์ธํ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ ํ์
๋ง์ ๋ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๋ก์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ค์ง ์์์ ๊ณผ์ด๊ฒฝ์์๋ง ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ์ฌ๋ก์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํตํ์ฐ์ํ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋์ง ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ , ์์ธํ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ์ฌ ์๋ฏธ ์๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ธ์ ํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ง๋ฌธ์ โ ์์๋ ฅ์์ถ์์ ํต๋นํ์ฐโขํต์๋ณด ๊ณต๊ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ? โก ๊ณต๊ธ๊ฒฝ์์ด ์ด ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ?์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ํ ๋ต์ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์๋ ์์คํ
์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ์ค์ ์์ถ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ๋ณ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํตํ์ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋ ํผ๋๋ฐฑ์ ๊ฐํํ๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋๋ก ์ด์ง์ํค๋ ํผ๋๋ฐฑ์ ๊ท์ ํ๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ธ์ ๋์ถํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ก๋ถ์์ ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ณ์๋ก ์์๊ตญ์ ์ ์น์ ์ค์์ฑ, ์์๊ตญ์ ์์ฅ๋งค๋ ฅ๋, ์ข
์๋ณ์๋ก ์์๊ตญ์ ๋ํ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ์ ํต๋นํ์ฐ ์๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ค์ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฃ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ์ฉ์ดํ 1950-70๋
๋ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก, ๊ณต๊ธ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ณผ์ด๊ฒฝ์์ ์บ๋๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ธ๋์์ถ, ๋
์ ์ฒด์ ๋ ์๋ จ์ ๋ถํ์์ถ, ์ค๊ฐ์ฌ๋ก๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์บ๋๋ค์ ํ๊ตญ์์ถ์ ์ ํํ๋ค. ์ด ์ฌ๋ก๋ถ์์์ ๋๋ฌ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์์์ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ ์์๋ ฅํ์ ์ฌ๋ก์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ ์ ๋์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค.
์บ๋๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ธ๋๋ก์ ์์๋ ฅ์์ถ์ด ํตํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ธ์งํ์์๋, ์ถฉ๋ถํ ํต๋นํ์ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์๊ตฌํ์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ฏธโข์โข์โข์บโขํ๋ ์ง์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ํ๊ณ , ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์์ฅ์ ์ง๋ ์ธ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์น์ดํ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋ฒ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค ํ๋ฐ์ฃผ์์ ๊ตญ๋ด์์ฅ๋ ์์ ์บ๋๋ค๊ฐ ํนํ ๊ฒฝ์์์ ์น๋ฆฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ๊ทน ํตํ์ฐ์ํ์ ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ์๋ จ์ ๋๋ถํ ์์๋ ฅ๊ฑฐ๋์์ ํตํ์ฐ์ํ์ ์ธ์งํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ , ๋ฌด๊ด์ฌ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ถํ์ ํต๋นํ์ฐ ์๋ฌด๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ ๋กญ๊ฒ ๋ด๋ฒ๋ ค๋๋ค. ํนํ ๋ถํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถํฉ์ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ๋ค์ ์์๋ ฅ์์ถ์ ๋ํ ์ ์ธ์ ์ฝํํด, ๋ถํ์ ํต๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ํ์์ผฐ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ถํ ํต๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ๋ค์ ์ ํ๊ฐ๋ก, ๋์๊ฐ์ ํตํ์ฐ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ๋ฌด๊ด์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ก๋ค. 1970๋
๋ ์ด, ํ๊ตญ์ ํ๋์ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฌ์ฒ๋ฆฌ์์ค ๋์
์ ์๋ํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์บ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ์์
์์ ์ ํ์์นด๋๋ก ํ๊ตญ์ ํจ๊ป ์ค๋ํ ๊ฒ์ ์์ฒญํ๊ณ , ํ๋์ค์๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ ์ฌ์ฒ๋ฆฌ์์ค ๋์ ํต์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๋ผ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ถํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ถ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ๋ค๊ณผ ์ํธํ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ํธ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๊ฒฉํ ํต๋นํ์ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ฉด์๋, ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ๋ค์ด ๋์จํ ๊ณต๊ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก ์์ฅ์ ๋นผ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ์๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ๊น์ง๋ ํตํ์ฐ์ ์ทจ์ฝํ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๊ณต๊ธ์ ์ฑ
์ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง๋ ๊ณ์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 2005๋
์ ์ธ๋๊ฐ ํต๋นํ์ฐ ์กฐ์ฝ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ์ง ์์๋ ์์๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์
ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํนํ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์๋ค.
๊ณต๊ธ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ด ๊ณต๊ธ์์ ํต๋นํ์ฐโขํต์๋ณด ๊ณต๊ธ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ โข์ ์นโข์ ๋ต์ ์ด์ต์ ์ค์ํ ์์ธ์ด๋ค. ๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ฒฝ์ ๋๋ฌธ์ธ ํนํ ๋๋ ๋
์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ฏธ์์ ๋ฌด๊ด์ฌ์ ํตํ์ฐ์ ์ผ์ผํค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ค๊ฐ ์ ๋ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ฒฝ์์์๋ ๊ณต๊ธ์๊ฐ์ ์ํธํ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ํธ๊ท์ ๊ฐ ์ง๋์น ๊ฒฝ์์ด๋ ๋
์ ์ ๋ฌด๊ด์ฌ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋ ์ค์ํ ํผ๋๋ฐฑ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์์๋ ฅ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๋๋ฐ๋๋ ํตํ์ฐ์ํ์ ๋ฎ์ถ๋ ค๋ฉด, ๊ตญ์ ํต๋นํ์ฐ ์ฒด์ ๋ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ํธํ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ํธ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด, ์ฒซ์งธ๋ก ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ์ด ๋ณด์ฅ๋๋ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์์๊ตญ ์ฌ์ด์ ํต๋นํ์ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ํนํ๋ ๊ตญ์ ํ์์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์๋ฆฝ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ๋ค์ ์ด ํ์๊ณผ์ ์ ์ง์ผ๋ณด๊ณ ์ํธ์์ฉํ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ค์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋์งธ๋ก ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฌด ์๋์์ ์ํธ์ด์ต ๋ฐ ์์กด๋๋ฅผ ํค์์ ์๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ตญ์ ํ์์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ฐํํ๋๋ก ์ํธํ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ํธ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํด์ผ ํ๋ค.In commercial nuclear trade, buyer-dependent profit-oriented nuclear export competition has promoted the spread of nuclear weapons technology and weapons-grade fissile materials. Even today, the existing international nuclear export control regime such as Nuclear Suppliers Group is still too weak to maintain consistent export policies for nuclear nonproliferation and nuclear security. Moreover, the export control regime is traditionally governed by nuclear weapons states encountering a transition, as new nuclear power plants are mostly supplied by emerging nuclear suppliers. Under such a power transition, disagreements on export practices between new and old suppliers may deepen. In addition, nuclear transactions would evolve from point-to-point transfers to a system of complex trade networks, and the non-binding global regime has no control over every detail of nuclear export. The regime can also face a dilemma over the choice between the erosion of technical barriers to proliferation and the denial of sensitive technology transfer.
Despite the importance of supply-side dynamics in nuclear proliferation, the majority of past studies have focused on the demand-side aspects. Limited studies on the supply-side dynamics to date have identified at least two important challenges. First, various statistical analyses have yet failed to generate reliable quantitative datasets with no success in yielding a critical causal relationship among decision-making components. Second, case studies only looked at the impact of excessive competition among suppliers, without attempting to develop an understanding about underlying mechanisms. With the advent of new suppliers, it is necessary to investigate an evolving spectrum of export competition based on structured and focused case studies. The present dissertation is aiming at suggesting a set of positive reformative strategies for an improved nuclear export control regime.
A systems-thinking model is employed to address two critical questions: 1) what types of supply-side feedback influence nuclear suppliers to decide nonproliferation conditions of supply, and 2) how political and business competition among suppliers, in turn, affects the feedback structures. The proposed reformative strategies can strengthen the types of feedback that can reinforce nonproliferation, or can weaken the feedback to proliferation. Three export cases of 1960-70s representing different competition levels were studied: 1) a strong export competition between Canada and the United States to India2) a monopolistic case of the Soviet Union to North KoreaAbstract i
Acknowledgements vi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Objectives: reforming nuclear export controls 2
1.2 The dual-use nature of nuclear energy and the transition of nuclear export environment 3
1.3 The dilemma: the erosion of technical barriers versus the regime of sensitive-technology denial 12
Chapter 2 Review of the State of the Art 19
2.1 State-level theory of nuclear proliferation and reversal: two different views of trade actors 20
2.1.1 Demand-side approach of decision-making on nuclear weapons development 22
2.1.2 Supply-side approach of decision-making on nuclear materials and technology export 27
2.2 System-level assessments of proliferation risk 34
2.2.1 Attribute analysis on nuclear proliferation vulnerability of materials and technology 37
2.2.2 Scenario analysis of overall nuclear system responses to nuclear proliferation 40
2.3 Research rationale from a gap in the literature 42
Chapter 3 Research Design 47
3.1 Research questions and approaches 47
3.2 Methodology 53
3.2.1 Controlled comparison of cases 53
3.2.2 System thinking and causal loop diagrams 56
3.3 Case selection 60
3.3.1 Statistical overview 61
3.3.2 Rationale for case selection 70
Chapter 4 Nuclear Decision-Making Model for Conditions of Supply 83
4.1 Competitive, regulated, political nuclear market 84
4.2 Feedback loosening conditions of supply 86
4.2.1 The risk-taking feedback 87
4.2.2 The lack of vigilance feedback 89
4.3 Feedback strengthening conditions of supply 91
4.3.1 The consensus-building feedback 91
4.3.2 The external constraint feedback 94
4.4 Inter-linkages and other influencing factors 96
Chapter 5 Analysis of Nuclear Export Cases 99
5.1 Exports from Canada and the United States to India: high attractiveness, high competition, high risk-taking 100
5.1.1 Nuclear assistance and nuclear program 102
5.1.2 Nuclear exports from Canada and the United States 107
5.1.3 Assessment, summary and lessons 127
5.2 The Soviet Union to North Korea: unattractiveness, low competition, lack of vigilance 131
5.2.1 Nuclear assistance and nuclear program 132
5.2.2 Nuclear exports from the Soviet Union 138
5.2.3 Assessment, summary and lessons 158
5.3 The United States and Canada to South Korea: modest competition, nonproliferation feedback 162
5.3.1 Nuclear assistance and nuclear program 163
5.3.2 Nuclear exports from the United States and Canada 169
5.3.3 Assessments, summary and lessons 187
Chapter 6 Cross-case Comparison and Verification with Current Export Regime 191
6.1 Cross-case comparison: export to India, North Korea, and South Korea 191
6.2 Application to U.S.-India civil nuclear agreement 207
6.3 Evaluation of current global nuclear export regime 214
Chapter 7 Conclusion 221
7.1 Policy recommendation on nuclear export controls 222
7.2 Summary, findings, and future work of dissertation 232
Bibliography 239
Abbreviation 257
์ด๋ก 259Docto
synthesis of polymer binder based on phenanthrene for Si anode via Suzuki polycondensation
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ํํ์๋ฌผ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2014. 8. ๊น์๊ท.์ต๊ทผ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋ ๊ณ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋๋ ์ ๊ธฐ์๋์ฐจ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์ฅ์ฅ์น๋ฑ ์ฐจ์ธ๋ ๋ฆฌํฌ์ด์จ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์์๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ์ถ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด๋ก ์ฉ๋์ด ํฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ด ๊ธ๋ถ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์ด ์๋ค ํ์ง๋ง ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ ์์
ํ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ง์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง๋ ์์ง ํ์๊ณ ์๊ทน์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ ์ ๋งค์ฐ ํฐ ๋ถํผ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋๊ณ ์ด์ ํ๋ฌผ์ง์ ํ์ ์ด๋ก ์ธํ ์ ์ง์ฉ๋์ ๊ฐ์๋ก ์ ์ง๋ก์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋จ์ ์ ์ง๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ง๋์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ณํ(๋๋
ธ๊ตฌ์กฐํ, ์ถฉ์ ์ฌ์์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ฑ)์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ์์ง๋ง, ์ต๊ทผ ๋ฐ์ธ๋๊ฐ cyclic performance๋ฅผ ํฅ์์์ผ์ค์ ์๋ค๋ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ๋์ด ์ค๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฐ์ธ๋์ ์ ํ์ด ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์ ์๊ทน์ ๋์
ํ๋๋ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์คํ์ค์์๋ ์ ๋์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์๋ก์ด ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์ธ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ์ธ๋๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ญํ ๋ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค๋ฉด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ํ์์์ด ๋จ์ง ๋ฐ์ธ๋๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ ์ง์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ์ ์งํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์๋์ ๋ฐ์ธ๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ๊ธฐํํ์ ์ธ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ์ ์ง์์ผ ์ค์ ์์๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ์์ํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์๋ก์ด๋ฐ์ธ๋ ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก 3,6-poly(phenanthrenequinone)์ ๋ชฉํ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก ์ ์ ํ๊ณ ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ค์ฆํค ์ปคํ๋ง ๋ฐ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํฉ์ฑํ ์๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ํฉ์ฑ๋ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ๊ธฐํํ์ ์ธ ํน์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ฌํด๋ณด์๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ง์ ํ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก ํ ์ ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ ์คํ์ ํ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๊ฐ ๋ฆฌํฌ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋์์ ๋ฐ์์ ์๋ mixed conductor๋ก์ ์์ฉํ์ฌ ํ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก์ ์ฉ๋๋ฐํ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์๊ฐ ์์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ข๋ ๋์ ๋ถ์๋์ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ํฉ์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ถ์๋์ ์ปจํธ๋กค ํ ์ ์๋ ์์ธ์ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ์ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋์ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ํฉ์ฑํ ์ ์์๋ค. ํฉ์ฑ๋ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ๊ธฐํํ์ ์ธ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ํด๋ณธ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์๋ํน์ฑ์คํ์์๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋จธ ์์ค์ ๋ถ์๋ค๋ณด๋ค ๋ถ์๋์ด ๋์ ๊ณ ๋ถ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฉ๋์ด ๋ ๋๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ ์ฝ 100000์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ข์ ์๋ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ํ๋ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ช
ํน์ฑ์คํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ ๋์ ๊ณ ๋ถ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ข์ ์๋ช
ํน์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฌ ๊ณ ๋ถ์์ ์ ๋์ฑ์ด ๋ถ์๋๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์์์ ์์ ์์๊ณ ๋์ ๋ถ์๋์ ๊ณ ๋ถ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ ํฅ์๋ ์ ๋์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ ์ข์ ์ ๊ธฐํํ์ ์ฑ๋ฅ ๋ฐํ์ ํ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์๋กญ๊ฒ ํฉ์ฑ๋ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฐ๋ ๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ด๋ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ ๊ทน์ ๋์
์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ธ๋๋ก์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์๋ ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES LIST OF SCHEMES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Introduction
1. Introduction of Lithium ion batteries
2. Anode
2.1. Silicon as anode material
3. Polymer binder
4. Conducting polymer
4.1. Doping
Results & discussion
1.Initial studies for conductve binder
1.1. Design of target molecule
1.2. Synthesis of PPH derivative and its copolymers
2.Design of modified target polymer and its synthesis
2.1. Design of new target polymer
2.2. Synthesis of 3,6-poly(phenanthrenequinone)
2.3. 3,6-PPQ as mixed conductor
2.4. Modified synthetic scheme of 3,6-PPQ
2.5. Electrochemical test with synthesized PPQ
Experimental Details
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT IN KOREANMaste