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    A Legislative Study on the Liability System of the Carrier in the Multimodal Transport Contract

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    International transport has a high proportion in international commerce. In international transport, there are land transport, maritime transport and air transport, and multimodal transport combines two or more of these means of transport. Multimodal transport-related disputes can be resolved by international arbitration or international litigation, if international lawsuit is issued, the problem of determining of the international jurisdiction and the applicable law will be arisen. Although, through international efforts, a unified convention that will regulate international multimodal transport (United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods) has been adopted, it is not yet in effect. Furthermore, since definitions of international multimodal transport in each country have not been unified, and different statutes govern individual transportation transactions in practices, confused situations have increased. At present, multimodal transport is regulated by general terms and conditions (standard transport bill of lading form or uniform rules presented by dominant private groups such as FIATA, BIMCO, ICC), not by unified statutes. As Korea didn’t have systematic legislation, there was a preceding necessity to properly establish domestic legislation, which would lead to the systematization of legal issues that involve multimodal transport. As such, in a situation that required efforts to improve the safety of international multimodal transport and the efficiency of operation of the system and to prepare for legal disputes, new provisions governing the liabilities of multimodal transport operators were revamped in Article 816, Section 5 "Marine Commerce", Commercial Code, Aug. 3. 2007, based on the existing legislative theories. More specifically, the revised Commercial Code that referred to the 1980 UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods stipulates that multimodal transport operators take liabilities according to the laws which would apply to the transport section in which damages or loss occurred (declaration of network liability system), or take liabilities according to the laws which would apply to the main transport section if the section in which damages or loss occurred is unclear, and they take secondary liabilities according to the laws which would apply to such sections for which freight rates are the highest. The efforts to regulate the multimodal transport, though domestically, to prevent any confusion were desirable. However, it is difficult to effectively govern the complicated legal issues of international multimodal transport with the simple one article of Commercial Code. Accordingly, it is necessary to have detailed provisions throughout multimodal transport. According to the added provisions, only when the main section is determined, applicable principles and coverage of liabilities come out. Moreover, sometimes judgment by the court may be required to determine the main section. Accordingly, rather than giving an answer to a question in a way of leaving room for interpretation, it is required to reconsider the provisions so as to anticipate the coverage of liabilities by setting liability criteria clearly. Furthermore, as the methodology to determine unclear accident sections, it is suggested to consider properly referring to one of marine related transport conventions or setting limitations of liability of the operators under the Korean Commercial Code. In terms of the legislative system, it is suggested to consider establishing a chapter that includes land transportation as well as marine transportation in the Section "Commercial Activities". Tentatively, it is possible to establish a separate part in the next of the part "Maritime Transportation", it can be desirable in the long run to consider to enact an independent act that only covers multimodal transport. In addition, when considering the principles and period of liabilities in multimodal transport and the owner and coverage of liabilities, it is necessary to continuously explore what is the best way to treat interested parties fairly so as to reflect it into legislation. The revision of the Commercial Code relating to multimodal transport is under operation, so if the applicable law is determined by the laws of the Republic of Korea, the substantive content can be differently determined. In this point, the choice of the network liability system is important in conjunction with the contents of the applicable law. It is urgent to pass the multimodal transport related bill, so that, if the applicable law to the multimodal transport is specified by the Republic of Korea, the law can fulfill the international standard of multimodal transport. So, this paper dealt with the law applicable to the multimodal transport that is now discussing the amendments in the Korean Commercial Code. And it discussed the liability system of the carrier in the multimodal transport contract, and proposed the revision of Korean Commercial Code of multimodal transport clause.λͺ© μ°¨ ABSTRACT 제1μž₯ μ„œλ‘  1 제1절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  1 제2절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ²”μœ„ 및 방법 4 제2μž₯ λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½λ²•μ˜ κ°œκ΄€ 6 제1절 λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘μ˜ κ°œλ…κ³Ό μš΄μ†‘μΈμ±…μž„μ œλ„ 6 β… . λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘μ˜ κ°œλ… 6 β…‘. λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½μƒ μš΄μ†‘μΈμ±…μž„μ œλ„ 15 1. μ΄μ’…μ±…μž„μ œλ„ 15 2. λ‹¨μΌμ±…μž„μ œλ„ 17 3. λ³€ν˜•λœ μ±…μž„μ œλ„ 17 4. 뢄석 및 κ²€ν†  18 제2절 λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½μƒ μš΄μ†‘μΈμ±…μž„μ œλ„μ— κ΄€ν•œ μ—°ν˜ 19 β… . μ„œμ–Έ 19 β…‘. UNκ΅­μ œλ¬Όκ±΄λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘ν˜‘μ•½ 20 1. μ‚¬λ²•ν†΅μΌκ΅­μ œν˜‘νšŒ(UNIDROIT)의 ν˜‘μ•½μ•ˆ 20 2. κ΅­μ œν•΄λ²•νšŒ(CMI)의 ν˜‘μ•½μ•ˆ 21 3. κ΅­μ œν•΄λ²•νšŒ(CMI)의 λ„μΏ„κ·œμΉ™(Tokyo Rules) 21 4. κ΅­μ œλ¬Όκ±΄λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘ν˜‘μ•½μ•ˆ(TCM) 22 5. UNκ΅­μ œλ¬Όκ±΄λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘ν˜‘μ•½μ˜ 채택 23 β…’. λ‘œν…Œλ₯΄λ‹΄κ·œμΉ™ 25 제3절 상사단체에 μ˜ν•œ ꡭ제적 μžμœ¨κ·œμΉ™ 27 β… . μ„œμ–Έ 27 β…‘. 1975λ…„ ICC λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘ν†΅μΌκ·œμΉ™ 27 β…’. 1992λ…„ UNCTAD/ICC λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘μ¦κΆŒκ·œμΉ™ 28 제3μž₯ μš΄μ†‘μΈμ˜ μ±…μž„λ²•μ œμ— κ΄€ν•œ 비ꡐ 30 제1절 μ„œμ–Έ 30 제2절 μ±…μž„μ›μΉ™κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ²•μ œ 32 β… . ν•΄μƒμš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½λ²• 33 1. κ΅­μ œν˜‘μ•½ 33 2. ꡭ내법 40 β…‘. μœ‘μƒμš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½λ²• 42 1. κ΅­μ œν˜‘μ•½ 42 2. ꡭ내법 43 β…’. ν•­κ³΅μš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½λ²• 45 1. κ΅­μ œν˜‘μ•½ 45 2. ꡭ내법 49 β…£. UNκ΅­μ œλ¬Όκ±΄λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘ν˜‘μ•½ 51 β…€. 상사단체에 μ˜ν•œ ꡭ제적 μžμœ¨κ·œμΉ™ 52 제3절 μ±…μž„λ²”μœ„μ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ²•μ œ 53 β… . ν•΄μƒμš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½λ²• 53 1. κ΅­μ œν˜‘μ•½ 53 2. ꡭ내법 56 β…‘. μœ‘μƒμš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½λ²• 57 1. κ΅­μ œν˜‘μ•½ 57 2. ꡭ내법 58 β…’. ν•­κ³΅μš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½λ²• 59 1. κ΅­μ œν˜‘μ•½ 59 2. ꡭ내법 60 β…£. UNκ΅­μ œλ¬Όκ±΄λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘ν˜‘μ•½ 63 1. UNκ΅­μ œλ¬Όκ±΄λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘ν˜‘μ•½μ˜ νŠΉμ§• 63 2. UNκ΅­μ œλ¬Όκ±΄λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘ν˜‘μ•½μ˜ μ±…μž„ν•œλ„μ•‘ 63 β…€. 상사단체에 μ˜ν•œ ꡭ제적 μžμœ¨κ·œμΉ™ 64 제4절 청ꡬꢌ 확보와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ²•μ œ 65 β… . ν•΄μƒμš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½λ²• 65 1. κ΅­μ œν˜‘μ•½ 65 2. ꡭ내법 69 β…‘. μœ‘μƒμš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½λ²• 70 1. κ΅­μ œν˜‘μ•½ 70 2. ꡭ내법 70 β…’. ν•­κ³΅μš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½λ²• 71 1. κ΅­μ œν˜‘μ•½ 71 2. ꡭ내법 72 β…£. UNκ΅­μ œλ¬Όκ±΄λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘ν˜‘μ•½ 73 β…€. 상사단체에 μ˜ν•œ ꡭ제적 μžμœ¨κ·œμΉ™ 74 제5절 μ†Œκ²° 75 제4μž₯ ν˜„ν–‰λ²•μƒ λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘μΈμ˜ μ±…μž„ 및 쀀거법 κ²°μ • 77 제1절 μ„œμ–Έ 77 제2절 ν˜„ν–‰ μƒλ²•μ˜ κ·œμ • 및 κ·Έ 문제점 78 β… . μƒλ²•κ·œμ • 및 κ·Έ λ‚΄μš© 78 1. μƒλ²•μ˜ κ·œμ • 78 2. μƒλ²•μ˜ λ‚΄μš© 79 β…‘. μƒλ²•κ·œμ •μ˜ 문제점 80 1. μž…λ²•μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 80 2. μ μš©λ²”μœ„ 81 3. μž…λ²•μ²΄κ³„ 82 4. μ±…μž„μ²΄κ³„ 84 5. μ±…μž„λ²”μœ„μ— λŒ€ν•œ λͺ…ν™•ν•œ κΈ°μ€€ μ„€μ •μ˜ ν•„μš” 84 6. κ°•ν–‰κ·œμ •μ„± 86 제3절 λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½μ˜ 쀀거법 87 β… . 의의 87 β…‘. λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½μ˜ 쀀거법 91 1. λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžκ°„ 쀀거법약정이 μžˆλŠ” 경우 92 2. λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžκ°„ 쀀거법약정이 μ—†λŠ” 경우 92 3. λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½μ—μ„œ λ‹¨κΈ°μ œμ†ŒκΈ°κ°„μ˜ 효λ ₯ 96 β…’. μ§€μƒμ•½κ΄€μ˜ 효λ ₯ 105 1. μ§€μƒμ•½κ΄€μ˜ 의의 105 2. μ„ ν•˜μ¦κΆŒμ— μ‚½μž…λœ μ§€μƒμ•½κ΄€μ˜ 법적 μ„±μ§ˆκ³Ό 효λ ₯ 108 3. μš©μ„ κ³„μ•½μ—μ„œ μ§€μƒμ•½κ΄€μ˜ 법적 μ„±μ§ˆκ³Ό 효λ ₯ 109 4. λŒ€λ²•μ› 판결 110 제4절 μ†Œκ²° 113 제5μž₯ λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘κ³„μ•½μ— κ΄€ν•œ μž…λ²•λ‘  115 제1절 μ„œμ–Έ 115 제2절 μž…λ²•μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 116 제3절 μž…λ²•λ°©ν–₯κ³Ό μž…λ²•μ²΄κ³„ 119 β… . μž…λ²•λ°©ν–₯ 119 β…‘. μž…λ²•μ²΄κ³„ 120 제4절 μ •μ˜κ·œμ • 122 제5절 λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘μΈμ˜ μ±…μž„μ œλ„ 124 β… . μ±…μž„μ›μΉ™ 124 1. ν™•μΈλœ 손해인 경우 126 2. μˆ¨κ²¨μ§„ 손해인 경우 129 β…‘. λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘μΈμ˜ μ±…μž„ν•œλ„ 132 1. μ±…μž„μ˜ ν•œλ„ 133 2. μ±…μž„μ œν•œκΆŒμ˜ 상싀 136 3. 손해배상총앑에 λŒ€ν•œ μ±…μž„ν•œλ„ 138 β…’. 비계약적 청ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•œ 적용 138 β…£. μ±…μž„κ²½κ°μ˜ κΈˆμ§€ 143 제6절 청ꡬꢌ의 ν™•λ³΄λ°©μ•ˆ 144 β… . μš΄μ†‘λ¬Όμ˜ 일뢀 멸싀 훼손에 κ΄€ν•œ 톡지 144 β…‘. μš΄μ†‘μΈμ˜ μ±„κΆŒβ€€μ±„λ¬΄μ˜ μ†Œλ©Έ 146 1. κ·œμ •μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 147 2. λ³΅ν•©μš΄μ†‘μ¦κΆŒμƒμ˜ κ·œμ • 148 제7절 쀀거법 문제 150 β… . μ„œμ–Έ 150 β…‘. κ΅­μ œμ‚¬λ²•μ˜ κ·œμ • 150 β…’. 쀀거법 κ²°μ •κ³Όμ •κ³Ό μ±…μž„μ²΄κ³„μ˜ κ²€ν†  152 제6μž₯ κ²°λ‘  153 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 16

    [νŠΉμ§‘] 동뢁아 κ²½μ œμ€‘μ‹¬μΆ”μ§„μ„ μœ„ν•œ λ…Έλ™μ‹œμž₯ 개혁과제

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    1. λ™λΆμ•„κ²½μ œμ€‘μ‹¬ 2. λ…Έλ™μ‹œμž₯의 μœ μ—°μ„± 제고 3. λ²•μΉ˜μ£Όμ˜ 노사문화 ν™•

    수리 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ—μ„œμ˜ μ„Έ 주제: (1) 쀄일 수 μ—†λŠ” ν–‰λ ¬ 고유치 문제의 μΆ”κ°€ μ€„μž„, (2) 거의 겹친 μƒνƒœλ“€μ„ λΆ„ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” κ³ μœ κ·Έλž˜ν”„ 방법, 그리고 (3) 리만 κ°€μ„€μ—μ„œμ˜ μ†Œμˆ˜μ™€ κ·Ό

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    DoctorIn this thesis, we discuss the following three topics: (1) "Further Reduction" of Irreducible Matrix by Using Graph Automorphism Group, and Exact Eigensolver: Theory, Algorithm, and Application to Spin-1/2 Heisenberg Lattice, (2) Eigengraph Method for Nearly Degenerate Eigenstate Computation, and (3) Relation Between Primes and Nontrivial Zeros in the Riemann Hypothesis; Legendre Polynomials, Modified Zeta Function and Schroedinger Equation. In Chapter 1, we introduce a compressed representation of an irreducible matrix based on nontrivial graph automorphism group. Using this representation, we are able to deal with matrix eigenproblems more efficiently. As a practical application, we utilize the compressed representations of irreducible Hamiltonians of the Heisenberg spin-1/2 square lattice to calculate energies. The computational time and resources are saved in proportion to the order of the group representing the lattice. Not merely is the computation of a new basis and new matrix elements not required, data sparsity is well retained since nonzero matrix elements are not additionally generated in the process of obtaining the low-dimensional representation. In Chapter 2, eigengraph method is introduced in order to compute nearly degenerate eigenstates where their eigenvalue differences are extremely small. By consecutively taking a square of a real matrix with a proper normalization, one or more eigenstates including the most dominant one can be calculated within a handful of iterations. Similarly, a different set of eigenpairs can also be calculated using previously obtained eigenvalues. In Chapter 3, we show that there exists a relation between prime numbers through reduction to the absurd. In relation to the Riemann zeta function and its nontrivial zeros, we deal with the Legendre Polynomials, Green's function, and Schroedinger equation. The Riemann zeta function (in the p-series form) is slightly modified to resolve the divergence problem in the critical strip (having the real part between zero and one).λ³Έ 박사 ν•™μœ„ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” λ‹€μŒ μ„Έ μ£Όμ œλ“€μ„ λ…Όν•œλ‹€: (1) κ·Έλž˜ν”„ μžκΈ°λ™ν˜•κ΅°μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ ν–‰λ ¬μ˜ "μΆ”κ°€ μ€„μž„"κ³Ό μ •ν™•ν•œ 고유치 풀이 연ꡬ: 이둠, μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜, 그리고 μŠ€ν•€-1/2 ν•˜μ΄μ  λ² λ₯΄κ·Έ 격자 문제 μ‘μš©, (2) 거의 겹친 μƒνƒœ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 계산을 μœ„ν•œ κ³ μœ κ·Έλž˜ν”„ 방법, 그리고 (3) 리만 κ°€μ„€ μ•ˆμ—μ„œμ˜ μ†Œμˆ˜μ™€ λΉ„μžλͺ…κ·Ό μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 관계; λ₯΄μž₯λ“œλ₯΄ 닀항식, μˆ˜μ •λœ μ œνƒ€ ν•¨μˆ˜ 그리고 μŠˆλ’°λ”©κ±° 방정식. Chapter 1 μ—μ„œ 쀄일 수 μ—†λŠ” 행렬은 λŒ€μˆ˜μ  κ·Έλž˜ν”„ μ΄λ‘ μ—μ„œμ˜ λΉ„μžλͺ…ν•œ κ·Έλž˜ν”„ μžκΈ°λ™ν˜•κ΅°μ˜ ν™œμš©μœΌλ‘œ μ••μΆ• ν‘œν˜„μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯함을 보인닀. μ΄λŠ” ν–‰λ ¬ 고유치 문제λ₯Ό 보닀 효율적으둜 ν’€ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•œλ‹€. ν•˜μ΄μ  λ² λ₯΄κ·Έ μŠ€ν•€ 1/2 정사각 격자 λ¬Έμ œμ—μ„œλ„ 쀄일 수 μ—†λŠ” ν—€λ°€ν† λ‹ˆμ•ˆμ˜ μ••μΆ• ν‘œν˜„μ„ μ–»μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” 것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ³ , μ••μΆ• ν‘œν˜„μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜λ©΄ 격자λ₯Ό ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μΉ­κ΅°μ˜ μœ„μˆ˜μ— λΉ„λ‘€ν•˜μ—¬ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 계산 μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό μžμ›μ΄ μ ˆμ•½ 됨을 보인닀. μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°μ € 및 ν–‰λ ¬ μ›μ†Œλ“€μ˜ μž¬κ³„μ‚°μ΄ μš”κ΅¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 저차원 ν‘œν˜„μ„ μ–»λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 0이 μ•„λ‹Œ ν–‰λ ¬ μ›μ†Œλ“€μ„ μΆ”κ°€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ§€ μ•Šμ•„ 데이터 ν¬μ†Œμ„±μ΄ 잘 λ³΄μ‘΄λœλ‹€. Chapter 2 μ—μ„œλŠ” μ—°μ†λœ κ³ μœ μΉ˜λ“€μ˜ μ°¨κ°€ μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ 거의 겹친 μƒνƒœ 계산을 μœ„ν•œ 고유 κ·Έλž˜ν”„ 계산법을 μ†Œκ°œν•œλ‹€. 정사각 싀행렬을 μ œκ³±ν•œ ν›„ μ μ ˆν•œ μ •κ·œν™”λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” 과정을 단 λͺ‡ μ°¨λ‘€ λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜μ—¬, κ°€μž₯ 지배적인 고유 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜ μ΄μƒμ˜ 고유 μƒνƒœλ“€μ„ 계산할 수 μžˆλ‹€. 이전에 얻은 κ³ μœ μΉ˜λ“€μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 과정을 거쳐, λ‹€λ₯Έ 고유쌍 집합 λ˜ν•œ 얻을 수 μžˆλ‹€. Chapter 3 μ—μ„œλŠ” κ·€λ₯˜λ²•μ  λ…Όμ¦μœΌλ‘œ 두 μ†Œμˆ˜ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 관계가 μ‘΄μž¬ν•  수 μžˆμŒμ„ 보인닀. μ œνƒ€ ν•¨μˆ˜μ™€ κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ λΉ„μžλͺ…κ·Όλ“€κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬, λ₯΄μž₯λ“œλ₯΄ 닀항식, κ·Έλ¦° ν•¨μˆ˜ 및 μŠˆλ’°λ”©κ±° 방정식을 닀룬닀. νŠΉμ΄λŒ€ μ•ˆ(μ‹€μˆ˜λΆ€κ°€ 0κ³Ό 1사이인 μ˜μ—­)μ—μ„œμ˜ λ°œμ‚° 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, p-κΈ‰μˆ˜ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 리만 μ œνƒ€ ν•¨μˆ˜κ°€ μ•½κ°„ μˆ˜μ •λœλ‹€
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