50 research outputs found
A Legislative Study on the Liability System of the Carrier in the Multimodal Transport Contract
International transport has a high proportion in international commerce. In international transport, there are land transport, maritime transport and air transport, and multimodal transport combines two or more of these means of transport. Multimodal transport-related disputes can be resolved by international arbitration or international litigation, if international lawsuit is issued, the problem of determining of the international jurisdiction and the applicable law will be arisen.
Although, through international efforts, a unified convention that will regulate international multimodal transport (United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods) has been adopted, it is not yet in effect. Furthermore, since definitions of international multimodal transport in each country have not been unified, and different statutes govern individual transportation transactions in practices, confused situations have increased.
At present, multimodal transport is regulated by general terms and conditions (standard transport bill of lading form or uniform rules presented by dominant private groups such as FIATA, BIMCO, ICC), not by unified statutes.
As Korea didnβt have systematic legislation, there was a preceding necessity to properly establish domestic legislation, which would lead to the systematization of legal issues that involve multimodal transport.
As such, in a situation that required efforts to improve the safety of international multimodal transport and the efficiency of operation of the system and to prepare for legal disputes, new provisions governing the liabilities of multimodal transport operators were revamped in Article 816, Section 5 "Marine Commerce", Commercial Code, Aug. 3. 2007, based on the existing legislative theories.
More specifically, the revised Commercial Code that referred to the 1980 UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods stipulates that multimodal transport operators take liabilities according to the laws which would apply to the transport section in which damages or loss occurred (declaration of network liability system), or take liabilities according to the laws which would apply to the main transport section if the section in which damages or loss occurred is unclear, and they take secondary liabilities according to the laws which would apply to such sections for which freight rates are the highest.
The efforts to regulate the multimodal transport, though domestically, to prevent any confusion were desirable.
However, it is difficult to effectively govern the complicated legal issues of international multimodal transport with the simple one article of Commercial Code. Accordingly, it is necessary to have detailed provisions throughout multimodal transport.
According to the added provisions, only when the main section is determined, applicable principles and coverage of liabilities come out. Moreover, sometimes judgment by the court may be required to determine the main section. Accordingly, rather than giving an answer to a question in a way of leaving room for interpretation, it is required to reconsider the provisions so as to anticipate the coverage of liabilities by setting liability criteria clearly.
Furthermore, as the methodology to determine unclear accident sections, it is suggested to consider properly referring to one of marine related transport conventions or setting limitations of liability of the operators under the Korean Commercial Code.
In terms of the legislative system, it is suggested to consider establishing a chapter that includes land transportation as well as marine transportation in the Section "Commercial Activities". Tentatively, it is possible to establish a separate part in the next of the part "Maritime Transportation", it can be desirable in the long run to consider to enact an independent act that only covers multimodal transport.
In addition, when considering the principles and period of liabilities in multimodal transport and the owner and coverage of liabilities, it is necessary to continuously explore what is the best way to treat interested parties fairly so as to reflect it into legislation.
The revision of the Commercial Code relating to multimodal transport is under operation, so if the applicable law is determined by the laws of the Republic of Korea, the substantive content can be differently determined. In this point, the choice of the network liability system is important in conjunction with the contents of the applicable law. It is urgent to pass the multimodal transport related bill, so that, if the applicable law to the multimodal transport is specified by the Republic of Korea, the law can fulfill the international standard of multimodal transport.
So, this paper dealt with the law applicable to the multimodal transport that is now discussing the amendments in the Korean Commercial Code. And it discussed the liability system of the carrier in the multimodal transport contract, and proposed the revision of Korean Commercial Code of multimodal transport clause.λͺ© μ°¨
ABSTRACT
μ 1μ₯ μλ‘ 1
μ 1μ μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ 1
μ 2μ μ°κ΅¬μ λ²μ λ° λ°©λ² 4
μ 2μ₯ 볡ν©μ΄μ‘κ³μ½λ²μ κ°κ΄ 6
μ 1μ 볡ν©μ΄μ‘μ κ°λ
κ³Ό μ΄μ‘μΈμ±
μμ λ 6
β
. 볡ν©μ΄μ‘μ κ°λ
6
β
‘. 볡ν©μ΄μ‘κ³μ½μ μ΄μ‘μΈμ±
μμ λ 15
1. μ΄μ’
μ±
μμ λ 15
2. λ¨μΌμ±
μμ λ 17
3. λ³νλ μ±
μμ λ 17
4. λΆμ λ° κ²ν 18
μ 2μ 볡ν©μ΄μ‘κ³μ½μ μ΄μ‘μΈμ±
μμ λμ κ΄ν μ°ν 19
β
. μμΈ 19
β
‘. UNκ΅μ 물건볡ν©μ΄μ‘νμ½ 20
1. μ¬λ²ν΅μΌκ΅μ νν(UNIDROIT)μ νμ½μ 20
2. κ΅μ ν΄λ²ν(CMI)μ νμ½μ 21
3. κ΅μ ν΄λ²ν(CMI)μ λμΏκ·μΉ(Tokyo Rules) 21
4. κ΅μ 물건볡ν©μ΄μ‘νμ½μ(TCM) 22
5. UNκ΅μ 물건볡ν©μ΄μ‘νμ½μ μ±ν 23
β
’. λ‘ν
λ₯΄λ΄κ·μΉ 25
μ 3μ μμ¬λ¨μ²΄μ μν κ΅μ μ μμ¨κ·μΉ 27
β
. μμΈ 27
β
‘. 1975λ
ICC 볡ν©μ΄μ‘ν΅μΌκ·μΉ 27
β
’. 1992λ
UNCTAD/ICC 볡ν©μ΄μ‘μ¦κΆκ·μΉ 28
μ 3μ₯ μ΄μ‘μΈμ μ±
μλ²μ μ κ΄ν λΉκ΅ 30
μ 1μ μμΈ 30
μ 2μ μ±
μμμΉκ³Ό κ΄λ ¨λ λ²μ 32
β
. ν΄μμ΄μ‘κ³μ½λ² 33
1. κ΅μ νμ½ 33
2. κ΅λ΄λ² 40
β
‘. μ‘μμ΄μ‘κ³μ½λ² 42
1. κ΅μ νμ½ 42
2. κ΅λ΄λ² 43
β
’. ν곡μ΄μ‘κ³μ½λ² 45
1. κ΅μ νμ½ 45
2. κ΅λ΄λ² 49
β
£. UNκ΅μ 물건볡ν©μ΄μ‘νμ½ 51
β
€. μμ¬λ¨μ²΄μ μν κ΅μ μ μμ¨κ·μΉ 52
μ 3μ μ±
μλ²μμ κ΄λ ¨λ λ²μ 53
β
. ν΄μμ΄μ‘κ³μ½λ² 53
1. κ΅μ νμ½ 53
2. κ΅λ΄λ² 56
β
‘. μ‘μμ΄μ‘κ³μ½λ² 57
1. κ΅μ νμ½ 57
2. κ΅λ΄λ² 58
β
’. ν곡μ΄μ‘κ³μ½λ² 59
1. κ΅μ νμ½ 59
2. κ΅λ΄λ² 60
β
£. UNκ΅μ 물건볡ν©μ΄μ‘νμ½ 63
1. UNκ΅μ 물건볡ν©μ΄μ‘νμ½μ νΉμ§ 63
2. UNκ΅μ 물건볡ν©μ΄μ‘νμ½μ μ±
μνλμ‘ 63
β
€. μμ¬λ¨μ²΄μ μν κ΅μ μ μμ¨κ·μΉ 64
μ 4μ μ²κ΅¬κΆ ν보μ κ΄λ ¨λ λ²μ 65
β
. ν΄μμ΄μ‘κ³μ½λ² 65
1. κ΅μ νμ½ 65
2. κ΅λ΄λ² 69
β
‘. μ‘μμ΄μ‘κ³μ½λ² 70
1. κ΅μ νμ½ 70
2. κ΅λ΄λ² 70
β
’. ν곡μ΄μ‘κ³μ½λ² 71
1. κ΅μ νμ½ 71
2. κ΅λ΄λ² 72
β
£. UNκ΅μ 물건볡ν©μ΄μ‘νμ½ 73
β
€. μμ¬λ¨μ²΄μ μν κ΅μ μ μμ¨κ·μΉ 74
μ 5μ μκ²° 75
μ 4μ₯ ννλ²μ 볡ν©μ΄μ‘μΈμ μ±
μ λ° μ€κ±°λ² κ²°μ 77
μ 1μ μμΈ 77
μ 2μ νν μλ²μ κ·μ λ° κ·Έ λ¬Έμ μ 78
β
. μλ²κ·μ λ° κ·Έ λ΄μ© 78
1. μλ²μ κ·μ 78
2. μλ²μ λ΄μ© 79
β
‘. μλ²κ·μ μ λ¬Έμ μ 80
1. μ
λ²μ λ°°κ²½ 80
2. μ μ©λ²μ 81
3. μ
λ²μ²΄κ³ 82
4. μ±
μμ²΄κ³ 84
5. μ±
μλ²μμ λν λͺ
νν κΈ°μ€ μ€μ μ νμ 84
6. κ°νκ·μ μ± 86
μ 3μ 볡ν©μ΄μ‘κ³μ½μ μ€κ±°λ² 87
β
. μμ 87
β
‘. 볡ν©μ΄μ‘κ³μ½μ μ€κ±°λ² 91
1. λΉμ¬μκ° μ€κ±°λ²μ½μ μ΄ μλ κ²½μ° 92
2. λΉμ¬μκ° μ€κ±°λ²μ½μ μ΄ μλ κ²½μ° 92
3. 볡ν©μ΄μ‘κ³μ½μμ λ¨κΈ°μ μκΈ°κ°μ ν¨λ ₯ 96
β
’. μ§μμ½κ΄μ ν¨λ ₯ 105
1. μ§μμ½κ΄μ μμ 105
2. μ νμ¦κΆμ μ½μ
λ μ§μμ½κ΄μ λ²μ μ±μ§κ³Ό ν¨λ ₯ 108
3. μ©μ κ³μ½μμ μ§μμ½κ΄μ λ²μ μ±μ§κ³Ό ν¨λ ₯ 109
4. λλ²μ νκ²° 110
μ 4μ μκ²° 113
μ 5μ₯ 볡ν©μ΄μ‘κ³μ½μ κ΄ν μ
λ²λ‘ 115
μ 1μ μμΈ 115
μ 2μ μ
λ²μ νμμ± 116
μ 3μ μ
λ²λ°©ν₯κ³Ό μ
λ²μ²΄κ³ 119
β
. μ
λ²λ°©ν₯ 119
β
‘. μ
λ²μ²΄κ³ 120
μ 4μ μ μκ·μ 122
μ 5μ 볡ν©μ΄μ‘μΈμ μ±
μμ λ 124
β
. μ±
μμμΉ 124
1. νμΈλ μν΄μΈ κ²½μ° 126
2. μ¨κ²¨μ§ μν΄μΈ κ²½μ° 129
β
‘. 볡ν©μ΄μ‘μΈμ μ±
μνλ 132
1. μ±
μμ νλ 133
2. μ±
μμ νκΆμ μμ€ 136
3. μν΄λ°°μμ΄μ‘μ λν μ±
μνλ 138
β
’. λΉκ³μ½μ μ²κ΅¬μ λν μ μ© 138
β
£. μ±
μκ²½κ°μ κΈμ§ 143
μ 6μ μ²κ΅¬κΆμ ν보방μ 144
β
. μ΄μ‘λ¬Όμ μΌλΆ λ©Έμ€β€νΌμμ κ΄ν ν΅μ§ 144
β
‘. μ΄μ‘μΈμ μ±κΆβ€μ±λ¬΄μ μλ©Έ 146
1. κ·μ μ νμμ± 147
2. 볡ν©μ΄μ‘μ¦κΆμμ κ·μ 148
μ 7μ μ€κ±°λ² λ¬Έμ 150
β
. μμΈ 150
β
‘. κ΅μ μ¬λ²μ κ·μ 150
β
’. μ€κ±°λ² κ²°μ κ³Όμ κ³Ό μ±
μ체κ³μ κ²ν 152
μ 6μ₯ κ²°λ‘ 153
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 16
A study of developing a User Centered design methodology with application of the Yin-Yang and Five Elements Theory - Centered on the modernize the Feng Shui for residential sites -
μ§μ νλ ¨μ²΄μ μ λ¬Έμ μ κ³Ό κ°μ λ°©μ(The evaluation and recommendation on vocational training system)
Service Design Strategies of Naturalism Cosmetic Brands through Brand Touchpoint Wheel Method - Mainly with Analysis on Brand Color -
[νΉμ§] λλΆμ κ²½μ μ€μ¬μΆμ§μ μν λ Έλμμ₯ κ°νκ³Όμ
1. λλΆμκ²½μ μ€μ¬
2. λ
Έλμμ₯μ μ μ°μ± μ κ³
3. λ²μΉμ£Όμ λ
Έμ¬λ¬Έν ν
μ리 물리νμμμ μΈ μ£Όμ : (1) μ€μΌ μ μλ νλ ¬ κ³ μ μΉ λ¬Έμ μ μΆκ° μ€μ, (2) κ±°μ κ²ΉμΉ μνλ€μ λΆν΄νλ κ³ μ κ·Έλν λ°©λ², κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ (3) λ¦¬λ§ κ°μ€μμμ μμμ κ·Ό
DoctorIn this thesis, we discuss the following three topics: (1) "Further Reduction" of Irreducible Matrix by Using Graph Automorphism Group, and Exact Eigensolver: Theory, Algorithm, and Application to Spin-1/2 Heisenberg Lattice, (2) Eigengraph Method for Nearly Degenerate Eigenstate Computation, and (3) Relation Between Primes and Nontrivial Zeros in the Riemann Hypothesis; Legendre Polynomials, Modified Zeta Function and Schroedinger Equation. In Chapter 1, we introduce a compressed representation of an irreducible matrix based on nontrivial graph automorphism group. Using this representation, we are able to deal with matrix eigenproblems more efficiently. As a practical application, we utilize the compressed representations of irreducible Hamiltonians of the Heisenberg spin-1/2 square lattice to calculate energies. The computational time and resources are saved in proportion to the order of the group representing the lattice. Not merely is the computation of a new basis and new matrix elements not required, data sparsity is well retained since nonzero matrix elements are not additionally generated in the process of obtaining the low-dimensional representation. In Chapter 2, eigengraph method is introduced in order to compute nearly degenerate eigenstates where their eigenvalue differences are extremely small. By consecutively taking a square of a real matrix with a proper normalization, one or more eigenstates including the most dominant one can be calculated within a handful of iterations. Similarly, a different set of eigenpairs can also be calculated using previously obtained eigenvalues. In Chapter 3, we show that there exists a relation between prime numbers through reduction to the absurd. In relation to the Riemann zeta function and its nontrivial zeros, we deal with the Legendre Polynomials, Green's function, and Schroedinger equation. The Riemann zeta function (in the p-series form) is slightly modified to resolve the divergence problem in the critical strip (having the real part between zero and one).λ³Έ λ°μ¬ νμ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ λ€μ μΈ μ£Όμ λ€μ λ
Όνλ€: (1) κ·Έλν μκΈ°λνκ΅°μ μ΄μ©ν νλ ¬μ "μΆκ° μ€μ"κ³Ό μ νν κ³ μ μΉ νμ΄ μ°κ΅¬: μ΄λ‘ , μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ€ν-1/2 νμ΄μ λ² λ₯΄κ·Έ 격μ λ¬Έμ μμ©, (2) κ±°μ κ²ΉμΉ μν μλμ§ κ³μ°μ μν κ³ μ κ·Έλν λ°©λ², κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ (3) λ¦¬λ§ κ°μ€ μμμμ μμμ λΉμλͺ
κ·Ό μ¬μ΄μ κ΄κ³; λ₯΄μ₯λλ₯΄ λ€νμ, μμ λ μ ν ν¨μ κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μλ’°λ©κ±° λ°©μ μ. Chapter 1 μμ μ€μΌ μ μλ νλ ¬μ λμμ κ·Έλν μ΄λ‘ μμμ λΉμλͺ
ν κ·Έλν μκΈ°λνκ΅°μ νμ©μΌλ‘ μμΆ ννμ΄ κ°λ₯ν¨μ 보μΈλ€. μ΄λ νλ ¬ κ³ μ μΉ λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό λ³΄λ€ ν¨μ¨μ μΌλ‘ ν μ μλλ‘ νλ€. νμ΄μ λ² λ₯΄κ·Έ μ€ν 1/2 μ μ¬κ° 격μ λ¬Έμ μμλ μ€μΌ μ μλ ν€λ°ν λμμ μμΆ ννμ μ»μ΄λ΄λ κ²μ΄ κ°λ₯νκ³ , μμΆ ννμ νμ©νλ©΄ 격μλ₯Ό νννλ λμΉκ΅°μ μμμ λΉλ‘νμ¬ μλμ§λ₯Ό μ»κΈ° μν κ³μ° μκ°κ³Ό μμμ΄ μ μ½ λ¨μ 보μΈλ€. μλ‘μ΄ κΈ°μ λ° νλ ¬ μμλ€μ μ¬κ³μ°μ΄ μꡬλμ§ μμ λΏλ§ μλλΌ, μ μ°¨μ ννμ μ»λ κ³Όμ μμ 0μ΄ μλ νλ ¬ μμλ€μ μΆκ°μ μΌλ‘ λ§λ€μ§ μμ λ°μ΄ν° ν¬μμ±μ΄ μ 보쑴λλ€. Chapter 2 μμλ μ°μλ κ³ μ μΉλ€μ μ°¨κ° μμ£Ό μμ κ±°μ κ²ΉμΉ μν κ³μ°μ μν κ³ μ κ·Έλν κ³μ°λ²μ μκ°νλ€. μ μ¬κ° μ€νλ ¬μ μ κ³±ν ν μ μ ν μ κ·νλ₯Ό νλ κ³Όμ μ λ¨ λͺ μ°¨λ‘ λ°λ³΅νμ¬, κ°μ₯ μ§λ°°μ μΈ κ³ μ μνλ₯Ό ν¬ν¨νλ νλ μ΄μμ κ³ μ μνλ€μ κ³μ°ν μ μλ€. μ΄μ μ μ»μ κ³ μ μΉλ€μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ μ μ¬ν κ³Όμ μ κ±°μ³, λ€λ₯Έ κ³ μ μ μ§ν© λν μ»μ μ μλ€. Chapter 3 μμλ κ·λ₯λ²μ λ
Όμ¦μΌλ‘ λ μμ μ¬μ΄μ κ΄κ³κ° μ‘΄μ¬ν μ μμμ 보μΈλ€. μ ν ν¨μμ κ·Έκ²μ λΉμλͺ
κ·Όλ€κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨νμ¬, λ₯΄μ₯λλ₯΄ λ€νμ, κ·Έλ¦° ν¨μ λ° μλ’°λ©κ±° λ°©μ μμ λ€λ£¬λ€. νΉμ΄λ μ(μ€μλΆκ° 0κ³Ό 1μ¬μ΄μΈ μμ)μμμ λ°μ° λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό ν΄κ²°νκΈ° μν΄, p-κΈμ ννμ λ¦¬λ§ μ ν ν¨μκ° μ½κ° μμ λλ€