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    ๋‘๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ ์ข…์–‘ ๊ฐœ์—์„œ ํƒ„์„ฑ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฆผํ”„์กฐ์˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ตœ๋ฏผ์ฒ .Determining lymph node metastasis in tumor patients is important in assessing the staging and therapeutic plan. Multiple imaging techniques have been used to evaluate lymph nodes of cancer patient. However, there are overlapping results between benign and malignant lymph nodes as well as cumbersome techniques. Therefore, noninvasive, simple, and accurate imaging techniques are required for pre-surgical assessment of patients with head and neck cancers. Recently, lymphosonography and ultrasound elastography have been utilized to evaluate lymph nodes. Lymphosonography aids cytology/biopsy procedures or lymph node status through visualization of the lymphatic system. Strain elastography also provides diagnostic information, as metastatic nodes have greater stiffness than normal lymph nodes. However, the clinical usefulness of sonoelastography and lymphosonography has not yet been demonstrated in dogs. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the normal reference ranges of mandibular lymph nodes on strain elastography for qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis (Chapter I), and to evaluate lymph nodes after injection of perflubutane microbubbles for lymphosonography (Chapter II) in clinically healthy dogs, and to evaluate the clinical applications of both methods on patient with head/neck cancer (Chapter III). In Chapter I, 45 clinically healthy dogs were enrolled. Ultrasonographic elastographic images were evaluated qualitatively (elastographic pattern) and semi-quantitatively (mean hue histogram and stiffness area ratios). Elastographic patterns were classified into grades 1 to 4, according to the percentage of high elasticity by visualization. The mean hue histogram was defined as the mean pixel color values within the lymph node. Stiffness area ratios were determined by the stiff area, and the two criteria were evaluated using a computer program (Image Jยฎ). Clinically healthy mandibular lymph nodes exhibited predominantly red and green colors. Upon elastographic pattern evaluation, all lymph nodes were graded 1 or 2 (1.23 ยฑ 0.42, mean ยฑ SD). The mean hue histogram values were 80.96 ยฑ 8.29. The stiffness area ratios were 0.03 ยฑ 0.02. The mean hue histogram, stiffness area ratio and elastographic pattern exhibited no correlation with age and showed moderate to excellent repeatability and reproducibility. In Chapter II, 11 clinically healthy dogs were enrolled. The lymphosonographic images were evaluated quantitatively (the visualization of lymphatic vessels/lymph nodes (LN), contrast transit time and contrast enhancement intensity using Image Jยฎ) and qualitatively (enhancement pattern). On lymphosonography, the afferent lymphatic vessels (8/11) were hyperechoic linear structures leading from the injection site. The measured median (range) was 1.2 (0.7-1.8) mm, and these vessels could be readily traced to their mandibular LN (11/11). Normal lymphatic vessels were visualized within five mins post-injection, while the mandibular LN were identified after simultaneous enhancement with lymphatic vessels that lasted 10 mins post-injection. The median values of contrast enhancement intensity were 64.53 (range: 24.81-128.43). Capsular or completely filled enhancement was observed in clinically healthy LNs. Lymphosonography can be used to detect lymphatic drainage pathways. In Chapter III, the above two methods were applied to patients with head/ neck cancer. Twenty-one lymph nodes (non-metastatic LN; n=8, metastatic LN; n=13) and eleven dogs (non-metastatic dogs; n=5, metastatic dogs; n=6) were enrolled for strain elastography and lymphosonography, respectively. On strain elastography, clinically healthy (45/45) and non-metastatic(1/8) LN showed a homogeneous green color (soft), but metastatic LNs (12/13) tended to have a heterogenous blue color (stiffer). There were significant differences in the qualitative and quantitative strain elastographic criteria between the metastatic nodes and clinically healthy or non-metastatic nodes (p<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses revealed that cutoff values for the prediction of malignancy were 92.26 for the mean hue histogram (sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 92%), and 0.17 for stiffness area ratios (sensitivity: 86%, specificity of 100%). For lymphosonography, clinically healthy (11/11) and non-metastatic LN (4/5) showed a homogenous enhancement pattern with centripetal filling, whereas all metastatic LNs (6/6) showed a focal or complete filling defect. There was a significant difference in the qualitative and quantitative criteria for lymphosonographic contrast enhancement pattern (p<0.05). In addition, these two combined evaluations showed the highest AUC of 0.999 (95% CI, 0.999-1.000) compared to strain elastography or lymphosonography alone. Higher tissue stiffness and filling defects of metastatic lymph nodes might be associated with altered tissue composition and structure. For metastatic lymph nodes, the cortex was damaged and thickened with proliferation as well as cornification of cancer cells. These alterations may produce keratin/fibrin or destroy the small lymphatic vessels. In conclusion, qualitative and semi-quantitative evaluations of strain elastography have the potential to predicting lymph node malignancy, and filling defects in lymphosonography highly indicates malignancy. However, when using strain elastography or lymphosonography alone, there were false positive or false negative findings. Therefore, the combination of lymphosonography and strain elastography could be more useful for predicting malignancy of lymph nodes.์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์ „์ด ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•…์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ/์กฐ์ง ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ „ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํƒ„์„ฑ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ์กฐ์˜์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฆผํ”„๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ์˜์ƒํ™” ํ•˜๊ณ , ํƒ„์„ฑ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง์„ ์˜์ƒํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์ˆ˜์˜์—์„œ ์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์—์„œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์ •์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ„์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ (์ œ 1์žฅ) ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฆผํ”„ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ (์ œ 2์žฅ)์˜ ์ •์ƒ ์˜์ƒ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ ์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค (์ œ 3์žฅ). ์ œ 1์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด 45๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์—์„œ, ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ„์„ฑ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํƒ„์„ฑ์˜์ƒ ํŒจํ„ด (๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ๋‚ด ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ 1์—์„œ 4์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ํ‰๊ฐ€)์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ‰๊ท  ํœด ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐ’ (mean hue histogram value: ์ „์ฒด ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ๋‚ด ํ‰๊ท  pixel ๊ฐ’)๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ๋„ ๋ฉด์  ๋ฒ”์œ„์œจ (stiffness area ratio)์„ Image J ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์€ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ„์„ฑ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ ์ƒ‰์—์„œ ๋…น์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํƒ„์„ฑ ํŒจํ„ด์€ 1์  ํ˜น์€ 2์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ (1.23 ยฑ 0.42, ํ‰๊ท  ยฑ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ) ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท  ํœด ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๊ทธ๋žจ (80.96 ยฑ 8.29), ๊ฐ•์„ฑ๋„ ๋ฉด์  ๋ฒ”์œ„์œจ (0.03 ยฑ 0.02) ๋ฐ ํƒ„์„ฑ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž ๊ฐ„/ ๊ด€์ธก์ž ๋‚ด ์ผ์น˜๋„๋Š” ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„ ์ด์ƒ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด 11๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์—์„œ, ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฆผํ”„ ์กฐ์˜ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์กฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ํŒจํ„ด (์ „์ฒด ์กฐ์˜, ๊ป์งˆ ์กฐ์˜, ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ถฉ์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์†, ์™„์ „ ์ถฉ์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์†)์„, ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ/๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€์˜ ์˜์ƒํ™” ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์˜์ œ ์ดํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ (์กฐ์˜์ œ ์ฃผ์ž… ํ›„ ๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€/๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์ด ์˜์ƒํ™” ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„), ์กฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ์ •๋„ (Image J)๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ ๋ง‰ ๋‚ด๋กœ ์กฐ์˜์ œ (Sonazoidยฎ) 1ml ์ฃผ์ž… ํ›„ ์ •์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ž… ๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€์€ ์กฐ์˜์ œ ์ฃผ์ž… ํ›„ 5๋ถ„, ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์€ ์ˆ˜์ž… ๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์˜์ƒํ™” ๋˜์–ด 10๋ถ„์งธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ž… ๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€์€ ๊ณ ์—์ฝ”์˜ ๊ด€์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ (์ง๊ฒฝ: 1.2 mm) ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋™ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๊ฐ’ ์กฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ์ •๋„๋Š” 64.53 (๋ฒ”์œ„: 24.81-128.43)์œผ๋กœ ๊ป์งˆ์„ฑ ํ˜น์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์กฐ์˜์ฆ๊ฐ•์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฆผํ”„ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฆผํ”„ ์ˆœํ™˜ (์ˆ˜์ž… ๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€, ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ)์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์˜์ƒํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ ์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ„์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ (21๊ฐœ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ, ๋น„ ์ „์ด=8๊ฐœ, ์ „์ด=13๊ฐœ)๊ณผ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฆผํ”„ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ (11๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ๋น„ ์ „์ด=5๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ์ „์ด=6๋งˆ๋ฆฌ)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด (์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ„์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ: 45๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฆผํ”„ ์กฐ์˜: 11๋งˆ๋ฆฌ)์™€ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ„์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด (45/45)์™€ ๋น„ ์ „์ด์„ฑ (1/8) ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์€ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ „์ด์„ฑ (12/13) ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์€ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฒญ์ƒ‰ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์€ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์™€ ๋น„ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ์•…์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’์€ ํ‰๊ท  ํœด ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ 92.26 (๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„: 100%, ํŠน์ด๋„ 92%), ๊ฐ•์„ฑ๋„ ๋ฉด์  ๋ฒ”์œ„์œจ์€ 0.17 (๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„: 85%, ํŠน์ด๋„ 100%)๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฆผํ”„ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด (11/11)์™€ ๋น„ ์ „์ด์„ฑ (4/5) ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์€ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ•์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ „์ด์„ฑ ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์ธ (3/6) ํ˜น์€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ (3/6) ์กฐ์˜์ œ ์ถฉ์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์†์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์€ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์™€ ๋น„ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ํ•˜์•… ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ณก์„  ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ฉด์  ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์ „์ด ์‹œ ๋ฆผํ”„๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ณ€ํ™” (๋ฆผํ”„๊ณ„ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์‹ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์‹ค์งˆ ๋‚ด ์ผ€๋ผํ‹ด, ์„ฌ์œ ์†Œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€) ๋ฐ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ํ”ผ์งˆ ๋‚ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ์กฐ์ง ์นจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํƒ„์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ (๊ฐ•์„ฑ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€) ๋ฐ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์ถฉ์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ„์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•…์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ„์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํ›„ ์กฐ์˜์ œ ์ถฉ์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์†์€ ์ „์ด์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ„์„ฑ ํ˜น์€ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์กฐ์˜ ๋‹จ๋… ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์‹œ ์œ„ ์–‘์„ฑ ํ˜น์€ ์œ„ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ถ”์ฒœ๋œ๋‹ค.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I Qualitative and Semi-quantitative Strain Elastography of Mandibular Lymph Node in Clinically Healthy Dogs 4 INTRODUCTION 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 8 RESULTS 18 DISCUSSION 23 CONCLUSION 26 CHAPTER II Feasibility of Lymphosonography for Evaluating Mandibular Lymph Nodes in Clinically Healthy Dogs 27 INTRODUCTION 27 MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 RESULTS 36 DISCUSSION 44 CONCLUSION 48 CHAPTER III Evaluating Mandibular Lymph Nodes in Normal and Those with Head/Neck Cancer Dogs Using Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Sonography Combined with Strain Elastography 49 INTRODUCTION 49 MATERIALS AND METHODS 51 RESULTS 69 DISCUSSION 81 CONCLUSION 85 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 86 REFERENCES 88 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 102Docto

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    Manyลgana and Sino-Korean /wษ™i/ in Wei Rhyme

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