67 research outputs found

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ํ’‹๋งˆ๋ฆ„๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๊ฐ์ž์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ Ralstonia solanacearum์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ํ•ด๋… ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ํ™ฉ์ธ๊ทœ.Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of bacterial wilt, is one of the most destructive phytopathogen in the world. Soil-borne this bacterium invades plants mainly through the roots, colonizes and proliferates in the xylem, as the results plants wilt by blocking water. R. solanacearum has unusual broad host range over 450 plant species of 50 botanical families. This bacterium distributed worldwide encompassing tropical, subtropical, and temperate region. With these features, this species are very diverse and complex and call as pathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC). This study used 93 RSSC isolates collected from potato bacterial wilt (or brown rot) from 1998 to 2003 in Korea. To investigate the host specific factors by comparative genomic analyses, first, their properties were determined by analyzing of phylotype, biovar, and host range. Of the 93 isolates, 71 isolates determined to phylotype I and these divided into eight isolates of biovar 3 and sixty-three isolates of biovar 4. Twenty-two isolates determined to phylotype IV and these were all biovar 2. This phylotype-biovar classification was consistent with phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA and egl gene sequences, in which all biovar 3 and 4 isolates clustered to phylotype I, and all biovar 2 isolates clustered to phylotype IV. Korean phylotype IV isolates were distinct from phylotype I isolates pathologically as well as genetically, which was all phylotype IV isolates were nonpathogenic to peppers. In pathogenicity assays for host range determining, there were four pathotypes: (P) only pathogenic on potato, (PT) pathogenic on potato and tomato, (PTE) pathogenic on potato, tomato, and eggplant, and (PTEPe) pathogenic on all tested crops โ€“ potato, tomato, eggplant, and pepper. Based on this host range, twenty-five strains were selected and sequenced whole genome. The newly sequenced 25 Korean genomes were structurally compared with previously published nine genome data using ANI values, pair-wise and multiple genome alignment. As the results, genome sequences were usually conserved among the same phylotypes, but more divergent between phylotype I and IV. After that, to investigate candidate genes responsible for host specificity, functional genome comparisons were performed based on the host range by analyzing of pan-genome and type III secretion system effectors (T3Es). The same pathotype strains exhibited considerable gene repertoires for infection of tomato, eggplant, or pepper. In pan-genome analysis, total 127 genes present only in tomato nonpathogenic strains, 8 genes in tomato pathogenic strains, 5 genes from eggplant nonpathogenic strains, 7 genes from eggplant pathogenic strains, one gene from pepper nonpathogenic strains, and 34 genes from pepper pathogenic strains. In T3Es analysis, RipH3 and RipS3 were found only in the tomato pathogenic strains and RipAC were only in the eggplant pathogenic strains. This study showed that the host range of R. solanacearum required comprehensive actions of various virulence factors involving effectors, secretion systems, attachment, and enzymes, etc.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE CITED 9 CHAPTER I. ANALYSIS OF GENETIC AND PATHOGENIC DIVERSITY OF RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM CAUSING POTATO BACTERIAL WILT IN KOREA ABSTRACT 20 INTRODUCTION 22 MATERIALS AND METHODS 25 1. Collection of isolates and culture conditions 25 2. Isolation of genomic DNA 25 3. Phylotype identification 26 4. Biovar determination 27 5. Detection of rsa1 gene 28 6. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and partial endoglucanase (egl) gene sequences 28 7. Host range determination 30 RESULTS 32 1. Determination of biovar, phylotype, and rsa1 gene 32 2. Geographical distribution 38 3. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and partial endoglucanase (egl) gene sequences 40 4. Host range determination 44 DISCUSSION 48 LITERATURE CITED 53 CHAPTER II. COMPARATIVE GENOME ANALYSIS OF RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM CAUSING POTATO BACTERIAL WILT IN KOREA ABSTRACT 60 INTRODUCTION 62 MATERIALS AND METHODS 66 1. Strain selection 66 2. Genome sequencing 69 3. Structural genome comparisons 70 4. COG distribution and Pan-genome Orthologous analysis (POG) 70 5. Effectors prediction 71 6. Genome submission 71 RESULTS 72 1. General genome features 72 2. Structural Genome comparisons: OrthoANI analysis, Pair-wise and Multiple genome alignments 76 3. Clusters of Orthologous Group (COG) distribution 92 4. Functional genome comparison: phylotype-biovar 97 5. Functional genome comparison: host specificity 99 6. Functional genome comparison: T3SS effector 118 DISCUSSION 129 LITERATURE CITED 135 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 141Docto

    Delirium in the Final Weeks of Terminally Ill Cancer Patients

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    Background: in terminally ill cancer patients, delirium must be considered to be important clinically and for the quality of life. We reviewed cases of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients with the aim to recognize and treat delirium. Methods: We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of patients admitted with terminal cancer from April 2003 to April 2004 in the department of family medicine, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital. A total of 71 patients were evaluated with age, sex, oncological diagnosis, metastases, morphine (oral morphine equivalents/day, OME) use and amount, sedatives use, duration from delirium to death, and laboratory fi ndings. Analysis was conducted to fi nd the characteristics of delirium patients and to quantify the relationship between delirium and predicting factors. Results: Among 71 cases, those patients who developed delirium were 41 (57.7%). Among them, gastric cancer was the most common diagnosis with 10 patients (24.4%), followed by colon and lung cancers (9: 22%, 5: 12.2%). the patients receiving sedatives or morphines were 24 (58.5%) and 28 (68.3%), respectively. the mean amount of morphine was 168.6 ยฑ 125.5 mg OME/day. Hyperbilirubinemia (4.2 ยฑ 9.2 mg/dL) and hyponatremia (132.5 ยฑ 4.5 mM/L) were found. Not only bone metastasis and the use of morphine or sedatives but serum Na were signifi cant (P = 0.047; P < 0.001; P = 0.069; P = 0.029). By logistic regression analyses, the occurrence of delirium was increased with decreased serum Na (odds ratio [95% CI] 0.798 [0.649-0.981]) and increased use of sedatives (5.955 [1.080-32.835]). Conclusion: in terminally ill cancer patients, the risk factors of delirium were bone metastasis, the use of morphine or sedatives, and serum Na level. Among these, the use of sedatives and serum Na level were independent risk factors.ope

    The study on the unfolding aspect of Korean language education research

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    The purpose of this paper is to investigate the unfolding aspect of Korean language education research from Modem Enlightenment to 2000's by means of examining the learned journal.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2002๋…„๋„ ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ(๊ณผ์ œ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ: KRF-2002-073-AM1046)

    (The) knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors regarding Hepatitis B in college students

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค(Hepatitis B virus: HBV)๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์›์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์•ฝ 5~8%๊ฐ€ HBV ๋ณด์œ ์ž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” 19์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์œผ๋กœ HBsAg ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ™œ๋™์ธ๋ ฅ์ธ 20-30๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์—ผ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ €์ž๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข… ๋“ฑ์˜ HBV์˜ ์ „์—ผ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—์„œ HBsAg ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹, ํƒœ๋„, ํ–‰๋™์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.2006๋…„ 12์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2007๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ผํ„ฐ์— ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ž…์‹ ์„ค๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ HBsAg ๋ฐ Anti-HBs ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฅ ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 36.6%, 28.7%์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, HBV ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์€ ํ•ญ์› ์–‘์„ฑ๊ตฐ์—์„œ 27๋ช…(60%)๋กœ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์—ผ์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 23๋ช…(85.2%)๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…๋ ฅ์€ 69๋ช…(56.1%)์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 16๋ช…(17.8%)๋งŒ์ด 3ํšŒ ์ด์ƒ ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HBsAg ๋ณด์œ  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€์‹ ๋ฐ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–‘์„ฑ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ”ผ์–ด์‹ฑ, 1๋…„๊ฐ„ 1๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ์  ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ, HBsAg ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๋ณด์œ ์ž์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒํ™œ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ผ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ, ํ•œ์˜์›์—์„œ ์นจ์„ ๋งž๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.HBV์˜ ์ „์—ผ ๋ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ HBsAg ๋ณด์œ  ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐฉ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Hepatitis B virus (HBV: Hepatitis B virus) is the most common reason causing chronic liver disease in Korea. HBV carriers are known as about 5-8% from the Korean nation. The prevalence of Hepatitis B have been decreased in adolescent period less than 19 year-old, but it is still high in young adults by their 20s to early 30s, who begin to participate in the society actively.This study is the research for the differences of the knowledge, beliefs and behaviors regarding Hepatitis B in college students between HBV group and non-HBV group. The aim of this study is help for developing the strategies for prevention of Hepatitis B infection and transmission.The self-questionnaires and serologic test for HBV markers were done in 123 students. The questionnaires included geographic data and family history of HBV as well as the following topics:(a) knowledge about vaccines and hepatitis B;(b) attitude about hepatitis B; (c) nine hepatitis B high-risk behaviors.The positive rates of HBsAg and Anti-HBV were 36.6% and 28.8%. The incidence of family history was higher in HBV group (n=27, 60%), mother was the most common (n=23, 85.2%). The persons who were vaccinated against HBV were 23 students (56.1%), but only 16 students (17.8%) were completed with 3rd vaccination. There were a few significant differences in knowledge and attitudes between groups. The high-risk behaviors like piercing, multiple sex partners, living with HBV carriers, exposure to blood during working, acupunctures were higher in HBV group than non-HBV group.Educations for college students who begin to participate in society are one of the most important things for the prevention of Hepatitis B infection and transmission.ope

    Alterations in brain function induced by dextromethorphan at adolescence in rats

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Dextromethorphan (DM) ์€ 1950๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„์˜์กด์„ฑ ์ง„ํ•ด์ œ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ธต ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ DM์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋กœ ์˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์ธ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ธต์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚จ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. DM์€ ํฅ๋ถ„์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์ค‘ NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋น„๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์  ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. NMDA ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ•ด๋งˆ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋„๋˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ €ํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์˜๊ตฌ์  ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ DM์˜ ๋‚จ์šฉ(๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ํˆฌ์—ฌ)์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์žฅ์• ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. Glucocorticoid์™€ estrogen์€ ํ•ด๋งˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” DM ๋‚จ์šฉ์ด ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ ๋‡Œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์œ ํ•ดํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ glucocorticoid ๋ฐ ๋‚œ์†Œํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. DM์˜ ์œ ํ•ดํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ glucocorticoid์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒํ›„ 4์ฃผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ปท ๋žซํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ 10์ผ๊ฐ„ DM์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ํ›„, ์ด์–ด์„œ 3์ฃผ๊ฐ„ corticosterone์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚œ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ถœ๋œ ์•”์ปท ๋žซํŠธ์—์„œ DM์˜ ํ•™์Šต์žฅ์• ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๋งˆ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ estrogen์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์žฅ์•  ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค‘๋ฏธ๋กœํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์ƒ๋ฏธ๋กœํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์˜ ํ•ด๋งˆ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ NMDA ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜์  ์†Œ๋‹จ์œ„์ธ NMDAR1 ๋ฐœํ˜„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™๋ฒ•๊ณผ western blot ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. &#8228; ์ˆ˜์ปท ๋žซํŠธ์˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ dextromethorphan์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ์†์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ glucocorticoid์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 1. ์ƒํ›„ 90์ผ์— ์ˆ˜์ค‘๋ฏธ๋กœํ•™์Šต์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, DM ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ์†์ƒํšจ๊ณผ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, corticosterone ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ์†์ƒํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋ณต๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2. ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ NMDAR1 western blot ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, DM๊ตฐ์—์„œ NMDAR1 ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” corticosterone ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์ƒ๋ฏธ๋กœํ•™์Šต ํ–‰๋™๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 4. ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ ์กฐ์ง๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ์–‘์ƒ์€ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. &#8228; ์•”์ปท ๋žซํŠธ์˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ dextromethorphan์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ์†์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚œ์†Œ์˜ ์—ญํ•  1. ์ƒํ›„ 38์ผ์— ์ˆ˜์ค‘๋ฏธ๋กœํ•™์Šต์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, DM ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ์†์ƒํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚œ์†Œ ์ ์ถœ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” DM์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ์†์ƒํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 2. Estradiol์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋œ ๋‚œ์†Œ ์ ์ถœ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” DM์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ์†์ƒํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ NMDAR1 western blot ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, DM ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ NMDAR1 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ๋‚œ์†Œ์ ์ถœ๊ตฐ์˜ NMDAR1 ๋ฐœํ˜„์–‘์ƒ์—๋Š” DM์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 5. Estradiol์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋œ ๋‚œ์†Œ ์ ์ถœ๊ตฐ์˜ NMDAR1 ๋ฐœํ˜„์–‘์ƒ์—์„œ๋„ DM์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ DM ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์†์ƒ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์žฅ์• ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•ด๋งˆ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ NMDA ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•”์ปท ๋žซํŠธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, DM์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ estrogen ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” NMDA ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ƒ์„ธ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ช…๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Dextromethorphan (DM), a widely used antitussive agent and non-competitive antagonist of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor, has been recently abused among adolescences. We previously observed that repeated administration of DM during adolescent period impairs water maze learning of rats in late age, parallel with a loss in the hippocampal neurons. NMDA receptor antagonism has been reported to impair the performance of spatial learning tasks. Corticosterone modulates the neurons in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, which implicated in spatial learning. The hippocampal function is known to be sexually dimorphic, and we previously reported a sex difference in behavioral and neurochemical effects of DM given at adolescence. Both estrogen and NMDA receptor have been implicated in the neural plasticity of the hippocampus. In this study, we examined the effects of chronic corticosterone on spatial learning and the hippocampal NMDAR1 expression in male rats, and of estrogen in female rats. Male rats received 10 daily injection of DM (40 mg/kg, i.p.) from PND 28 through 37, and three weeks of daily corticosterone (40 mg/kg, s.c.) was followed afterwards. Female rats received ovariectomy or sham operation on PND 21, and daily injection of DM (40 mg/kg, i.p.) was given from PND 28 through 37. A group of ovariectomized females received daily injection of 17 beta-estradiol (1ใŽ in 200 ใŽ• of sesame oil as a vehicle, s.c.) from PND 24 through 37 and of DM from PND 28 through 37. Control rats received vehicle injections at each drug injection. Rats were subjected to the Morris water maze and or radial arm maze tasks 24 h after the last drug injection, and then sacrificed for immunohistochemical and western blot analyses of the brain tissues 24 h after the final session of behavioral tests. Following results were obtained : In the male study, 1. Repetitive high dose DM at adolescence impairment in probe trial of the Morris water maze task, up-regulated the hippocampal expression of NMDAR1 in male rats. 2. Chronic corticosterone followed after the repetitive DM ameliorated DM-induced impairment in the maze learning, reversed the DM-induced increase in the hippocampal NMDAR1 expression. 3. No significant difference was found among the experimental groups in the radial arm maze task. 4. Neither DM nor corticosterone appeared to alter the neuronal density or morphology of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal formation. In the female study, 1. Repetitive high dose DM at adolescence produced impairment in probe trial of the Morris water maze task, up-regulated the hippocampal expression of NMDAR1 in female rats. 2. Either DM-induced impairment in the maze test or up-regulation of the hippocampal NMDAR1 expression was not found in the ovariectomized female rats. 3. The DM-induced impairment in water maze learning, but not NMDAR1 up-regulation, was revived with estrogen replacement in the ovariectomized female rats. These results demonstrate that repetitive high dose DM at adolescence impairs spatial memory and up-regulates the hippocampal expression of NMDAR1 both in male and female rats. It is suggested that the DM-induced impairment in water maze learning may correlate with increased NMDAR1 expression in the hippocampus. Chronic glucocorticoids may ameliorate the DM-induced spatial memory impairment, at least partly, through its potential action in down-regulating NMDAR1 expression in the hippocampus. It appears that estrogen may take a role in the DM-induced memory impairment in female rats. Although the action of ovarian hormones appears to be required for DM-induced up-regulation of the hippocampal NMDAR1 expression, the NMDAR1 up-regulation may not be and essential factor for the DM-induced spatial memory impairment in female rats.ope

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    Teachers' Perception and Actual Conditions of Gender Education through Moral Classes

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œค๋ฆฌ๊ต์œก๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๊น€ํ˜•๋ ฌ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋„๋•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋œ ์  ๋” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์  ๋” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์€ ๋ช…์นญ์ƒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์  ๋” ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œกํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ฒœ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2025๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ํ•™๊ต ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋„๋•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„๋•ยท์œค๋ฆฌ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„๋• ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋„๋•ยท์œค๋ฆฌ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋„๋•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹คํ–‰ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์—๋Š” ๋„๋•๊ณผ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ์ฃผ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ•™์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์‚ฌํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด, ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก ๊ด€๋ จ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ์ด ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋„๋•๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์  ๋” ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์  ๋”์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๋• ๊ต์œก์  ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋„๋• ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.This study discusses practical methods of gender education. Korean society is suffering from the influence of gender conflicts developed online. The gender conflict in Korea is especially unfolding around the youth generation and is also exerting influence on students. Therefore, an educational approach to this is inevitable. However, there is a disadvantage in that gender equality education in Korea, which is composed from a comprehensive perspective, is difficult to practice as a practical educational activity. In addition, school changes scheduled for after 2025 suggest that value delivery should be made through moral classes. Therefore, this study examines the possibility of gender education through moral classes through a survey of moral teachers in Korea. Moral teachers formed a consensus that gender education through moral classes should be strengthened, and they felt a strong responsibility as the execution entity of gender education. However, on the one hand, it is required to prepare various support measures to revitalize gender education through moral classes. In this study, it is argued that the curriculum should be improved, moral education strategies should be considered, and administrative support should be provided.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 12 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 14 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 14 1. ์  ๋”(gender)์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 14 2. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์  ๋” ์ดํ•ด 18 3. ์™œ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์ธ๊ฐ€? 24 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋„๋•๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก 35 1. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์˜ ์š”์ฒญ 35 2. ๋„๋•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 37 3. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋„๋•๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 41 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ต์œก์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 54 1. ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 54 2. ๊ต์‚ฌํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 56 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 62 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋„๊ตฌ 62 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 63 1. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 63 2. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 68 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 69 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„๋• ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹ 69 1. ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 69 2. ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์  ๋” ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 75 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ•™๊ต ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก ์‹คํƒœ 79 1. ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 79 2. ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์‚ฌํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 83 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 87 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋…ผ์˜ 91 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 91 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋„๋• ๊ต์œก์  ํ•จ์˜ 94 1. ๋„๋•๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์—์„œ์˜ ์  ๋” ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 94 2. ์  ๋”์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋„๋• ๊ต์œก์  ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ „๋žต 104 3. ๋„๋• ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์  ๋” ๊ต์œก ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์› 112 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ œ์–ธ 113 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  116 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 118 Abstract 128์„
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