122 research outputs found
FGF13 ์ด ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ์ ์ํ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ ์ธ์๋ฆฐ ์ ํญ์ฑ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ์ : ๋ถ์์ํ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ด์ค์ ์ฝํ๊ณผ, 2015. 8. ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ์.Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are categorized as paracrine, endocrine and intracrine and are involved in development, cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. The secreted FGFs function by interacting with FGF receptors while intracellular non-secreting FGFs interact with voltage gated sodium channels. FGF13 is a member of the intracellular fibroblast growth factor family. FGF13 has various transcript variants by alternatively splicing at 5 end. This study was aimed to investigate the regulation of FGF13 in diet induced obese mice and in fatty acid induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. FGF13 isoform 1 was mainly distributed in brain and adipose tissues while FGF13 isoform 2 was predominantly expressed in heart and muscle. I have demonstrated that both muscle and adipose expression of FGF13 was reduced in 12 week high fat fed mice. 24 hour exposure to palmitate decreased FGF13 isoform 2 in C2C12 muscle cells. I also found that palmitate decreased FGF13 through TLR4 pathway. Moreover, when FGF13 was knockdown, immediate early genes of downstream ERK/JNK was suppressed. To further investigate the role of FGF13 in insulin signaling model, FGF13 was overexpressed or knocked down on C2C12 myotubes. I was able to confirm that overexpressing FGF13 could recover AKT signaling during palmitate treatment while knockdown reduced phospho-AKT. Moreover, overexpression of FGF13 reduced phospho-JNK which is known to affect insulin signaling. These findings suggests that FGF13 protein have a role in insulin signaling pathway in fatty acid induced insulin resistance.Abstract โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 1
List of Figures โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 4
List of Tablesโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 6
Introduction โฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 7
Materials and Methods โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 10
Results โฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.. 17
Discussion โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 38
Conclusion โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 41
References โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 42
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋กโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 45Maste
In vitro erythrocyte production using human-induced pluripotent stem cells: determining the best hematopoietic stem cell sources
Background: Blood transfusion is an essential part of medicine. However, many countries have been facing a national blood crisis. To address this ongoing blood shortage issue, there have been efforts to generate red blood cells (RBCs) in vitro, especially from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, the best source of hiPSCs for this purpose is yet to be determined.
Methods: In this study, hiPSCs were established from three different hematopoietic stem cell sourcesโperipheral blood (PB), cord blood (CB) and bone marrow (BM) aspirates (n = 3 for each source)โusing episomal reprogramming vectors and differentiated into functional RBCs. Various time-course studies including immunofluorescence assay, quantitative real-time PCR, flow cytometry, karyotyping, morphological analysis, oxygen binding capacity analysis, and RNA sequencing were performed to examine and compare the characteristics of hiPSCs and hiPSC-differentiated erythroid cells.
Results: hiPSC lines were established from each of the three sources and were found to be pluripotent and have comparable characteristics. All hiPSCs differentiated into erythroid cells, but there were discrepancies in differentiation and maturation efficiencies: CB-derived hiPSCs matured into erythroid cells the fastest while PB-derived hiPSCs required a longer time for maturation but showed the highest degree of reproducibility. BM-derived hiPSCs gave rise to diverse types of cells and exhibited poor differentiation efficiency. Nonetheless, erythroid cells differentiated from all hiPSC lines mainly expressed fetal and/or embryonic hemoglobin, indicating that primitive erythropoiesis occurred. Their oxygen equilibrium curves were all left-shifted.
Conclusions: Collectively, both PB- and CB-derived hiPSCs were favorably reliable sources for the clinical production of RBCs in vitro, despite several challenges that need to be overcome. However, owing to the limited availability and the large amount of CB required to produce hiPSCs, and the results of this study, the advantages of using PB-derived hiPSCs for RBC production in vitro may outweigh those of using CB-derived hiPSCs. We believe that our findings will facilitate the selection of optimal hiPSC lines for RBC production in vitro in the near future.ope
Genetic diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity using clinical exome sequencing
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) include a variety of heterogeneous genetic disorders in which defects in the immune system lead to an increased susceptibility to infections and other complications. Accurate, prompt diagnosis of IEI is crucial for treatment plan and prognostication. In this study, clinical utility of clinical exome sequencing (CES) for diagnosis of IEI was evaluated. For 37 Korean patients with suspected symptoms, signs, or laboratory abnormalities associated with IEI, CES that covers 4,894 genes including genes related to IEI was performed. Their clinical diagnosis, clinical characteristics, family history of infection, and laboratory results, as well as detected variants, were reviewed. With CES, genetic diagnosis of IEI was made in 15 out of 37 patients (40.5%). Seventeen pathogenic variants were detected from IEI-related genes, BTK, UNC13D, STAT3, IL2RG, IL10RA, NRAS, SH2D1A, GATA2, TET2, PRF1, and UBA1, of which four variants were previously unreported. Among them, somatic causative variants were identified from GATA2, TET2, and UBA4. In addition, we identified two patients incidentally diagnosed IEI by CES, which was performed to diagnose other diseases of patients with unrecognized IEI. Taken together, these results demonstrate the utility of CES for the diagnosis of IEI, which contributes to accurate diagnosis and proper treatments.ope
Direct eletion reform adn democratization in the Chinese primary level government
Thesis(master`s)--์์ธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅ้ๅคงๅญธ้ข :ๅ้ๅญธ็ง, ๅ้ๅฐๅๅญธๅฐๆป,2006.Maste
F. P. Schubert์ ํ๊ธฐ ํผ์๋ ธ ์๋ํ(D.958, D.959, D.960)์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์์
๊ณผ ํผ์๋
ธ์ ๊ณต,1997.Maste
Vitamin์ด Magnaporthe grisea์ ๋ถ์ฐฉ๊ธฐ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ
Thesis (master`s)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋์๋ฌผํ๊ณผ ์๋ฌผ๋ณ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณต,2000.Maste
๋๋ผ์ธํ๊ธฐ ๋ด ์ง๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋๋ถ์ -3.25kg ์ธํ ๋ถํ๋์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก-
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ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์๋ฅํ๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๋ฐ์ ํฌ.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ค์ ์ธํ ๋ถํ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ๋๋ผ ์ธํ๊ธฐ ๋ด ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ, 3.25kg์ ์ธํ ๋ถํ๋์์ ์ธํ ํ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ๋ค์ํ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ ๋ํ์๋ค. ์งํฉ์ ์ฐจ์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ฐจ์์ ๋ ๊ด์ ์์ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๋ถ์ํ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์์นํ ๋ฐ ์๊ฐํ ํ์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ ํฅ์์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ค์ํ ์ธ์๋ฅผ ๋์ถํ์๋ค.
์ธํ ํ์ ์๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ํน์ฑ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋๋ฐ, ์งํฉ์ ์ฐจ์์ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ, ์ง๋ฌผ์ด ์ธํ๊ธฐ ๋ด์์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ฐจ์์ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก๋ ํ์ง ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋์ด 12๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋์๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์ธํ ํ์ ์๋์์์ ํ์ง ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฐ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์งํฉ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ํน์ฑ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ์ธํ ํ์ ์๋ 46rpm์์ ์ต๋์ ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ์ ๋ํ๋์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค.
์งํฉ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ํน์ฑ์ ์์นํํ 10๊ฐ์ง์ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ง์์ ์ ์์ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ์๊ด์ฑ์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ง์๋ก ์ธํ๋ฌผ ์งํฉ์ ์ฐจ์ง ๋ฉด์ ์ต๋๊ฐ/์ต์๊ฐ, ์ธํ๋ฌผ ์งํฉ์ ์ฐจ์ง ๋ฉด์ ํ๊ท ๊ณผ ํธ์ฐจ, ํ์ง ์ง๋ฌผ์ ๋๋ผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ๊ท ๊ณผ ํธ์ฐจ, ๋๋ผ๊ณผ ํ์ง ์ง๋ฌผ์ ์๋ ์ฐจ ํ๊ท , ํ์ง ์ง๋ฌผ์ ์ถํ ๋น๋๊ฐ ์ถ์ถ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๊ท๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ์ง ์ง๋ฌผ์ ๋๋ผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ๊ท , ํ์ง ์ง๋ฌผ์ ์ถํ๋น๋๊ฐ ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ท์์ ์ํฅ์ด ํฐ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ณ์๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋์ง์๊ฐ ์์์๋ก ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ์ด ๋์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ํ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ๋ ฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ ์์, ๋ง์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ด ํ๋ฐํ ์๋ก ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.Fabric movements in a front-loading washer were analyzed and the correlation between fabric movements and detergency was investigated.
With 3.25kg laundry load, 25% of maximum load, various fabric movements were induced with different drum rotating speed. Fabric movements were observed by macro and micro dimension and they were digitized and visualized. Finally, the influence of fabric movements on detergency was investigated.
As for the macro fabric movements, the occupied area ratios by laundry loads in the washer were varied according to the drum rotating speed. As for the micro fabric movements, the movements of tracer fabric were divided into 12 movements. The tendency of micro fabric movements as well as the degree of interactions between fabrics at each rotating speed were investigated. The characteristics of macro and micro fabric movement also influenced on detergency and resulted in the maximum detergency at 46rpm.
Among ten fabric movement indexes, five indexes (occupied area of laundry batch, maximum and minimum value ratio of occupied area of laundry batch, distance between the center of drum and tracer fabric, speed difference between drum and tracer fabric, appearance frequency of tracer fabric) came out to have a statistically significant correlation with detergency. Also, a regression equation of detergency was obtained with R2 value of 0.707 and p-value below 0.01. The two independent variables of the regression equation were average value of distance between center of the drum and tracer fabric and appearance frequency of tracer fabric, with an inverse correlation with detergency.
Therefore, it was concluded that not only mechanical force like falling movement but also interactions between fabrics like abrasion and mixing were needed to improve detergency for practical laundry loads.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ
I. ์๋ก 01
II. ์คํ 09
1. ์๋ฃ 09
2. ์ธํ๊ธฐ 11
3. ์ง๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ์ 13
3.1. ์ธํ์กฐ๊ฑด 13
3.2. ์ง๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ดฌ์ 17
3.3. ๋์์ ๋ถ์ 19
4. ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ 22
4.1. ์ธํ์กฐ๊ฑด 22
4.2. ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ ์ธก์ 29
5. ํต๊ณ ๋ถ์ 31
III. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 32
1. ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ์์ ์กฐ๊ฑด 32
2. ์ธํํ์ ์๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง๋ฌผ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ 37
2.1. ์งํฉ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ 39
2.2. ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ 44
3. ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋์ด ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ 52
3.1. ์ธํํ์ ์๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฒ์ ๊ท ์ผ์ฑ 52
3.2. ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์์นํ 56
3.3. ์ง๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋์ง์์ ์ธ์ฒ์ฑ์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ 60
IV. ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 66
V. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 69
๋ถ ๋ก I. 73
Abstract 80Maste
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