원발성 가역적뇌혈관수축증후군에 의한 가역적후뇌병증

Background: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is an underdiagnosed disease characterized by severe headaches with or without seizures, focal neurological deficits, and constriction of cerebral arteries which resolves spontaneously in 1-3 months. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is typically characterized by headache, altered mental functioning, seizures, and visual loss associated with imaging findings of bilateral subcortical and cortical edema with a predominantly posterior distribution. Case Report: We present 49-year-old and 46-year-old females with thunderclap headache and seizure. MRI shows reversible cortical and subcortical lesions in both fronto-parieto-occipital lobes. And magnetic resonance angiography shows reversible multifocal luminal narrowing of distal cerebral vessels. Conclusion: Primary RCVS may occur as a cause of PRES. We report two cases of non-hypertensive PRES with seizure due to primary RCVS presenting thunderclap headache.ope

주택 임대료 인상 요구에 대한 임차인 대응을 중심으로

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 환경대학원 환경계획학과, 2021. 2. 박인권.The instability of rent and residence in the housing rental market is increasing every year, and more and more rental households are feeling anxiety from the form of rent. The government has implemented numerous housing policies to solve this problem, but policies that focus on controlling prices and supply in the housing rental market or targets with obvious problems have little effect on resolving instability. The lack of effectiveness shows that response to external phenomena such as housing price and supply control has limitations in alleviating market instability. Because invisible factors, such as psychological bias caused by uncertainty in the market, also affect the actor's decision-making. Discussions on tenants' residential decisions should take place in consideration of this point so that they can find a clue to easing instability in the housing rental market. However, there is a lack of empirical research dealing with these factors in studying actors' behavior in the housing rental market. Against this background, this study bases on the housing instability from the housing tenant's perspective and roots that psychological bias caused by uncertainty reflects in their decision-making. Among the psychological bias, this research focuses on analyzing tenants' anxiety, which is a psychological factor that becomes more common as the uncertainty in the housing rental market increases. To be specific, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the characteristics of rented households and houses and regional factors on tenants' anxiety and to identify the causal path that affects tenants' housing decisions in the face of their rising anxiety. Based on this purpose, the study analyzed the tenant's response to the rent increase request based on the behavioral decision-making perspective. It also empirically examined the relationship between housing tenants' anxiety and labor instability in the tenant's decision-making, which was insufficient in previous discussions. According to the analysis, groups vulnerable to income variability (householders who are temporary employees) are more likely to experience housing anxiety. However, rental households' income level does not have a close relationship with housing anxiety compared to income variability. These results reaffirm that anxiety is an emotion that intensifies with higher variability and shows that tenants' anxiety is also more related to the instability of income status than to tenant's income level. Besides, it confirms that the longer they have lived in the same house, the less likely they are to feel anxiety. People living in public housing also show a lower probability of feeling anxiety comparing those living in private housing. This result suggests that policies, such as supplying public rental housing or guaranteeing contract renewal on the same terms as before, positively impact tenants' psychological stability. Next, The factors influencing the tenant's response to rent increase requests were examined using tenants' anxiety as a significant explanatory variable. As a result, when tenants got the rent increase request, the more they feel the anxiety related to the situation expected not to be happened by paying additional rents, the higher the ratio of willingness to pay to current rent for continuing their residence. Whether or not the householder is a non-regular worker, which shows the vulnerability of income variability, was not statistically significant on the ratio of willingness to pay to current rent for their continuous residence status. On the other hand, the higher the income level of renter households, the higher the ratio of willingness to pay to current rent for continuous residence. This result implies that income level compared to the income variability directly influences the tenant's economic decision-making to rent increase request. The last analysis identifies the causal path in which the vulnerability of tenants' income variability mediates tenants' anxiety and leads to decision-making for continuing residence. As a result, it appears that income variability had no direct effect on the ratio of willingness to pay to current rent for continuous residence. However, it proves that the more vulnerable to income variability is, the higher the indirect effect of increasing the ratio of willingness to pay for continuous residence through the anxiety of refusal to renew contracts and the anxiety of conversion from monthly rent to Jeonse(long-term rent with lump-sum deposit) or rent increases. These results indicate that anxiety in the housing rental market is deeply related to uncertainty and variability. Even if the income level is not high, renters who regularly earn a certain amount of income can be less likely to feel anxious about rent because of lower uncertainty on their income. On the other hand, contrary to the vulnerability of income variability in renter households, the income level directly affects the ratio of additional payments for continuous residence but does not indirectly affect tenants' anxiety. These results show that it is difficult to fully explain the tenant's decision-making only with economic rationality. This is because decision-making is performed not only by factors that directly affect economic decision-making, such as income level, but also by factors that have indirect effects, such as income variability, which only appear when they mediate tenants' anxiety. Summing up the three models' results, the higher the household's income instability, the higher the tenant's rent willingness to pay for continuous residence, mediating tenants' anxiety caused by the uncertainty of continuous residence. At this time, if rent is rising since the increased willingness to pay affects the market, tenants' anxiety will increase again, and the rent willingness to pay and actual rent will rise again, leading to a vicious cycle of increased housing instability. This study has practical contributions that have empirically verified the importance and necessity of discussing tenants' anxiety in tenant's decision making. The reason why rents rise and short-term residential movements increase may be objectively unstable in the rental housing supply. However, it also proves that tenants' anxiety, an emotional factor of consumers, acts as a factor determining tenants' economic response. This result suggests that further academic discussions on tenants in the housing rental market need to be more active in research on rental insecurity. It is necessary to examine groups' characteristics vulnerable to tenants' anxiety when implementing policies to alleviate the housing rental market's instability. Furthermore, this study attempted to expand the discussion of labor instability into a discussion of housing insecurity through individual emotional factors, anxiety by discovering the mechanism of tenants' anxiety in the relationship between income variability and their economic decision-making for continuous residence.주택임대시장에서의 임대료와 지속거주의 불안정성은 매해 가중되고 있으며, 점점 더 많은 임차가구들이 임차형태로부터 오는 불안감을 체감하고 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 수많은 주택정책이 시행되었다. 하지만 주택정책이 임차가구의 외재적 요인을 고려한 정책에 의존하고 있어, 실질적으로 불안정성을 해소하는 효과가 미미한 실정이다. 이러한 실정은 주택가격 및 공급량 조절처럼 겉으로 드러나는 현상이 직접적으로 주거불안정성을 해결할 것이라는 기대만으로는 시장 불안정성을 완화하는 데 한계가 있음을 보여준다. 시장 내 불확실성에 기인한 심리적 편의(bias)처럼 눈에 보이지 않지만 행위자의 의사결정에 영향을 미치는 요인들이 존재하기 때문이다. 이 점을 고려한 임차인의 주거의사결정 논의가 이루어져야, 주택임대시장 불안정성 완화의 실마리를 찾아나갈 수 있다. 하지만 주택임대시장 내 행위자의 행태연구 중 이러한 요인을 다룬 실증연구는 부족하다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구는 주택임대시장 내 수요자인 주택임차인 관점에서 주택임대시장의 불안정성을 바라보며, 상황의 불확실성에 기인한 심리적인 편의가 그들의 의사결정에 반영된다는 점에 기반을 둔다. 심리적 편의 중에서도 특히 주택임대시장 내 불확실성이 커질수록 체감이 보편화되는 심리요인인 임차인의 불안감 분석에 연구의 방점이 있다. 연구의 목적은 임차가구 및 주택 특성과 지역 요인이 임차불안감에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 그 불안감이 매개가 되어 주거불안 가중 상황에서 임차인의 주거 의사결정에 영향을 미치는 인과경로를 규명하는 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 행동의사결정론 관점을 기반으로 하여 임차불안감을 중심으로 임대료 인상 요구에 따른 임차인 대응을 분석하고, 기존 실증적 논의에서 부족했던 임차인의 의사결정에서 주택임차인 불안감과 노동불안정의 관계에 대해 탐구하였다. 분석 결과, 소득변동성에 민감하거나 취약한 집단(비정규직 가구주)일수록 임차불안감을 체감할 확률이 높아지지만, 임차가구의 소득수준은 소득변동성에 비해 임차불안감과 밀접한 관계를 보이지 않음을 확인하였다. 이는 불안감이라는 감정이 불확실성과 변동성이 높을수록 심화되는 감정이라는 것을 재확인하고, 임차불안감 또한 실제 경제적 수준보다는 소득상태의 불안정성과 더 깊은 연관이 있음을 보여준다. 그 외에도 공공임대주택에 거주할수록, 현 주택에 거주한 기간이 길수록 임차불안감을 느낄 확률이 낮아진다는 결과를 확인하였다. 이는 공공임대주택 공급정책이나 계약갱신 요구권 개정 등의 정책이 임차인의 심리적 안정에 긍정적인 영향을 준다는 점을 시사한다. 이어서 임차불안감이 임차인의 의사결정에 미치는 효과를 면밀히 살펴보고자 임차불안감을 주요 변수로 하여 임대료 인상 요구에 따른 임차인 대응 영향요인을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 임대료를 추가 지불하면 불확실성이 낮아질 것으로 기대되는 임차불안감(재계약 거부 불안감, 전월세 전환 및 임대료 인상에 대한 불안감)을 많이 느낄수록 현 임대료 대비 지속거주를 위한 임대료 추가지불의사 비율이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 소득변동성의 취약도를 보여주는 가구주 비정규직 여부는 지속거주를 위한 임대료 추가지불의사비율에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 주지 않았다. 한편, 임차가구의 소득수준이 높을수록 지속거주를 위한 임대료 추가지불의사비율이 높아짐을 발견하였다. 이를 통해 소득변동성 대비 소득수준이 임대료 인상요구에 대응한 임차인의 경제적 의사결정에 직접적으로 영향을 주는 변수임을 확인하였다. 위 분석결과를 종합하여, 임차인의 소득변동성 취약도가 임차불안감을 매개하여 지속거주를 위한 의사결정으로 이어지는 인과경로를 확인하는 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과 소득변동성이 지속거주를 위한 추가지불의사비율에 직접적으로 미치는 영향은 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 하지만 소득변동성에 취약한 집단일수록 재계약 거부 불안감과 전월세 전환 및 임대료 인상 불안감을 매개로 하여 지속거주를 위한 추가지불의사비율이 높아지는 간접영향이 존재함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 주택임대시장에서 불안감이라는 감정이 불확실성 그리고 변동성과 연관이 깊다는 것을 잘 나타내준다. 그리고 이것은 소득수준이 높지 않더라도 일정 소득을 정기적으로 얻는 임차가구는 소득의 불확실성과 변동성이 낮기 때문에 임차불안감을 느낄 확률이 낮아질 수 있음을 의미한다. 한편, 임차가구의 소득변동성 취약도와 반대로 소득수준은 지속거주를 위한 추가지불의사금액 비율에 직접적인 영향을 미치지만, 임차불안감을 통한 간접영향은 없는 것으로 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 전통경제학에서 말하는 경제적 합리성만으로는 임차인의 의사결정을 온전히 설명하기 어렵다는 점을 보여준다. 소득수준과 같이 경제적 의사결정에 직접적인 영향만 미치는 요인만으로 의사결정이 이루어지는 것이 아니라, 소득변동성과 같이 임차불안감을 매개해야 나타나는 간접효과를 지닌 요인의 영향이 함께 어우러져서 임차인의 의사결정이 이루어지기 때문이다. 세 가지 모형의 결과를 종합해보면, 가구의 소득불안정성이 높을수록 지속거주 불확실성에 기인한 임차불안감이 가중되어 지속거주를 위한 임차인의 임대료 추가지불의사비율이 높아진다. 이때 높아진 지불의사가 시장에 반영되어 임대료가 상승하면 다시 임차불안감이 가중되고 임대료 추가지불의사와 실제 임대료가 재상승하여 주거불안정성이 가중되는 악순환이 발생할 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 임차인의 의사결정에서 임차불안감 논의의 중요성과 필요성을 실증 데이터를 통해 검증한 실천적 기여가 있다. 임대료 상승과 단기간 주거이동이 지속되는 주요 원인에는 임대주택 공급 불안정이 있겠지만, 그 외에도 소비자의 감정요인인 임차불안감이 임차인의 경제적 대응의 영향요인으로 작용하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 점은 앞으로 주택임대시장 내 임차인에 관한 학술적 논의에서 임차불안감에 대한 연구가 더 활발해져야 할 필요성과, 주택임대시장의 불안정성 완화 정책을 펼 때 임차불안감을 체감하는 집단 특성을 검토하는 것이 필요함을 시사한다. 나아가, 본 연구는 소득변동성과 임차인의 지속거주를 위한 경제적 의사결정 사이의 관계에서 임차불안감의 기제를 발견함으로써 개인의 감정요인인 불안감에 초점을 두어 노동불안정성 논의를 주거영역으로 확장을 시도했다는 점에 의의가 있다.I. 서론 1 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 1 2. 연구의 범위 및 방법 3 1) 연구의 대상 및 범위 3 2) 연구의 방법 4 3) 연구의 구성 5 II. 이론적 배경과 선행연구의 고찰 6 1. 주택임대시장의 행동의사결정 6 1) 주택임대시장의 특성 7 2) 제한된 경제적 합리성의 논의, 행동의사결정론 9 3) 의사결정 요인으로서 감정과 불안감 10 2. 임차불안감과 주거 및 노동불안정성 12 1) 임차불안감의 정의와 특성 12 2) 노동불안정성 논의의 공간적 확장 13 3) 주거불안정성과 노동불안정성의 상호작용 15 3. 가구의 주거의사결정 영향요인에 대한 선행연구 17 4. 연구의 차별성 21 III. 자료 및 분석방법 23 1. 분석자료 및 표본 23 2. 연구질문 및 분석방법 24 3. 주요 변수 및 기술통계 28 1) 임차불안감 28 2) 임대료 인상 요구에 따른 임차인 대응 29 3) 임차가구의 노동불안정성 31 4) 임차가구 및 주택 특성 요인 32 5) 모형별 변수 구성 33 IV. 임차불안감과 주택임대시장 의사결정 간 인과구조 분석 37 1. 임차불안감의 영향요인 37 1) 자료 및 모형 38 2) 실증분석 결과 39 2. 임대료 인상요구에 대한 임차인 대응 요인 47 1) 자료 및 모형 48 2) 실증분석 결과 52 3. 주택임대시장 의사결정에 대한 임차불안감 매개효과 58 1) 자료 및 모형 59 2) 실증분석 결과 61 V. 결론 66 1. 연구의 요약 및 시사점 66 2. 연구의 의의 및 한계 69 참고문헌 71 Abstract 77Maste

Subdural hemorrhage mimicking peripheral neuropathy.

Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) can manifest various neurologic symptoms. However, SDH presenting with only hand weakness has rarely been reported. We report two SDH cases with only hand weakness mimicking peripheral neuropathy. Since SDH can present with hand weakness only, we suggest the clinicians to do a careful history taking and recommend a CT scan in the elderly patients.ope

미국 드론 공격의 국제법에 대한 상응 연구: 파키스탄 내 전투 드론의 경우, 2004-2013년

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 국제대학원 : 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2016. 8. 신성호.By 2013, more than a decade after the CIA drone campaign began, the most significant changes have involved increased transparency regarding the program. Over time, now the controversies over the morality and legality of the drone attacks have flooded in the studies of international affairs. In this regard, this paper seeks to answer reasons behind critical disparities surrounding the legality of drone strikes under the existing laws of war, based on the English School theory of international relations which defines 'international society' as a group of states which not merely form a combined system, in the sense that the conduct of each is a necessary factor in the evaluations and regulations of the others, but also have established by dialogue and consent common laws and institutions for the exercise of their relations. In that sense, this paper assumes that the lack of specific codified norms regarding the "drones" and the fact that drone strikes have so far been used outside the conventional warfare is what caused these scholarly disparities. In proving the hypotheses, it concludes that drone technology itself cannot be judged as illegalrather the "irregular" warfare where the drones has been mainly used has made the drones seem to violate the established international law of war. The future of drone warfare waits ahead of us, and it is urged that international society promptly fill out the missing norms regarding the abnormalities of future warfare.I. Introduction 1 1.1 Definition of Drones 2 1.2 Development of Combat Drones and their Distinctive Features 3 1.3 Research Purpose and Significance 7 1.4 Research Question 9 II. Research Design 12 2.1 Hypothesis 12 2.2 Research Methodology and Outline 13 III. Literature Review 16 3.1 Drones and the International Law 16 3.2 Jus ad Bellum 22 3.3 Jus in Bello 24 IV. Analytical Framework 30 4.1 The 'Global War on Terror' and Targeted Killings 30 4.2 Scholarly Disparities between the Legality of Combat Drones 33 4.2.1 Contrary views on the Interpretation of jus ad bellum 33 4.2.2 Drone and the principle of distinction and proportionality 42 4.2.3 Additional principles: principle of necessity and humanity 47 4.3 International Agreements on the Usage of Combat Drones 50 4.4 The CIA, Non-state Terrorists, and Territorial Sovereignty 56 4.4.1 The non-state actor factor 56 4.4.2 The CIA factor 58 4.4.3 Territorial sovereignty factor 59 4.5 The United Nations Resolution of 2013 61 V. Conclusion: Future of Combat Drones 65 5.1 Legality of Combat Drones 65 5.2 Future of Combat Drones 66 Sources 69 Abstract in Korean 73Maste

Female Carriers of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Dystrophinopathy, caused by mutations in the DMD gene, presents with variable clinical phenotypes ranging from the severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) to the milder Becker muscular dystrophy(BMD) forms. DMD is a recessive X-linked form of muscular dystrophy. Two-thirds of mothers of affected males are thought to be DMD carriers. Approximately 2.5-7.8% of female DMD carriers have muscle weakness and are categorized as manifesting DMD carriers. The symptoms of female carriers of DMD range from mild muscle weakness to severe gait problems. The most commonly presented symptom is mild proximal muscle weakness, which is often asymmetric and progressive, but shows variable clinical spectrum with BMD of more severe DMD-like phenotype. Atypical presentations in manifesting carriers are myalgia or cramps without limb weakness, isolated cardiomyopathy and camptocormia. Multiplex PCR and MLPA analysis are common techniques to identify mutations in the DMD gene. Relationship between X-chromosome inactivation and clinical severity is not clear. Female carriers of DMD are not less common, and they have an important role of birth of a male DMD.ope

Severe Ulnar Nerve Injury After Bee Venom Acupuncture at a Traditional Korean Medicine Clinic: A Case Report

This case report describes a severe nerve injury to the right ulnar nerve, caused by bee venom acupuncture. A 52-year-old right-handed man received bee venom acupuncture on the medial side of his right elbow and forearm, at a Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) clinic. Immediately after acupuncture, the patient experienced pain and swelling on the right elbow. There was further development of weakness of the right little finger, and sensory changes on the ulnar dermatome of the right hand. The patient visited our clinic 7 days after acupuncture. Electrodiagnostic studies 2 weeks after the acupuncture showed ulnar nerve damage. The patient underwent steroid pulse and rehabilitation treatments. However, his condition did not improve completely, even 4 months after acupuncture.ope

Anomalous Superficial Radial Nerve Innervation to the Ulnar Dorsum of the Hand in Korean Adults

Objective: The purpose of this study is to clarify the incidence of anomalous superficial radial innervation to the ulnar dorsum of the hand and anomalous innervation of the dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve to the radial dorsum of the hand in Korean adults. Method: Nerve conduction studies were performed on 230 hands of 115 persons to identify anomalous innervations. Sensory nerve action potentials were recorded simultaneously using a 2-channel technique on both hands. Results: Anomalous innervation of the superficial radial nerve to the ulnar dorsum of the hand was observed in only 2 of the 230 hands of 115 persons, showing an incidence of 0.86%. Anomalous innervation of the dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve to the radial dorsum of the hand was not found in any subject. Conclusion: This is the first study to report the incidence of anomalous superficial radial innervation to the ulnar dorsum of the hand in an Asian population. We found that the incidence of anomalous superficial radial innervation to the ulnar dorsum of the hand in Korean people was lower than that found in Western populations.ope

The Significance of Clinical and Laboratory Features in the Diagnosis of Glycogen Storage Disease Type V: A Case Report

Glycogen storage disease type V (GSD-V) is the most common disorder of muscle glycogenosis with characteristic clinical and laboratory findings. A 32-yr-old woman complained of exercise intolerance and myoglobulinuria since early adolescence. She reported several episodes of second-wind phenomenon. Physical examination did not show any neurological abnormality, including fixed muscle weakness or atrophy. Serum creatine kinase level was 1,161 IU/L at rest. The result of the non-ischemic forearm exercise test was compatible with GSD-V. Mutation analysis identified the compound heterozygous mutations of the PYGM, p.D510fs and p.F710del, which has not yet been reported in Korea. The present case recognizes that detail clinical and laboratory analysis is the first step in the diagnosis of GSD-V.ope

The Role of Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Neuropathy in Koreans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Follow-Up Study

PURPOSE: We previously reported that insulin resistance, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and glycaemic exposure Index are independently associated with peripheral neuropathy in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We followed the patients who participated in that study in 2006 for another 6 years to determine the relationship between insulin resistance and neuropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved 48 of the original 86 Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were referred to the Neurology clinic for the assessment of diabetic neuropathy from January 2006 to December 2006. These 48 patients received management for glycaemic control and prevention of diabetic complications in the outpatient clinic up to 2012. We reviewed blood test results and the nerve conduction study findings of these patients, taken over a 6-year period. RESULTS: Low HDL cholesterol and high triglycerides significantly influenced the development of diabetic neuropathy. Kitt value (1/insulin resistance) in the previous study affected the occurrence of neuropathy, despite adequate glycaemic control with HbA1c <7%. Insulin resistance affected the development of diabetic neuropathy after 6 years: insulin resistance in 2006 showed a positive correlation with a change in sural sensory nerve action potential in 2012. CONCLUSION: Diabetic neuropathy can be affected by previous insulin resistance despite regular glycaemic control. Dyslipidaemia should be controlled in patients who show high insulin resistance because HDL cholesterol and triglycerides are strongly correlated with later development of diabetic neuropathy.ope

Determinants of Hip and Femoral Deformities in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Objective: To find factors affecting hip and femoral deformities in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) by comparing various clinical findings with imaging studies including plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) imaging. Methods: Medical records of 709 children with spastic CP who underwent thorough baseline physical examination and functional assessment between 2 to 6 years old were retrospectively reviewed. Fifty-seven children (31 boys and 26 girls) who had both plain radiography of the hip and three-dimensional CT of the lower extremities at least 5 years after baseline examination were included in this study. Results: The mean age at physical examination was 3.6 years (SD=1.6; range, 2-5.2 years) and the duration of follow-up imaging after baseline examination was 68.4 months (SD=22.0; range, 60-124 months). The migration percentage correlated with motor impairment and the severity of hip adductor spasticity (R1 angle of hip abduction with knee flexion). The femoral neck and shaft angle correlated with the ambulation ability and severity of hip adductor spasticity (R1 and R2 angles of hip abduction with both knee flexion and extension). Conclusion: Hip subluxation and coxa valga deformity correlated with both dynamic spasticity and shortening of hip adductor muscles. However, we found no correlation between femoral deformities such as femoral anteversion, coxa valga, and hip subluxation.ope