The effect of alveolar bone loss and miniscrew position on the tooth displacement during intrusion of maxillary anterior teeth : finite element analysis

치과대학/박사The purpose of this study was to investigate the intrusion pattern of maxillary anterior teeth according to alveolar bone height and miniscrew position. Finite element analysis was performed to simulate the movement pattern of maxillary anterior teeth under intrusion force. A standard three-dimensional finite element model was constructed, and varied the position of miniscrews and hooks after setting the alveolar bone loss in 0, 2, 4 mm. The applied intrusion force was 80 g for 4 anterior teeth, 100 g for 6 anterior teeth. The following results were observed: 1. Intrusion force applied at the archwire level induced initial labial tipping with intrusion of the anterior teeth (central incisor, lateral incisor, canine). 2. With reduced alveolar bone heights, under the same load, the study indicated an increase of tooth proclination. 3. Labial tipping of anterior teeth segment was reduced when retraction force was added to vertical intrusion force. 4. The amount of tooth displacement was larger in 6 anterior teeth more than 4 anterior teeth. In the case of canine, intrusion was increased but labial tipping was decreased. 5. Stress was concentrated at the apex than cervical area of PDL in all cases. And stress was also increased as bone loss increased. 6. When a miniscrew was inserted between two central incisors, high stress concentration was significant at the central incisors than other teeth. On the other hand, when miniscrews were inserted at distal to canines and intrusion force were applied at distal to lateral incisors, stress was the lowest and distributed evenly across all the teeth. The results of this study indicate that it is thought to be able to induce initial tooth movement close to pure intrusion when miniscrews were inserted at distal to maxillary canines and intrusion force were applied at distal to lateral incisors.ope

Farmers' Willingness to Adopt the Drought-tolerant Rice Varieties -the Role of Farmer Field Schools and Farm Labor Force in Pangasinan, the Philippines-

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 국제농업기술대학원 국제농업기술학과, 2017. 8. 김태윤.The purpose of this study is to find out factors affecting farmerswillingness to adopt the drought-tolerant rice varieties in the Philippines. This study performed a household survey with a total of randomly selected 151 rice farmers living in the rain-fed areas of Pangasinan, the Philippines. According to ordered probit and logit estimation, farmers adoption of the drought-tolerant rice varieties is positively affected by their participation in the Farmer Field Schools, experiences on drought events, and years of residence. On the other hand, village effects, the number of female household members engaging in the agricultural sector, and the distance to output markets negatively affect their adoption willingness. As the impacts of droughts are rising in the survey area, increasing the availability of the drought-tolerant rice varieties needs to be prioritized first of all. For it to do so, it is required to deliver the information on the varieties to farmers through the Farmer Field Schools. Besides, providing female farmers with information on the drought-tolerant rice varieties will be useful. Furthermore, it is recommended to facilitate farmersaccess to output markets for selling their farm products and linking it to their income increase. In facilitating farmersadoption of the drought-tolerant rice varieties, utilizing community organization or agricultural cooperatives could be helpful for encouraging their information exchange on the varieties and increasing their bargaining power in the output markets. Those implications will be effective for supporting potential users of the drought-tolerant rice varieties at the initial stage of the seed adoption in the survey area.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Purpose of Study 4 2. Review of Literature 6 2.1 Philippine's Climate Change Policy on Agricultural Sector 6 2.2 Factors Affecting Agricultural Technology Adoption 8 3. CURE Project in Pangasinan, the Philippines 22 3.1 Study Area 22 3.2 CURE Project and Farmer Field Schools 30 3.3 Dissemination of Drought-tolerant Rice Varieties 33 4. Data and Procedure 37 4.1 Data Collection and Sampling Method 37 4.2 Variables and Descriptive Statistics 39 4.3 Random Utility Model with Ordered Data 52 5. Results 56 5.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation Results 56 5.2 Marginal Effects 62 6. Conclusion 69 References 74 Appendix 79 Abstract in Korean 93Maste

뇌졸중 환자의 와파린 용량 예측을 위한 알고리즘의 개발과 기존 알고리즘과의 비교

Dept. of Medicine/석사The genes for cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin k epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) have been identified and studied as important genetic determinants of warfarin dosing. We developed warfarin algorithm for Korean patients with stroke and compared the accuracy of warfarin dose prediction algorithms based on the pharmacogenetics. A total of 95 patients on stable maintenance dose of warfarin were enrolled. Warfarin dosing algorithm was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. The performance of all the algorithms was characterized with coefficient of determination, determined by linear regression, and the mean of percent deviation predicted doses from the actual dose. In addition, we compared the performance of the algorithms using percentage of predicted dose falling within ±20% of clinically observed dose and dividing the patients into a low-dose group (≤3mg/day), an intermediate-dose group (3-7mg/day), and a high-dose group (≥7mg/day). A newly developed algorithm included the variables of age, body weight, and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype. Our algorithm accounted for 46.5% of variation in stable warfarin doses. The predicted doses using algorithms derived from Anderson and this study showed the best correlation with the actual maintenance doses. Our algorithm performed best in predicting dose within 20% of actual dose and intermediate-dose. Our warfarin dosing algorithm may be useful for Korean patients with stroke.ope

Development of torque distribution algorithm for improving stability and mobility of the wall climbing robot platform (ROPE RIDE) equipped with triangular track wheels

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 기계항공공학부, 2013. 2. 김종원.본 논문은 삼각트랙을 구비한 외벽 등반로봇 플랫폼(ROPE RIDE: RObot Platform Enabling Rope access In Dangerous Environment)이 벽면에 구속되어 장애물을 승월하며 이동하거나 로봇 플랫폼에 탑재된 가반하중에 의하여 외란을 받을 때, 안정성과 이동성을 동시에 향상시키기 위한 삼각트랙 토크 분배 알고리즘 개발에 관한 연구를 다룬다. 외벽 등반로봇 플랫폼은 크기 957 mm x 1500 mm x 758 mm (폭x길이x높이), 무게 75 kgf 이며, 로프 등강기의 로프 이송력을 이용하여 옥상에 고정된 로프를 타고 상하 이동한다. 4개의 삼각트랙 전체 회전이 가능하여 불규칙한 형상을 가진 표면에서의 이동과 장애물 승월이 용이하며, 프로펠러의 추력에 의하여 삼각트랙을 벽면에 밀착하여 주행하는 구조를 가지고 있다. 삼각트랙이 장착된 외벽 등반로봇 플랫폼에 가반하중이 탑재되거나 외란이 작용하게 되면 상, 하단부 삼각트랙 중 하나를 벽면으로부터 이탈시키는 피치 모멘트가 발생하여 안정성을 해치게 된다. 장애물 승월 시 로프 이송력 변동의 증가로 인하여 로봇 플랫폼의 이동 반대 방향으로 삼각트랙에 작용하는 반력의 증가는 이동성을 해치게 된다. 피치 모멘트의 영향을 줄이기 위하여 각 삼각트랙에 작용하는 노면 반력의 차이를 최소화함으로써 로봇 플랫폼이 장애물을 승월하면서 이동하는데 있어서의 안정성을 향상시키고, 로봇 플랫폼이 로프 이송력의 변동을 최소화하면서 이동하도록 각 삼각트랙에 작용하는 반력의 합을 최소화함으로써 로봇 플랫폼의 이동성을 향상시킨다. 로봇 플랫폼의 운동방정식을 통하여 삼각트랙에 가하는 토크가 로봇 플랫폼의 안정성과 이동성에 영향을 미침을 보였고, 이러한 안정성 및 이동성을 향상시킬 수 있도록 삼각트랙과 장애물 간의 접촉 상태를 모델링하여 삼각트랙에 가하는 토크 값을 계산하였다. 이를 토대로 로봇 플랫폼의 100 mm 장애물 승월 주행 시뮬레이션을 수행한 결과 로봇 플랫폼의 로프 등강 속도가 0.3 m/min 일 때, 안정성은 52.73 %, 이동성은 11.44 % 향상되었으며, 로프 등강 속도가 3 m/min 일 때, 안정성은 41.35 %, 이동성은 10.90 % 향상되었음을 확인하였다.This thesis presents a development of torque distribution algorithm for improving stability and mobility of the wall climbing robot platform (ROPE RIDE: RObot Platform Enabling Rope access In Dangerous Environment) equipped with triangular track wheels when the robot platform constrained by the wall overcomes obstacles and receives the disturbance by the payload mounted on it. The size of robot platform is 957 mm x 1500 mm x 758 mm (width x length x height), and the weight is 75 kgf. The robot platform driving on the fixed rope on the roof climbs the wall using the pulling force of the rope by the rope ascender. It can move on the surfaces with irregular shape and overcome obstacles based on the four rotatable triangular tracks. The robot platform drives triangular tracks close to the wall using the adhesion force of the propeller thruster. When the payload is loaded or the disturbance occurs on the wall climbing robot platform equipped with triangular tracks, the stability of the robot platform decreases due to the emergence of pitch moment to escape one of the triangular tracks from the wall. The mobility of the robot platform decreases as well, due to the increase of the reaction forces on the triangular tracks towards the opposite direction of the robot platforms move. The increase of the ropes pulling force enables the robot platform to overcome obstacles. In order to reduce the effect of the pitch moment, the stability of moving on the wall and overcoming obstacles can be improved by minimizing the difference between the values of the road surface reaction forces. In order to move the robot platform while minimizing the fluctuation of ropes pulling force, the mobility of the robot platform can be improved by minimizing the sum of reaction force values which act on each triangular track. Through the motion equation of the robot platform, it is proved that torques acting on triangular tracks have an effect on stability and mobility. In order to improve the stability and mobility, the values of torques acting on triangular tracks are calculated by modeling the contact state between the triangular tracks and obstacles. Based on this thesis, simulation results from driving and overcoming 100 mm height obstacle showed the improvement of stability (52.73 %) and the mobility (11.44 %) when climbing speed was 0.3 m/min. The results also showed the improvement of stability (41.35 %) and mobility (10.90 %) when climbing speed was 3 m/min.초록 1. 서론 1.1 연구배경 및 연구동기 1.2 기존 연구 조사 1.3 연구목표 및 내용 2. 외벽 등반로봇 플랫폼(ROPE RIDE)의 구조 및 동작원리 2.1 기구구조 및 제원 2.2 동작원리 3. ROPE RIDE의 자유물체도 및 운동방정식 3.1 ROPE RIDE하부 바디의 자유물체도 및 운동방정식 3.2 삼각트랙의 자유물체도 및 운동방정식 4. ROPE RIDE의 안정성, 이동성 정의 및 토크의 영향 4.1 안정성 정의 및 삼각트랙 토크의 영향 4.2 이동성 정의 및 삼각트랙 토크의 영향 5. ROPE RIDE의 삼각트랙 토크 분배 알고리즘 5.1 트랙과 지면의 접촉상태 변화에 따른 토크 값 결정 방법 5.2 삼각트랙 토크 분배 알고리즘 6. 삼각트랙 토크 분배 알고리즘의 검증 6.1 로프 등강 속도 0.3 m/min인 경우의 시뮬레이션 결과 6.2 로프 등강 속도 3 m/min인 경우의 시뮬레이션 결과 7. 결론 8. 참고문헌 AbstractMaste

Partial Gene Deletions of PMP22 Causing Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is an autosomal neuropathy that is commonly caused by a reciprocal 1.5 Mb deletion on chromosome 17p11.2, at the site of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene. Other patients with similar phenotypes have been shown to harbor point mutations or small deletions, although there is some clinical variation across these patients. In this report, we describe a case of HNPP with copy number changes in exon or promoter regions of PMP22. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe analysis revealed an exon 1b deletion in the patient, who had been diagnosed with HNPP in the first decade of life using molecular analysis.ope

PRSS1, SPINK1, CFTR, and CTRC Pathogenic Variants in Korean Patients With Idiopathic Pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify pathogenic variants of PRSS1, SPINK1, CFTR, and CTRC genes in Korean patients with idiopathic pancreatitis. METHODS: The study population consisted of 116 Korean subjects (65 males, 51 females; mean age, 30.4 yr, range, 1-88 yr) diagnosed with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (ICP), idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis (IRAP), or idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP). We analyzed sequences of targeted regions in the PRSS1, SPINK1, CFTR, and CTRC genes, copy numbers of PRSS1 and SPINK1, and clinical data from medical records. RESULTS: We identified three types of pathogenic PRSS1 variants in 11 patients, including p.N29I (n=1), p.R122H (n=1), and p.G208A (n=9). Sixteen patients exhibited heterozygous pathogenic variants of SPINK1, including c.194+2T>C (n=12), p.N34S (n=3), and a novel pathogenic splicing variation c.194+1G>A. A heterozygous CFTR p.Q1352H pathogenic variant was detected in eight patients. One patient carried a heterozygous CTRC p.P249L pathogenic variant, which is a known high-risk variant for pancreatitis. All patients had normal PRSS1 and SPINK1 gene copy numbers. Weight loss occurred more frequently in patients carrying the p.G208A pathogenic variant, while pancreatic duct stones occurred more frequently in patients with the c.194+2T>C pathogenic variant. CONCLUSIONS: Pathogenic variants of PRSS1, SPINK1, and CFTR were associated with idiopathic pancreatitis, while pathogenic variants of CTRC were not. Copy number variations of PRSS1 and SPINK1 were not detected.ope

Novel Non-contiguous Duplications in the DMD Gene in Five Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

BACKGROUND: Muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in the DMD gene. Muscular dystrophy is classified into 2 types; Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which has severe clinical symptoms, and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), which has much milder clinical symptoms. Phenotypic progression to either DMD or BMD can be predicted by analyzing mutations in DMD by using the reading frame rule. METHODS: Of 88 patients with mutations in DMD, which were detected using Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification DMD test kit (MRC-Holland, The Netherlands), medical records of 5 patients with non-contiguous duplications were reviewed. These rare non-contiguous duplications in DMD were compared with those reported previously. RESULTS: We identified 3 novel non-contiguous duplications in DMD that included exons 2-7 and 45-51, exons 5-37 and 50-59, and exons 52-53 and 56-61. The 5 patients with these non-contiguous duplications showed the phenotypic features of DMD. Especially, duplication of exons 52-53 and 56-61 was observed in a family, i.e., 2 DMD-affected brothers and their carrier mother. CONCLUSIONS: Prediction of phenotypes associated with complex non-contiguous duplications by using the reading frame rule is difficult because the duplications affect the expression of DMD together. Because most patients with non-contiguous duplications showed the phenotypic features of DMD, the reading frame rule should be interpreted cautiously. This study provides important insights on the non-contiguous duplications in DMD for understanding genotype-phenotype correlations and for developing dystrophin for therapeutic purposes.ope

Development and comparison of warfarin dosing algorithms for stroke patients

PURPOSE: The genes for cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) have been identified as important genetic determinants of warfarin dosing and have been studied. We developed warfarin algorithm for Korean patients with stroke and compared the accuracy of warfarin dose prediction algorithms based on the pharmacogenetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 101 patients on stable maintenance dose of warfarin were enrolled. Warfarin dosing algorithm was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. The performance of all the algorithms was characterized with coefficient of determination, determined by linear regression, and the mean of percent deviation was used to predict doses from the actual dose. In addition, we compared the performance of the algorithms using percentage of predicted dose falling within ±20% of clinically observed doses and dividing the patients into a low-dose group (≤3 mg/day), an intermediate-dose group (3-7 mg/day), and high-dose group (≥7 mg/day). RESULTS: A new developed algorithms including the variables of age, body weight, and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype. Our algorithm accounted for 51% of variation in the warfarin stable dose, and performed best in predicting dose within 20% of actual dose and intermediate-dose group. CONCLUSION: Our warfarin dosing algorithm may be useful for Korean patients with stroke. Further studies to elucidate clinical utility of genotype-guided dosing and find the additional genetic association are necessary.ope

Performance Evaluation of the CLINITEK Novus Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzer

Background: We aimed to evaluate the performance of the CLINITEK Novus urine chemistry analyzer (Siemens, UK). Methods: The precision, correlation, and carryover study were performed using two kinds of commercial quality control materials and 40-55 freshly collected patient specimens. We calculated exact and within-1-block agreement, along with kappa agreement, to compare the semi-quantitative results between urine chemistry analyzers. The urine specific gravity taken by a refractometer was compared with the analyzer results. Moreover, we analyzed additional urine specimens for protein to evaluate the agreement of results between those of the CLINITEK Novus and the AU680 analyzers (Beckman Coulter, Japan). Results: The precision study showed acceptable results; within-1-block agreement was 100% in all tested items. The urine chemistry results from the CLNITEK Novus analyzer demonstrated ≥85.1% within-1-block agreements with those of the Uriscan Super, and the kappa test results were ≥0.81. The comparison of specific gravity with manual refractometer showed a good correlation (r=0.991), and the protein comparison with the AU680 analyzer also showed a good correlation (with exact and within-1-block agreements being 75.9% and 100.0%, respectively). The carryover rates were 0% in all tested items, except specific gravity and heavy blood tests. Conclusions: The CLINITEK Novus analyzer showed good performance in terms of precision, comparison, and carryover in this study. Therefore, the CLINITEK Novus automated urine analysis is expected to be useful for routine urinalysis in a clinical laboratory.ope

The Effect of Multimedia Instruction Using History of Science on Achievement and Attitude of Middle School Students Toward Science

In this study, the researcher developed multimedia teaching-learning materials using history of science and applied those to science classes. Then, the researcher investigated the effect of multimedia instruction using history of science on achievement and attitude toward science of middle school students. The subjects were 142 students in the 2nd grade of a middle school. They were divided into two groups : the multimedia instruction using history of science applied class(experiment group) and the traditional lecture-centered class(control group). Both groups were taught "Photosynthesis" for 3 periods. Before experimental treatment, pre-test was done to the students on their achievement and attitude toward science. After treatment, post-test was done to find changes in achievement and attitude toward science. The results of pre-test and post-test were analyzed by ANCOVA(on analysis of covariance) and two-way ANCOVA by using SPSS statistic program. The results of this study are as follows. Multimedia instruction using history of science was more effective in increasing students' achievement than the traditional instruction(p< .05). Multimedia instruction using history of science was effective in increasing students' achievement especially to male students among the experiment group(p< .05). On the other hand female students had no significant statistical difference(p> .05). To the high, middle and low level student, there was no significant statistical difference(p> .05). Multimedia instruction using history of science was more effective in improving students' attitude toward science than the traditional instruction(p< .01). Multimedia instruction using history of science was effective in improving students' attitude toward science especially to female students among the experiment group(p< .01). On the other hand male students had no significant statistical difference(p> .05). To the high and middle level students, there was no significant statistical difference(p> .05). But to low level students, the multimedia instruction using history of science was more effective than the traditional instruction on attitude toward science(p< .01). Analyzing sub-categories of attitude toward science, multimedia instruction using history of science was more effective in improving view of scientists among 4 categories(p< .01).;과학사란 자연에 관한 인식의 발전을 취급하는 학문으로서 여러 가지 실증적 사실을 객관적, 통일적으로 설명하려는 이론체계의 진전과정을 분석하고, 또한 과학의 발전에 기여한 사람들의 생애와 그들이 사용했던 지적 방법이나 물질적 수단을 밝히는 것이다(오진곤, 1994). 과학사의 유용성에 대한 인식으로 인하여 1990년대에 들어와서 과학 교육에 HPS 관련 토픽들을 삽입하려는 노력이 활발하게 일어났고, 우리나라에서는 1971년에 송상용이 과학사를 과학교육에 도입해야 함을 주장하였다(양승훈 외, 1996). 과학교육에 과학사의 통합을 주장한 Jenkins는 과학사 교육에 관한 연구 결과를 분석하여 과학사를 가르쳐야 할 이유를 흥미유발, 과학의 인간화, 과학의 본성 인식의 세 가지로 요약하여 제시하였다(류미현, 1999). 본 연구에서는 과학사를 이용하여 멀티미디어 교수-학습 자료를 개발하고 이를 적용한 수업이 중학생의 학업성취도와 과학에 대한 태도에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 연구 대상은 중학교 2학년 남ㆍ여 학생 142명으로 통제 집단은 전통적인 강의식 수업을 하였고, 실험 집단은 과학사를 이용한 멀티미디어 자료를 활용한 수업을 실시하였다. 연구 단원은 중학교 2학년 과학 「식물의 구조와 기능」 단원 중 ‘광합성’에 해당하는 부분으로 3차시에 걸쳐 수업 처치를 하였다. 수업 처치 전ㆍ후에 학업성취도 검사와 과학에 대한 태도 검사를 실시하였으며 검사 결과는 SPSS 12.0 통계 프로그램을 사용하여 공변량분석(ANCOVA)을 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 과학사를 이용한 멀티미디어 수업은 전통적 수업에 비해 중학생의 학업성취도 향상에 유의미한 효과를 보였다(p< .05). 성별과 성취 수준에 따른 수업 처치의 효과를 분석한 결과 과학사를 이용한 멀티미디어 수업은 전통적인 강의식 수업보다 학업성취도면에서 남학생에게 효과적이었으나(p< .05) 여학생에게는 효과적이지 않았고(p> .05), 성취 수준별 상위, 중위, 하위의 세 집단에서 유의미한 효과는 나타나지 않았다(p> .05). 과학사를 이용한 멀티미디어 수업은 전통적 수업에 비해 중학생의 과학에 대한 태도 향상에 유의미한 효과가 있었다(p< .01). 성별과 성취 수준에 따른 수업 처치의 효과를 분석한 결과 과학사를 이용한 멀티미디어 수업은 과학에 대한 태도 면에서 여학생에게는 효과적이었으나(p< .01) 남학생에게는 효과적이지 않았고(p> .05), 성취 수준이 상위와 중위인 집단에게는 효과적이지 않았으나(p> .05) 하위 집단에게는 유의미한 효과가 있었다(p< .01). 과학에 대한 태도를 과학자에 대한 인식, 과학적 탐구에 대한 태도, 과학적 태도의 적용, 과학 수업의 즐거움의 4개 하위 영역별로 분석한 결과 전통적 수업에 비해 과학사를 이용한 멀티미디어 수업이 과학자에 대한 인식 영역에서 효과적이었다(p< .01). 위 결과로 볼 때 과학사를 이용한 멀티미디어 수업은 전통적인 강의식 수업에 비해 학업성취도와 과학에 대한 태도 향상에 효과적인 수업방법이라고 할 수 있다.목차 논문 개요 = Ⅸ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 A. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 = 1 B. 연구 내용 = 3 C. 연구의 제한점 = 4 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 6 A. 과학사와 과학교육 = 6 1. 과학사의 도입 = 6 2. 과학교육에서 과학사의 적용 효과 = 8 B. 광합성에 관한 과학사 = 10 C. 멀티미디어 = 13 1. 멀티미디어의 정의 및 특성 = 13 2. 멀티미디어의 교육적 활용 = 17 D. 선행연구 고찰 = 20 Ⅲ. 연구 방법 및 절차 = 23 A. 연구 대상 = 23 B. 연구 설계 = 24 C. 연구 절차 = 25 1. 학습 지도안 및 학습지 작성 = 25 2. 멀티미디어 학습 자료 개발 = 27 3. 사전 검사 = 29 4. 수업 처치 = 29 5. 사후 검사 = 30 6. 결과 분석 = 30 D. 검사 도구 = 31 1. 학업성취도 검사 도구 = 31 2. 과학에 대한 태도 검사 도구 = 32 Ⅳ. 연구 결과 및 논의 = 33 A. 실험 집단과 통제 집단의 학업성취도 비교 = 33 1. 수업 처치에 따른 집단별 학업성취도의 분석 = 33 2. 수업 처치에 따른 성별 학업 성취도 분석 = 35 3. 수업 처치에 따른 성취 수준별 학업성취도 분석 = 38 B. 실험 집단과 통제 집단의 과학에 대한 태도 비교 = 42 1. 수업 처치에 따른 집단별 과학에 대한 태도 분석 = 42 2. 수업 처치에 따른 성별 과학에 대한 태도 분석 = 44 3. 수업 처치에 따른 성취 수준별 과학에 대한 태도 분석 = 47 4. 수업 처치에 따른 과학에 대한 태도의 하위 영역별 분석 = 51 Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언 = 57 참고문헌 = 59 부록 = 63 <부록 1> 광합성을 이용한 멀티미디어 수업 학습 지도안 = 63 <부록 2> 과학사를 이용한 멀티미디어 수업 학생 학습지 = 70 <부록 3> 과학사를 이용한 멀티미디어 학습 자료 = 75 <부록 4> 과학사 플래시 애니메이션 자료 = 83 <부록 5> 학업성취도 검사지 = 95 <부록 6> 학업성취도 문항의 내용 타당도 분석 = 99 <부록 7> 과학에 대한 태도 검사지 = 102 ABSTRACT = 10