20 research outputs found

    Usefulness of the controlled attenuation parameter for detecting liver steatosis in health checkup examinees

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    BACKGROUND/AIMS: The controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) implemented in FibroScanยฎ is reported to be a noninvasive means of detecting steatosis (>10% steatosis). We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of CAP in detecting steatosis among health checkup examinees and to assess its correlation with ultrasonography (US). METHODS: Consecutive CAP results were retrospectively collected. A total of 280 subjects were included. RESULTS: Fatty liver was detected in 119 subjects (42.5%) by US, whereas it was detected in 160 subjects (57.1%) by the CAP. The numbers of subjects with S0S1S2S3 steatosis according to the CAP value were 120595843, respectively. The mean CAP values were 203.34ยฑ28.39 dB/m for S0, 248.83ยฑ6.14 dB/m for S1, 274.33ยฑ8.53 dB/m for S2, and 322.35ยฑ22.20 dB/m for S3. CAP values were correlated with body weight (r=0.404, p<0.001), body mass index (r=0.445, p<0.001), and the fatty liver grade by US (r=0.472, p<0.001). Among the 161 subjects with normal US findings, steatosis was detected in 65 subjects (40.4%) using the CAP. CONCLUSIONS: The CAP seems to be useful for detecting very low-grade hepatic steatosis in health checkup examinees. Its role in predicting subjects with a risk of metabolic derangement needs to be evaluated.ope

    Tae-kwon-do uniform design representing Korean image

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2005.Maste

    ์—๋„ˆ์ง€: ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์œก์„ฑ๋ˆ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์˜์–‘์†Œ์†Œํ™”์œจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    Thesis (master`s)--:์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋™๋ฌผ์ž์›๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ,1998.Maste

    (The) effects of magnesium pretretment on vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in cats with acute renal failure

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ž„์‹ ์ค‘๋…์ฆ๋•Œ ์ž๊ฐ„์ฆ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‡Œ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” magnesium์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ทผ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํƒˆ๋ถ„๊ทน์„ฑ ํ˜น์€ ๋น„ํƒˆ๋ถ„๊ทน์„ฑ ๊ทผ์ด์™„์žฌ์˜ ๊ทผ์ดํ™˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Magnesium์€ ์‹ ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌํก์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฐ์„ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ผ์‹œ์  ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ž„์‹ ์ค‘๋…์ฆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ magnesium ๋†๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ magnesium์ด intermediate-acting ๊ทผ์ด์™„์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” vecuronium์˜ ๊ทผ์ด์™„ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ง„ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ magnesium ๋†๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ vecuronium์˜ ๊ทผ์ด์™„ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ €์ž๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—์„œ magnesium ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ทผ์ด์™„ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ magnesium ์ „์ฒ˜์น˜์‹œ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ vecuronium์˜ ๊ทผ์ด์™„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 12๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•”์ˆ˜ ์„ฑ์ฒด ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, 6๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์ค‘๊ฐœ๋ณตํ›„ ์–‘์ธก ์‹ ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 6๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋งŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Magnesium ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰ 35 mg/kg์„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰ 15 mg/kg๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ•˜์—ฌ magnesium์˜ ๋ˆ„์  ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰-๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Magnesium์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ทผ์—ฐ์ถ• ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํšŒ๋ณต๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  vecumnium ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ 8 ใŽ/kg, ์ถ”๊ฐ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ 3 ใŽ/kg์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ vecuronium์˜ ๋ˆ„์ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰-๋ฐ˜์‘ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ magnesium ED^^50 ๊ณผ vecuronium ED^^50 ์„ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰-๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์ด์™„์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” sciatic-anterior tibialis muscle preparation์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Grass S44**(R) nerve stimulator๋กœ supramaximal square wave์˜ ์ž๊ทน 0.1 Hz, 0.2 msec๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ Grass 79E**(R) polygraph์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ Na**(+), K**(+) ๋ฐ Mg**(++)์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” magnesium์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์ „๊ณผ, magnesium ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ทผ์ด์™„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํšŒ๋ณต๋œ ํ›„์— ๋‘๋ฒˆ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Magnesium ํˆฌ์—ฌ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์˜ ํ˜ˆ์••, ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ Na**(+)๊ณผ K**(+) ๋†๋„๋Š” ์–‘๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ magnesium ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „๊ตฐ์—์„œ, magnesium์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์ „ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2.91ยฑ0.98 mEq/L ๋ฐ 2.62ยฑ0.32 mEq/L๋กœ ์–‘๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ magnesi um์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ›„์—๋„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5.93ยฑ1.20 mEq/L, 5.94ยฑ0.78 mEq/L๋กœ ์–‘๊ตฐ ๊ณตํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์–‘๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์— ์˜์˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. Magnesium์˜ ๊ทผ์ด์™„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ED^^(50)์€ ์ •์ƒ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ตฐ์ด 33.4ยฑ11.9 mg/kg, ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „๊ตฐ์ด 24.9ยฑ12.0 mg/kg์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ vecuronium์˜ ๊ทผ ์ด์™„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ED^^(50)์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 11.25ยฑ3.39 ใŽ/kg ๋ฐ 11.26ยฑ2.54 ใŽ/kg์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Magnesium์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ถ€์ „๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 8.37ยฑ4.25 ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ 12.10ยฑ4.53 ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์–‘๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์— ์˜์˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „๊ตฐ์ด 3.98ยฑ1.51 ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ • ์ƒ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ตฐ์˜ 2.08ยฑ1.32 ๋ถ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜์˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Vecuronium์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ •์ƒ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ตฐ์—์„œ 21.18ยฑ9.81 ๋ถ„, ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „๊ตฐ์—์„œ 22.39ยฑ11.41 ๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 7.19ยฑ4.62 ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ 6.78ยฑ1.79 ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์–‘๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์— ์˜์˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ magnesium์€ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ์„œ๋„ ๊ทผ์ด์™„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ์ธ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์—ญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ vecuronium์˜ ์—ญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ 1/1000์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ์œ ๋ฐœ๊ตฐ์ด ์ •์ƒ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ magnesium ๋†๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ magnesium ์ „์ฒ˜์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ vecumnium์˜ ๊ทผ์ด์™„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‹œ ์–‘๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Magnesium is widely utilized in the treatment of eclamptic or preeclamptic hyperreflexia. Such therapy has important anesthetic implications because increases in plasma magnesium potentiates the activity of both depolarizing and nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents. The major excretory pathway for magnesium is renal. Usually, toxemic patients have impaired renal function. Since glomerular filtration is substantively decreased, plasma magnesium concentration will be excessive if magnesium is administered. The author observed the magnesium-induced neuromuscular blocking effect alone and the change of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blocking effect by magnesium pretreatment with or without acute renal failure. Twelve cats weighing 2.0-4.0 kg, were assigned randomely into two groups; 6 cats with bilateral renal pedicle double ligation(group โ…ก), and the others with the sham operation(group I). Pharmacodynamic studies were done using a sciatic nerve-anterior tibialis muscle preparation. Plasma magnesium concentrations after magnesium administration in both groups were significantly higher than those prior to magnesium administration. However, there was no significant difference in increased magnesium concentrations between the two groups. The median effective dose of magnesium obtained by cumulative dose-response study, were 33.4ยฑ11.9 mg/kg, 24.9ยฑ12.0 mg/kg in both groups, respectively. The ED^^(50) of vecuronium after magnesium pretreatment in group I and ll were 11.25ยฑ3.39 ใŽ/kg and 11.26ยฑ2.54 ใŽ/kg respectively, and there were no significant difference between the two groups. The duration of magnesium-induced neuromuscular block in group ll(12.10ยฑ4.53 min) was not different from that of group I(8.37ยฑ4.25 min). The recovery index of magnesium-induced neuromuscular block in group ll(3.98ยฑ 1.51 min) was significantly prolonged when compared to that of group I (2.08ยฑ1.32 min). The duration of vecumnium-induced neuromuscular block with magnesium pretreatment in group ll(22.39ยฑ11.41 min) was not significantly prolonged from that of group I(21.18ยฑ9.81 min). Also, the recovery index of vecuronium in group ll(6.78ยฑ1.79 min) was not significantly different from that of group I(7.19ยฑ4.62 min). In summary, these results suggested that magnesium by itself had neuromuscular blocking effect which was considered as one thousandth potency of vecuronium. As compared with normal renal function, there was no significant increase of plasma concentration of magnesium by acute renal failure after magnesium administration. Also, vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block with magnesium prelreatment was potentiated as much as three times in the both groups equally. However, vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blocking effect was not changed by acute renal failure, as compared with normal renal function.restrictio

    The association between incidence stroke and treatment patterns among lung cancer patients : A national population-based cohort study in Korea

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    ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•”์˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒ€์ง„ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•ญ์•”์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์™ธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ƒ์กด ์•”ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•”์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์ค‘ ์•”๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘(Cancer-stroke)์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•”๊ณผ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•” ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ฐ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋… ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ์š”๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2002๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ Korean National Health Insurance(KNHI) ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2002๋…„, 2003๋…„ ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ (wash-out), 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2012๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ์•” ์™ธ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์•” ๋ฐ ํ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ์ „ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2004๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์„ฑ์ธ๋‚จ๋…€ 20์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ช…์€ ์ƒ๋ณ‘์ฝ”๋“œ ICD-10 C33~C39๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ , ํ•ญ์•” ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€์› ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋…๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ž„์ƒ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••, ๋‹น๋‡จ, ๊ณ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ์ฆ๊ณผ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€ํ‹ด๊ณผ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ „์ œ์˜ ๋ณต์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๋น„์•”ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์€ ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 1:3 propensity score matching ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ง„๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ค‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ „ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ธ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์™ธ ์•”์‚ฌ๋ง(Cancer mortality) ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ํฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฐ์— ํฌํ•จํ•ด ๋ถ„์„๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œ„ํ—˜๋ชจํ˜•์„(competing risk model) ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5,577๋ช…์˜ ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ „์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ 2,382๋ช…์€ ์ค‘๋„์ ˆ๋‹จ(censoring) ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Cox ๋น„๋ก€์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ proportional subdistribution hazards regression model์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„(cumulative incident function)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••, ๋‹น๋‡จ, ๊ณ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์Šคํƒ€ํ‹ด, ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ „์ œ ๋ณต์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์€ SAS version 9.4๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์œ ์˜์ˆ˜์ค€์€ 5%๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ•์€ 2.22๋ฐฐ(Subdistribution hazard ratio[SHR]=2.22. 95%, Confidence interval[CI]=1.77-2.80, p<0.001), ํ™”ํ•™ ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ•์€ 1.66๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.66, 95%, CI=1.23-2.25, p=0.001), ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์€ 1.29๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.29, 95%, CI=0.99-1.68, p=0.06), ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ , ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์€ 1.62๋ฐฐ๋กœ(SHR=1.62, 95%, CI=1.37-1.91, p<.0001) ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ, ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ•์€ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์ด 2.20๋ฐฐ(SHR=2.20, CI=1.74-2.78, p<0.001), ํ•ญ์•” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ•์€ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์—์„œ 12.52๋ฐฐ(SHR=12.52, CI=2.91-53.89, p=0.0001), ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์—์„œ 1.60๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.60, CI=1.36-1.90, p<0.0001)๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์Šคํƒ€ํ‹ด(Statin)๊ณผ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ „์ œ(Anti-thrombotic agent)๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์Šคํƒ€ํ‹ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ• 2.13๋ฐฐ(SHR=2.13, CI=1.65-2.74, p<0.001), ํ•ญ์•” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ• 1.67๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.67, CI=1.18-2.37, p=0.0001), ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ํ•ญ์•” ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ณ‘์šฉํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋Š” 1.67๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.67, CI=1.39-2.00, p<0.001)์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ „์ œ(Anti-thrombotic agent)์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ „์ œ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ• 2.31๋ฐฐ(SHR=2.31, CI=1.83-2.90, p<0.001), ํ•ญ์•” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋‹จ๋… 1.65๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.65, CI=1.19-2.27, p=0.001), ํ•ญ์•” ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ณ‘์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1.39๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.39, CI=1.06-1.81, p=0.02), ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ํ•ญ์•” ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋Š” 1.68๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.68, CI=1.43-1.99, p<0.001)๋กœ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••, ๋‹น๋‡จ, ๋™๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••๊ณผ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ํ•ญ์•” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™๋ฐ˜ ์งˆํ™˜์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์•• ๋™๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ• 2.46๋ฐฐ(SHR=2.46, CI=1.68-3.58, p<0.001), ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ 1.65๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.65, 1-68-3.58, p=0.001), ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ํ•ญ์•” ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ณ‘์šฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1.38๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.38, CI=1.03-1.86, p=0.03), ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ 1.55๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.55, CI=1.28-1.87, p<.0001) ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น๋‡จ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋‹จ๋… ์‹œ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ 2.43๋ฐฐ(SHR=2.43, CI=1.81-3.24), p=<.0001), ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 2.65๋ฐฐ(SHR=2.65, CI=1.87-3.77), p<.0001), ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ํ•ญ์•” ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ณ‘์šฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1.59๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.59, CI=1.25-2.01, p=0.001), ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ 1.79๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.79, CI=1.43-2.24, p<0.001)๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ์ฆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ•์€ 2.55๋ฐฐ(SHR=2.55, CI=1.98-3.29, p<0.001), ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์€ 1.60๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.60, CI=0.98-2.60, p=0.06), ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™ ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ•์€ 2.15๋ฐฐ(SHR=2.15, CI=1.53-3.04, p<0.001), ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ณ‘์šฉ์€ 1.71๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.71, CI=1.29-2.28, p=0.001), ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋‹จ๋…์€ 1.43๋ฐฐ(SHR=1.43, CI=1.00-2.03, p=0.05), ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ํ•ญ์•” ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋Š” 1.75๋ฐฐ๋กœ(SHR=1.75, CI=1.45-2.12, p<0.001) ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ, ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์Šคํƒ€ํ‹ด(Statin) ๋ฐ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ „์ œ(Anti-thrombotic agent)์˜ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ์งˆํ™˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••, ๋‹น๋‡จ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋‹จ๋…์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ณ‘์šฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋™๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ์ฆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Background and purpose Cancer-related stroke, a well-known complication affecting cancer patients, is one of the major causes of death. Due to advances in the ways that cancer is diagnosed and treated, cancer patients' five-year survival rates for all cancers have increased. Despite the recent growing interest in the cancer-stroke association, the effects of treatment pattern in cancers have not been clearly defined. Therefore, we investigated the association between incidence stroke and treatment patterns among lung cancer patients, predicting that stroke incidence will show different aspect in each treatment patterns among lung cancer patients. Methods Data were obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort database between 2002 and 2013. To investigate the effects of treatment patterns among lung cancer on stroke incidence, subjects were classified into lung cancer and non-cancer groups based on the period after lung cancer diagnosis. For treatment patterns among lung cancer subjects, they were classified into treatments group reated by surgery, radiation and chemotherapy mono or combination. To minimize the effects of selection bias due to characteristics of lung cancer patients, 1:3 propensity score matching analysis with covariates of age and sex were performed. As death is a common competing risk in patients with lung cancer, a risk survival analysis was performed to calculate the cumulative stroke incidence. Meanwhile, the relative risk of stroke was assessed using a Cox's proportional hazard model for subdistribution proposed by Fine and Gray with a competing risk in the analysis. To improve the analytical robustness, adjusted models with covariates of concurrent medication, comorbidities, sociodemographic characteristics were performed. The baseline characteristics of study subjects are presented as frequency and proportion between lung cancer and non-cancer group using the chi-square test. All statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, United States), and statistical significance was considered at two-sided p < 0.05. Results During the study period, data of 5,577 subjects with lung cancer and 16,731 subjects without cancer were analyzed, and 2,832 subjects among lung cancer patients were censored by cancer-mortality in competing risk model. The subdistribution hazard ratio(SHR) of stroke occurrence in treatment patterns among the lung cancer group was the statistically different. The surgery mono group showed higher risk of stroke(SHR=2.22, 95%, CI=1.77-2.80, p<0.0001), chemotehrapy mono group(SHR=1.66, 95%, CI=1.23-2.25, p=0.001), chemotherapy and radiation combination(SHR=1.29, 95% CI=0.99-1.68) and surgery, chemotherapy and radiation combination(SHR=1.62, 95%, CI=1.37-1.91, p<.0001). The risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke was different among treatment patterns, surgery mono and all combination groups showed significant increased risk in ischemic stroke but chemotherapy mono group dramatically increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke(SHR=12.52, CI=2.91-53.89, p<0.0001) compared to ischemic stroke(SHR=1.56, CI=1.15-2.13, p<0.0001). In the analysis to investigate the association between statin, anti-thrombotic agent drugs and the stroke risk, subject without statin or anti-thrombotic agent drugs showed increased stroke risk. The subjects with hypertension or diabetes increased the strike risk, however the subjects without dyslipidemia showed increased the sroke risk. Conclusion The treatment patterns among lung cancer patients revealed different risk of all stroke; the risk of stroke in the groups of surgery mono, chemotherapy mono, chemotherapy and radiation combination, also surgery, chemotherapy and radiation combination significantly increased. Meanwhile chemotherapy mono group was significantly associated with occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke. In addition subject without statin and anti-thrombotic agent showed higher risk of stroke among lung cancer patients. The association between cancer and stroke incidence depends on treatment patterns among lung cancer; also associated with statin and anti-thrombotic agent user.open์„

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    Development and effectiveness of hemodialysis nursing education program using web-based learning system.

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    ๋ณด๊ฑด์ •๋ณด๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์›๊ฒฉ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ๊ต์œกํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 4์ฃผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์›๊ฒฉ๊ต์œก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์šด์˜ ํ›„ 40๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 75.5%๊ฐ€ "์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 87.5%๊ฐ€ "๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๊ต์œก๋‚ด์šฉ์—๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต๊ต์žฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ '์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ 'ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ‰์ด์„ฑ'๊ณผ 'ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•™์Šต์ „๋ž™์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™”๋ฉด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2.24๋ฐฐ(CI:1.19-4.24),5.54๋ฐฐ(CI:1.40-21.90) ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์›๊ฒฉ๊ต์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์€ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ•™์Šตํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์€ 86.88์ , ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์€ 75.83์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ด 11.05์  ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ t ๊ฒ€์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์›๊ฒฉ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ„์†๊ต์œก์— ์›๊ฒฉ๊ต์šฑ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The objective of this study was to develop hemodialysis nursing program using web-based learning system and to evaluate its effectiveness. The program was developed in two steps, development of the contents using CVI, and programming with HTML. And the system was operated to forty-five nurses for four weeks. The data was collected from forty nurses using questionnaires. The results of satisfaction study showed that 75.0% of subjects were satisfied with the web-based learning system and 87.5% of them stated that they would recommend this system to the other nursing educational program. In the educational materials characteristics, much higher satisfaction was induced when the subjects answered positively to the item 'effectiveness to the educational materials provided with internet'. In the system characteristics, much higher satisfaction was also induced when the subjects answered positively to the item 'convenience in system usage 'and 'monitor size and resolution power'. In terms of 'the relevance of learning strategy' and 'screen configuration', satisfaction level in subjects showed 2.24 times and 5.54 times higher score respectively if they answered these areas positively. The results of evaluation in knowledge toward hemodialysis nursing indicated that distance learning group showed statistically significant difference(t=7.34, p<0.05) compared with control group that didn't receive a distance learning program. It is concluded that if web-based learning system is operated considering all the above factors, it would be one of the best qualified continuing educational method for nurses.ope
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