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    ์™„์ „ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜, ํ‘์ž๋ฒ•์ธ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜์ œ, ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์ด์ฐฝํฌ.After the ruling on the surplus corporation denying the taxation of gift tax on indirect transfer of wealth via corporation, cases related to gift tax due to the profits from increase of property values after acquisition(such as donation of profits from listing of stocks) were also sentenced to deny taxation under the general provision of comprehensive taxation of gifts. There is a clear tendency to understand this series of phenomena as a decline in Comprehensive Concept of Gift Taxation. This article focuses on theoretically establishing and clarifying the comprehensive concept of Gift Taxation so that it can be implemented on a stable basis while maintaining its purpose. On the other hand, there are two areas that cannot be solved just by clearly applying the comprehensive concept of gift taxation. First, the deemed donation of gift via a surplus company(Article 45-5 of the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act) has systematic defects and double taxation problems, So this article proposes a legislative improvement plan. Second, since the profits from increase of property values after acquisition(hybrid gift in the sense that income tax and gift tax are combined) can not be applied to the area of Comprehensive Concept of Gift Taxation, All-Inclusive System by Types(Any case similar to special exemplary provisions in economic substance is also subject to taxation) should be set as an alternative tax principle. It is true that even before the adoption of Comprehensive Taxation of Gifts there was a general provision of comprehensive taxation. However, a direct legal relationship between the donor and the recipient should be required on the 'transfer of profits', and the comprehensive concept of gift Taxation has been incapacitated due to the formal logical notion that the beneficiary's profits should be 'transferred' from the donor. The concept of comprehensive gift refers to an objective result of free transfer of property or economic benefits in a direct or indirect form. The 'freeness' that constitutes the concept of a gift is objectively judged, and differs from gifts under civil law in that it does not require the donor's intention to distribute profits to the recipient. For example, if economic benefits generated by issuing new shares at low prices are allocated to other shareholders or third parties, the intention to donate is not required to the person who has given up the acquisition of new shares. However, in some cases, it is necessary to examine the subjective intention of the donor. First, even if a non-market price transaction is made between non-special related persons, the taxation of gift tax is excluded if there is a reasonable cause for common practices of transaction in terms of compensating for the imperfections of assessment by market price. Second, Normally gifts are when the intention of giving a gift to the other party without compensation is strong. On the other hand, when the intention and consideration of the gift are mixed, it can be regarded as an honorarium, which is subject to income tax. Meanwhile, gifts can be made in an indirect form without a direct transaction relationship between the donor and the recipient, and a typical case is when one shareholder transfers wealth to another shareholder free of charge using capital transaction of a corporation. However, since the concept of indirect gift is at risk of excessive expansion, the loss of the donor and the benefit of the recipient must be linked to a considerable level of causality. The 'transfer' type of economic profit is โ‘  when 'active' property or profit is transferred to the recipient 'directly' such as taking over goods or property rights through a typical gift contract, โ‘ก when providing a passive form of profit that generates lost profits to the donor, such as free money or low-interest loans, โ‘ข When there is indirect transfer of profits between shareholders through capital transactions of corporations. In addition, โ‘ฃ In some cases, when the donor transfers the position to gain future profits to the beneficiary, such as the donor pays the premium for the beneficiary, and the beneficiary receives the insurance money in the event of an insurance accident(in Article 34 section (1) of the Inheritance Tax and Gife Tax Act), The time of transfer of profits is separated from the time of gift taxation in the future. Likewise, the target transaction itself corresponds to the comprehensive concept of gifts, but the timing of donation and the calculation of the value of the gifted property are regulated differently compared to the direct application of general provisions of comprehensive gifts. These regulations can be distinguished from the 'the deemed donation of a gift' and called 'gift exceptional provisions'. After Surplus Corporation Ruling is declared, the scope of general provisions of comprehensive taxation of gifts depends on whether it is possible to interpret the opposite of the taxation requirements set in special exemplary provisions. โถ If the special exemplary provision limits the size of taxable profits, it can be interpreted that it will not be taxed on the part within the boundary, โท it will be difficult to operate as a limitation of taxation for parts describing a specific form of transaction (transfer, merger, capital increase, etc.), โธ The part that stipulates the relationship between the parties to the transaction (e.g., transactions between related parties) basically limits the taxation to a narrow form, and it is highly likely that the opposite interpretation is possible if rationality can be accepted. The system of imposing gift taxes on shareholders on indirect transfer of wealth via corporation originally started as a deemed donation of gift for transactions with corporations with deficits, but it is currently established as a deemed donation of gift via a surplus company (Article 45-5 of the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act) to prevent unfair taxation due to differences in corporate and gift tax rates. It is true that indirect gift through a corporation satisfies the concept of comprehensive gift, but there is a theoretical controversy over imposing corporate tax and gift tax on internal shareholders simultaneously. This is because the general system of tax law is that income generated by a corporation is taxed once corporate tax is levied, and profits earned by shareholders are taxed only when it is allocated or stocks are transferred. In addition, the current system has a problem of overestimating gift profits or double taxation, so it is necessary to explore legislative alternatives. First, it is whether the profits received by the corporation can be converted into profits received by shareholders. The current system, which calculates shareholders' gift profits by multiplying the profits received by the corporation itself by the share ratio, is expected to be controversial in the future. Second, the current system uses a tax credit method that prevents (corporate tax amount + gift tax) from exceeding the gift tax amount if the controlling shareholder directly receives the product, solving the problem of double taxation of corporate tax and gift tax. However, the first problem of excessively calculating shareholders' gift profits remains in actual tax calculation, and there is still a problem that the gift tax can be levied on shareholders even when the stock value of the corporation is 0 won after the donation. Third, if dividends have already been made in the business year when the gift was made, it is necessary to prepare a regulation in the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act to deduct dividend income from gift tax. And if dividend is made after gift tax is levied and dividend income tax is to be paid, it is necessary to define a deemed donation profits as a reason for deduction of dividend income in the Income Tax Act. Taking a step further, we sought a fundamental alternative to reorganizing gifts to corporations into 'direct gifts to shareholders + payment of capital investment to corporations'. It is reasonable to view the criteria for ignoring the legal personality and giving direct effects to shareholders when the controlling shareholder group is an oligopolistic shareholder. If this is adopted, the problem of excessively calculating shareholders' gift profits, the problem of double taxation, and the problem of deduction of dividend income can be generally solved. Exemplary provisions of hybrid gift dealing with profits from increase of property values after acquisition are Article 41-3 (Donation of Profits from Listing, ect. of Stocks or Investment Shares), Article 40 section (1) 2. (Donation of Profits Following Conversion of Convertible Bonds ect. into Stocks), and Article 42-3 (Donation of Profits from Increase of Property Values after Acquisition). Hybrid gift refers to a form in which unrealized profits are collected as gift taxes at a time when the value of future property increases dramatically after a taxpayer acquires a specific asset through contribution activities by related persons. To analyze the structure of exemplary provisions, it can be divided into โถ parts that regulate the scope of the taxpayer or the relationship between the contributor and the taxpayer, โท parts that describe the types of contributing actions, and โธ parts that specify the reasons for the increase in property value. There is a discussion on whether hybrid gift can be included in the concept of comprehensive gift which is 'free transfer of wealth', but I believe that hybrid gift is an exception to Article 60 section (1) of the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act(an evaluation should be made at the time of the donation), so if it is outside the taxation requirements of exemplary provisions, it cannot be taxed on the strength of general provisions alone. In addition, it falls under the 'increase of the value of ones property by anothers contribution', which is a separate concept of gift in general provisions of comprehensive taxation, but considering the ambiguity of the concept or the difficulty in calculating the value of the gifted property, it should be viewed as a declarative regulation rather than a direct tax base regulation. Since Article 4 section (1) 6. of the revised Inheritance and Gift Tax Act newly established all-inclusive system by types as the basis for taxation, If the 'economic substance' is similar for transactions that are outside the taxation requirements of the hybrid gift exemplary provisions, the standard of similarity is crucial because it can be taxed according to the article. By analyzing the taxation requirements of Article 41-3(the Listed Profits), two concepts can be assumed about the nature of hybrid gift. First, the above clause can be seen as a post-settlement of existing gifts in which the donated stock was initially difficult to be properly evaluated at the time, but when the stock value increased due to the listing of the stock, the gift tax is levied. If so, the essence of contributing act will be the 'existing gift'. Second, the property originally acquired by the donor with the donor's contribution contains an opportunity to increase value due to listing, and when the opportunity is realized and the value increases, the nature of the contribution act is regarded as 'transfer of future opportunity'. Through the model case, I observed that the two concepts work by making a combination of three factors: the type of transaction (gift of the stock/gift of fund/acquisition of the stock for value), whether the forfeited stock occurs or not, and Whether the price of new stock acquisition is donated or not. As a result, if the acquisition price of new shares was not donated, but only the acquisition opportunity was received through the allocation of the forfeited stock or the allocation to third parties, it was not a post-settlement of existing gifts, but a transfer of future opportunities could be affirmed. The scope of taxation under Article 41-3 of the Act on Listed Profits is also adjusted to the scope of future opportunities rather than the post-settlement of existing gifts. Profits from exercising conversion rights of convertible bonds have only the "transfer of future opportunities" factor regardless of existing gifts, and profits from increase of property values after acquisition (Article 42-3) are close to providing or transferring future opportunities. Therefore, it was concluded that the core concept of hybrid gift was 'transfer of future opportunities'. From this point of view, in the case of Profits from Listing Ruling there is no element of post-settlement of the existing gift, but It can be seen that future opportunities have been transferred from other shareholders. The Plaintiff, who was not a shareholder(not applicable to anything : gift to existing stocks, gift of stock purchase funds, or acquisition of stock for value), was allocated forfeited shares that other major shareholders gave up the acquisition with his funds in the process of capital increase. Therefore, it is considered that it can be taxed in accordance with the provision for All-Inclusive System by Types of current Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act. In the case of Subscrption Rights Ruling, the acquisition of subscrption rights as made in the order of corporation โ†’ bank โ†’ securities company โ†’ plaintiff, So the plaintiff purchase it from a securities company, not from an underwriter under the Capital Markets Act, so it did not fall under the taxation requirements of Article 40 section (1) 2. In the above case, the Plaintiff, who is not a shareholder but a related party of the largest shareholder, took the opportunity to acquire the securities with warrants through third-party allocation, resulting in transfer of future opportunities between the existing shareholders and the Plaintiff, so it is considered that taxation can be based on the provision for all-inclusive system by types. It is regrettable that the Supreme Court took a passive position even though there was the provision for all-inclusive system by types at the time of the above ruling.ํ‘์ž๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ฆ์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘์ž๋ฒ•์ธ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ์„ ๊ณ ๋œ ์ดํ›„, ์ƒ์žฅ์ด์ต ๋“ฑ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ด์„์ƒ ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋“ค์ด ์ž‡๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์™„์ „ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ‡ด์กฐ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์™„์ „ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๋„๋ก ์šฐ์„  ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ํ˜„ํ–‰ ํ‘์ž๋ฒ•์ธ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜์ œ ์ œ๋„(์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ45์กฐ์˜ 5)๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๊ฒฐํ•จ๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘๊ณผ์„ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž…๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐœ์„ ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฆ์—ฌ(์†Œ๋“์„ธ์™€ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์ณ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ดํ•˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ)๋Š” ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒด์  ๊ณผ์„ธ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™„์ „ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์—๋„ ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ต์˜ ์ด์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ์—ฌ์ž์™€ ์ˆ˜์ฆ์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ง์ ‘์  ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ „์ œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ฆ์ž์˜ ์ด์ต์€ ์ฆ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์ „๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ฃผ์˜์ ยทํ˜•์‹๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ด€๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต์ด ๋ฌด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€, ์ฆ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ฆ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ด์ต ๋ถ„์—ฌ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ์™€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ์‹ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ €๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‹ค๊ถŒ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋‚˜ ์ œ3์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ์ฃผ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ฆ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋น„ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ด€๊ณ„์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋น„์‹œ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ƒ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํŒ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฆ์—ฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ ํ’€์–ด์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•  ๋•Œ์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๋„๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ๋„ ์ผ์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ธˆ(่ฌ็ฆฎ๏คŠ)์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฌด์ƒํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฆ์—ฌ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ฆ์—ฌ๋Š” ์ฆ์—ฌ์ž์™€ ์ˆ˜์ฆ์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ๋„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜ ์ž๋ณธ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋Š ์ฃผ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋Œ€๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž์˜ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ž์˜ ์ด์ต์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต์˜ ์ด์ „ ์œ ํ˜•์€ โ‘  ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์ฆ์—ฌ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ๋„˜๊ฒจ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์ต์ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ฆ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ „๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, โ‘ก ๊ธˆ์ „์˜ ๋ฌด์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ €๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฆ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ฆ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ƒ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ด์ต์ œ๊ณต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, โ‘ข ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ต์ด ์ด์ „๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— โ‘ฃ ์ฆ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ฆ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณดํ—˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ค€ ํ›„ ์ˆ˜์ฆ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณดํ—˜๊ธˆ์„ ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ34์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋Š” ์žฅ๋ž˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฆ์—ฌ์žฌ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์žฅ๋ž˜์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํฌ๊ด„์  ์ฆ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ ์‹œ์ ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ํƒ์ด์ต์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ(์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ33์กฐ), ์ดˆ๊ณผ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ต์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ(์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ41์กฐ์˜ 2)๋„ ์ด์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์•ก ์‚ฐ์ • ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์œจ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ๋กœ ๊ทœ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜์ œ์กฐํ•ญ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ์—ฌํŠน๋ก€์กฐํ•ญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘์žํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ์„ ๊ณ ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ณผ์„ธ์š”๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋‹ค. โถ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ ์ž์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ด์ต์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ๋ฏธ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์„ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, โท ๊ณผ์„ธ์š”๊ฑด ์ค‘ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„(์–‘๋„, ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘, ์ฆ์ž ๋“ฑ)์€ ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, โธ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ(์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ด€๊ณ„์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜)์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ข์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ฆ์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋‹น์ดˆ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ฒ•์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜์ œ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ์™€ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ์˜ ์„ธ์œจ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณผ์„ธ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰์„ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ‘์ž๋ฒ•์ธ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜์ œ(์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ45์กฐ์˜5) ์ œ๋„๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ฆ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฒ•์ธ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์†Œ๋“์—๋Š” ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์–ป๋Š” ์ด์ต์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์‹์ด ์–‘๋„๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ธ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ฆ์—ฌ์ด์ต์˜ ๊ณผ๋‹ค ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ด์ค‘๊ณผ์„ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ž…๋ฒ•์  ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋ฒ•์ธ์ด ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด์ต์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ์ด์ต์„ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฒ•์ธ์ด ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด์ต ์ž์ฒด์— ์ง€๋ถ„์œจ์„ ๊ณฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„์—๋„ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ œ๋„๋Š” (๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ์•ก + ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ์•ก)์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ฃผ์ฃผ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฆ์—ฌ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ์•ก์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์•ก๊ณต์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณ‘์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด, ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ์™€ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ์˜ ์ด์ค‘๊ณผ์„ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์„ธ์•ก๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ์ด์ต์„ ๊ณผ๋‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฒ•์ธ์ด ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ดˆ๊ณผ์—ฌ์„œ ์ฆ์—ฌ ํ›„์—๋„ ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ 0์›์ž„์—๋„ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌ์—…์—ฐ๋„์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜์ œ์ด์ต์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์†Œ๋“์„ ๊ณต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ•์— ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜์ œ์ด์ต์„ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์†Œ๋“ ๊ณต์ œ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•œ๋ฐœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ๋ฒ•์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฆ์—ฌ + ๋ฒ•์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถœ์ž๊ธˆ ๋‚ฉ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ฃผ์ฃผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ์ด์ต์„ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ์™€ ์ด์ค‘๊ณผ์„ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์†Œ๋“์˜ ๊ณต์ œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ต์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์€ ์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ41์กฐ์˜3(์ฃผ์‹ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ต์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ), ์ œ40์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ2ํ˜ธ(์ „ํ™˜์‚ฌ์ฑ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์ „ํ™˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ต์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ), ์ œ42์กฐ์˜3(์žฌ์‚ฐ์ทจ๋“ ํ›„ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ต)์ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ด€๊ณ„์ธ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ •์ž์‚ฐ์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ•œ ํ›„, ์žฅ๋ž˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋น„์•ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์‹คํ˜„์ด์ต์„ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด๋“ค์ด๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด โถ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์˜๋ฌด์ž์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–‰์œ„์ž์™€ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์˜๋ฌด์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„, โท ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์„œ์ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„, โธ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฌด์ƒ์ด์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํฌ๊ด„์  ์ฆ์—ฌ๊ฐœ๋…์— ํฌํ•จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•„์ž๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ๋Š” ์ฆ์—ฌ ์‹œ์  ์ดํ›„์— ์ฆ์—ฌ์žฌ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ด์ƒ, ์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ60์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์˜ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ช…๋ฌธ๊ทœ์ • ์—†์ด ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ํž˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ์—์„œ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ์žฌ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€์•ก ์‚ฐ์ •์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ทœ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ์–ธ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฐœ์ • ์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ4์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ6ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์กฐํ•ญ์„ ๊ณผ์„ธ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ทœ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์‹ค์งˆ์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์กฐํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ทธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์žฅ์ด์ต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ• ์ œ41์กฐ์˜3์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ด€๋…์„ ์ƒ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์œ„ ์กฐํ•ญ์€ ๋‹น์ดˆ์— ์ฆ์—ฌ๋ฐ›์€ ์ฃผ์‹์„ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์‹์ด ์ƒ์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ์‹๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์‚ฌํ›„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜๋งˆ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์ •์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ˆ˜์ฆ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฆ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋กœ ๋‹น์ดˆ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ์‚ฐ์—๋Š” ์ƒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ƒ์Šน์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹คํ™”๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ƒ์Šน์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์ „๋ฐ›์€ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ป์€ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ด€๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ (์ฃผ์‹ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ/์ž๊ธˆ ์ฆ์—ฌ/์ฃผ์‹ ์œ ์ƒ์ทจ๋“)์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์‹ค๊ถŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์‹ ์ฃผ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ด€๋…์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹ ์ฃผ์ธ์ˆ˜๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ฆ์—ฌ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ค๊ถŒ์ฃผ๋‚˜ ์ œ3์ž๋ฐฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ทจ๋“๊ธฐํšŒ๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์ •์‚ฐ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ด์ „์€ ๊ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์žฅ์ด์ต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ• ์ œ41์กฐ์˜3์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฒ”์œ„๋„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์ •์‚ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ธฐํšŒ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ™˜์‚ฌ์ฑ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ต๋„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฆ์—ฌ์™€๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ด์ „ ์š”์†Œ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ต(์ œ42์กฐ์˜3)์—์„œ๋„ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ทจ๋“์š”๊ฑด ์ค‘ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฆ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ(๊ธฐ์กด ์ฆ์—ฌ ์‚ฌํ›„์ •์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ธฐํšŒ ์ด์ „์ด ๋ณ‘์กดํ•จ) ์ด์™ธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ(๋‚ด๋ถ€์ •๋ณด ์ทจ๋“, ์ž๊ธˆ ์ฐจ์ž…, ๋‹ด๋ณด์ œ๊ณต)๋„ ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ œ๊ณต ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ด์ „์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ด์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ƒ์žฅ์ฐจ์ต ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€(๊ธฐ์กด ์ฃผ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ์—ฌ, ์ฃผ์‹๋งค์ˆ˜์ž๊ธˆ์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ, ์ฃผ์‹ ์œ ์ƒ์ทจ๋“ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•จ) ์ฆ์ž ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•œ ์‹ค๊ถŒ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ •๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์ •์‚ฐ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์ „๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ•์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์กฐํ•ญ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹œ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ์ด์ƒ, ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ ์ƒ์žฅ์ฐจ์ต ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์—๋Š” ๋™์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ฃผ์ธ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•์ธโ†’ ์€ํ–‰โ†’ ์ฆ๊ถŒํšŒ์‚ฌโ†’ ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์‹ ์ฃผ์ธ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ์ทจ๋“์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ์‹œ์žฅ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ธ์ˆ˜์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฆ๊ถŒํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ์š”๊ฑด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ด€๊ณ„์ธ์ธ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ฃผ์ธ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ์ด ์—†์Œ์—๋„ ์ œ3์ž๋ฐฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์ฃผ์ธ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋ถ€ ์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์žก์€ ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฃผ์ฃผ์™€ ์›๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ด์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์กฐํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋„ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์ด ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์‰ฌ์šด ๋Œ€๋ชฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โถ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฌด์ƒ์ด์ „์„ ๊ทœ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ์—ฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฌด์ƒ์ด์ „ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์œ ํ˜•์—๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณผ์„ธ์š”๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋‚˜ ๋น„๊ณผ์„ธ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ์ฆ์—ฌํŠน๋ก€์กฐํ•ญ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ์œจ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Ÿ์ (โท-1)์€ ํ‘์ž๋ฒ•์ธ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜์ œ์ธ๋ฐ, ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ฆ์—ฌ์ด์ต์˜ ๊ณผ๋‹ค์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์†Œ๋“๊ณผ์˜ ์ด์ค‘๊ณผ์„ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ์ฃผ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ฆ์—ฌ + ๋ฒ•์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถœ์ž์˜ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ ์—†์ด ์ฃผ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ๋งŒ์„ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Ÿ์ (โท-2)์€ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์ธ๋ฐ, ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ทจ๋“ ํ›„ ํ•ด๋‹น ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ๊ทธ ์ด์ต์„ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋Œ€์ƒ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์กฐํ•ญ์„ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์—๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐœ์„ ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ๋Š” ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์‹ค์งˆ์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ์„œ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋งŒ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์กฐํ•ญ์€ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ˆ์‹œ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ์š”๊ฑด ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜์ฆ์ž์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ทจ๋“ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ƒ์Šน์˜ ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 โ… . ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ 5 1. ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™„์ „ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 5 2. ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 8 3. ์ด ๊ธ€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ 11 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 13 โ… . ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 13 โ…ก. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 16 1. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 17 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์Ÿ์  17 (1) ์™„์ „ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์Ÿ์  17 (2) ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ฆ์—ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์Ÿ์  22 3. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 24 4. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋…ผ์ ๋“ค 25 ์ œ2์žฅ ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ์™€ ์™„์ „ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜ 27 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 27 โ… . ์™„์ „ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ ๋„์ž…์‚ฌ 27 1. ํฌ๊ด„์  ์ฆ์—ฌ๊ฐ„์ฃผ ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ 27 2. ํฌ๊ด„์  ์ฆ์—ฌ๊ฐ„์ฃผ ์กฐํ•ญ์ด ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”๋œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ 28 3. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์—ด๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ด„์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์‹คํŒจ 29 4. 'ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ'์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 31 5. ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์‹œํ—˜๋Œ€ : ์ฃผ์‹์˜ ์šฐ์„ ๋งค์ˆ˜์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๊ด€๋ จ 32 โ…ก. ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋ถ„์„ 34 1. ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ 34 2. ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์ฆ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋… 37 3. ์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ = ๋ฌผ๊ฑด + ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ + ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต 39 4. ํฌ๊ด„์ฆ์—ฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ๊ฐœ๋… 43

    Clinical Features of Patients with Lung Cancer and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancer

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    Background: To define the clinical features of patients with lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancer through a review of the histopathology, clinical features and follow-up results. Methods: Patients with lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancer who were diagnosed in Young dong Severance Hospital from 1992 to 2005, were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical data, radiologic findings, pathologic findings, treatment modalities were evaluated. Result: There was a total of 20 patients with aerodigestive tract cancer who were diagnosed with lung cancer over a 13 years period. The mean age was 58.45ยฑ15.09 years and 19 cases were male. There were 14 smokers with an average pack year of 46 years. Twelve patients had aerodigestive tract cancer and later developed lung cancer, and 5 lung cancer patients were later diagnosed with aerodigestive tract cancer. Conclusion: These results suggest that cancers of the aerodigestive tract and lung can arise as either dependent or independent events and most aerodigestive tract cancer patients who developed lung cancer are not treated properly. Therefore, regular low dose chest CT with close suspicion is needed to properly manage upper aerodigestive tract cancer patients.ope

    Evaluation of Social Nicotine Dependence Using the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND-K) Questionnaire in Korea

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    BACKGROUND: Smoking is one of the most important leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Smoking habit is recognized as nicotine dependence, which consists of physical and psychosocial dependence. To evaluate social nicotine dependence, the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) working group developed a new questionnaire, which consists of 10 questions with a total score of 30 in Japan. We examined the social nicotine dependence among healthy adults using the new KTSND questionnaire and evaluated validity of the KTSND questionnaire in Korea. METHOD: We applied Korean KTSND questionnaire version 2 to employees of hospital, university students and people for medical examination and promotion test. Complete data obtained from the 741 responders were analyzed. RESULT: The mean age of responders was 31.8 years. Among them, males were 57.8%. Current smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers were 13.8%, 12.8%, and 73.4% respectively. According to smoking status, the total KTSND scores of current smokers were significantly higher than those of ex-smokers, and of non-smokers (17.1+/-5.4 versus 14.3+/-5.5, and 12.3+/-5.5, p or =4), This finding suggested that the psychosocial dependence might play a different role from physical nicotine dependence in smoking. Most of the non-smokers (62.5%) had an experience of harmful passive smoking especially in public place. CONCLUSION: Our study suggested that the KTSND questionnaire could be a useful method to evaluate psychosocial aspects of smokingope

    A Case of Pulmonary Choriocarcinoma

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    Pulmonary choriocarcinoma is a very rare tumor in men. Herrein, the case of a pulmonary choriocarcinoma in 39-year-old man, and whether it had a primary nature, is reported. He denied any prior medical illness, but was admitted to our hospital with a history of a cough, and progressive dyspnea and hemoptysis 2 and 1 week duration, respectively. Chest radiographs on admission revealed a huge lung mass, 10 cm in diameter, in the left upper lung field, with left pleural effusion. Although biopsies using several diagnostic methods for the pathological confirmation were attempted, the pathology was not confirmed. Finally, the patient died after 2 months of regression. An autopsy of the lung was then performed.ope

    (The) effect of cisapride on gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ฑ ์œ„๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ฆ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž์œจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์˜ ์ผ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์›์ธ์€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ„๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ €ํ•˜์™€ ์†Œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์–ด ์›์ธ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ํ˜น์€ ์ €ํ˜ˆ๋‹น๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€์šด๋™์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์†Œํ™”๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ฑ ์œ„๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์œ„๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋ฐ ์†Œํ™”๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ cisapride์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž 9๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 4์ฃผ๊ฐ„ 1์ผ 30mg์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ 3ํšŒ ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ณต๋ถ€๋ถˆ์พŒ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•„์„œ 9์˜ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์™ธ ์กฐ๊ธฐํฌ๋งŒ๊ฐ, ์˜ค์‹ฌ, ๊ตฌํ† , ๋ณต๋ถ€ํŒฝ๋งŒ, ์‹์š•๋ถ€์ง„๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ cisaprideํˆฌ์—ฌ 4์ฃผํ›„์—๋Š” ์ „์˜ˆ์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ํ˜ธ์ „์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค (p<0.05). 2. cisapride ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ „ ํ‰๊ท  ์œ„๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 115.4ยฑ18.2๋ถ„(ํ‰๊ท ยฑํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ)์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ƒ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ 77.1ยฑ11.1๋ถ„(ํ‰๊ท ยฑํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ)๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ (P<0.001) ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ •๋„์™€ ์œ„๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. cisapride ์น˜๋ฃŒํ›„ ํ‰๊ท  ์œ„๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 85.1ยฑ22.1๋ถ„(ํ‰๊ท ยฑํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ)์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜์˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์œ„๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜ธ์ „์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค(P=0.005). ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ cisapride๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ฑ ์œ„๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ์œ„๋ฐฐ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฆ์ƒ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Delayed gastric emptying has been most frequently documented in long-standing diabetes mellitus associated with complications of autonomic nerve dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy. We evaluated the effects of chronic(10mg t.i.d. p.o. for 4weeks) administration of cisapride on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal symptoms in 9 noninsulin- dependent diabetics with delayed gastric emptying of solid meal. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Nine patients of diabetic gastroparesis had variable gastrointestinal symtoms: abdominal discomfort in 9(100.0%) patients, early satiety in 7(77.8%), nausea and abdominal distension in 4(44.4%), vomiting and anorexia in 3(33.3%). 2. A significant improvement of total scores for gastrointestinal symptoms was noted after four weeks of cisapride treatment (mean 2.4 scores) compared with baseline symptom scorea (mean 7.0 scores). 3. Peripheral neuropathy was detected in 6(66.7%) by nerve conduction velocity. Autonomic function tests revealed abnormal heart rate response to deep breathing in 7(77.8%) patients and abnormal heart rate response to immediate standing in 4(44.4%) patients. 4. The baseline mean half-emptying time for solid meal was 115.4ยฑ18.1min (meanยฑS.D.) and percent retention at 100 minutes was 56.0ยฑ6.5%(meanยฑS.D). 5. After cisapride treatment, mean half-emptying time for solid meal(85.1ยฑ22.1min) wag significantly improved compared with baseline half-emptying time (p=0.005). We conclude that chronic administration of cisapride is effective in the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis and its use should be considered in the diabetic patient with symptoms referable to gastroparesis.restrictio

    ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]LDL receptor protein-1(LRP-1)๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ด์™ธ์— ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ ์ „์ด ๋ฐ ์นจํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์ข…, ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข… ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์‹œ ์•…์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ์•”๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ•„์ž๋Š” LRP-1 ์ด ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•” ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง์— ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1995๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2003๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 1๊ธฐ ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•”์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ํ•˜์— ์™„์น˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ 105๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์กฐ์ง์ ˆํŽธ์œผ๋กœ LRP-1 ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ผ์ƒ‰์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž„์ƒ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์ƒ์กด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 61.4ยฑ9.33์„ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” 81๋ช…(77.1%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋‹จ ์‹œ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋Š” 1A 26 ์˜ˆ(24.8%), 1B 79 ์˜ˆ(75.2%)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŽธํ‰์ƒํ”ผ์•” 52์˜ˆ(49.5%), ์„ ์•” 34์˜ˆ(32.4%), ๊ธฐํƒ€ 19์˜ˆ(18.1%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5๋…„ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ 73.3%์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง 45์˜ˆ ์ค‘ 27์˜ˆ๋Š” ํ์•” ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค, ํ์•”์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ LRP-1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋ณด์ธ ์ฆ๋ก€๋Š” 7์˜ˆ(6.7%%)์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•”์„ธํฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฐ„์งˆ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 47์˜ˆ(44.8%)์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๋‚˜์ด, ํก์—ฐ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ LRP-1 ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ์กฐ์ง ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํŽธํ‰์ƒํ”ผ์•” 22์˜ˆ(46.8%), ์„ ์•” 17์˜ˆ(36.1%), ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์•” 8์˜ˆ(17.1%)์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์งˆ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด LRP-1 ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค(p=0.76). ๊ฐ„์งˆ์—์„œ์˜ LRP-1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 5๋…„ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ตฐ, ๋ฏธ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ตฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 68.1%, 77.6%๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ (p=0.26), ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฌด๋ณ‘ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 117.0๊ฐœ์›”(95% CI 93.4~140.5๊ฐœ์›”), 145.2๊ฐœ์›”(95% CI 128.5~161.9๊ฐœ์›”)๋กœ LRP-1 ๋ฏธ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ธธ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p=0.04). ๊ฐ„์งˆ์—์„œ์˜ LRP-1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 5๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ณ‘ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ตฐ, ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 81.8%, 65.3%๋กœ LRP-1 ๋ฏธ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(p=0.04). ๋‚˜์ด, ํก์—ฐ์œ ๋ฌด, ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ, ์กฐ์ง์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์ •ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์งˆ์—์„œ์˜ LRP-1 ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜(HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.13-4.12; p=0.02) ์ƒ์กด ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ l๊ธฐ ํ์•” ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ LRP-1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด 44.7%์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ„์งˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์ง์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์ธ์ž์™€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ LRP-1์€ ํ์•”๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•”์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ ์ด๋™์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Background: Low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein-1 (LRP-1) is a multifunctional receptor involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis and cell signaling. It plays a role in modulating proteinase activity, which is necessary for tumor invasion. Although several studies showed that increased expression of LRP-1 in different types of cancer cells, its function remains unknown, especially in lung cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate LRP-1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NCSLC) and whether its expression is associated with pathological parameters and clinical features of non-small cell lung cancer.Methods: One-hundred and five patients diagnosed as stage I NSCLC from 1995 to 2003 were included and immunohistochemical staining for LRP-1 was performed on the paraffin-embeded lung cancer tissue section. LRP-1 expression positive was defined as over 30% positive staining of the whole section. Clinical parameters were reviewed retrospectively and survival analyses were conducted according to LRP-1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer tissue.Results: The mean age was 61.4 ยฑ 9.33 years and male were 77.1%. The number of patients in stage IA and IB were 26 (24.8%) and 79 (75.2%) respectively. There were 3 different types of lung cancer on pathologic diagnosis; squamous cell carcinoma (n=52, 49.5%), adenocarcinoma (n=34, 32.4%) and others (n=19, 18.1%). Deaths occurred in 45 out of 105 patients and overall 5-year survival rate was 73.3%. Among them, 27 died of NSCLC. LRP-1 expression was positive in the stroma of 47 out of 105 NSCLC tissues (44.8%), whereas in the cancer cells of 7 out of 107 (6.7%). All the cancer cell LRP-1 expression positive tissues were also positive in the stroma. There were no significant difference in stroma LRP-1 expression between histologic types (p=0.76). In addition, stroma LRP-1 expression did not affect overall and cancer-specific survival. However, disease-free survival time was significantly longer in patients with stroma LRP-1 (-) compared to those with stroma LRP (+) [117.8 (95% CI 93.4-140.5) vs. 145.2 (95% CI 128.5-161.9) months, p=0.04]. The 5-year disease-free survival rate was significantly higher in the stroma LRP-1 (-) group compared with the stroma LRP-1 (+) group (81.8% vs. 65.3%, p=0.04). In multivariate analyses adjusted for age, gender, smoking, tumor stage, and pathologic types of cancer, stroma LRP-1 (+) was identified as an independent predictor of recurrence (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.13-4.12; p=0.02).Conclusion: This study showed that LRP-1 was expressed in 44.7% of stroma surrounding stage I NSCLC and its expression is associated cancer recurrence suggesting that its LRP-1 may provide an important milieu for NSCLC migration and invasion. Further studies are required to elucidate LRP-1 function in lung cancer.ope
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