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    (The) effects of cold therapy on pain in patients with chest tube insertion

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ํ‰๊ด€์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ†ต์ฆ์™„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ ํˆฌ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์ด ํ‰๊ด€์‚ฝ์ž… ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ†ต์ฆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋น„๋™๋“ฑ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ(non-equivalent control group) ์ „ยทํ›„ ์‹œ์ฐจ์„ค๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 2003๋…„ 2์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 11์›” 30์ผ ๊นŒ์ง€์˜€๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์ˆ˜์› ์†Œ์žฌ, A ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์› ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค๋กœ ๋‚ด์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์ฐจ์„ฑ ์ž์—ฐ๊ธฐํ‰์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํ‰๊ด€์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ 15๋ช…, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ 15๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ด 30๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•œ S-F MPQ(Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire)๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ƒ์‚ฌ์ฒ™๋„์ธ VAS(visual analogue scale)๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ†ต์ฆ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ์ง€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆ์••, ์ด์™„๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆ์••, ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์—์„œ ํ‰๊ด€์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์˜์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์€ ํ‰๊ด€์‚ฝ์ž… 30๋ถ„ํ›„ ์‚ฌ์ „์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์„ 30๋ถ„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์ด ๋๋‚œ ์งํ›„์™€ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋๋‚œ 30๋ถ„ํ›„, 60๋ถ„ํ›„์— ๊ฐ ๊ฐ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ•๋„, ํ˜ˆ์••๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์„ ์ด4ํšŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์€ ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์—†์ด ์ธก์ •๋งŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ‰๊ด€์‚ฝ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์ค‘์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์ „์— ์ง„ํ†ต์ œํˆฌ์•ฝ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„์€ SPSSWIN 11.0ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ฯ‡2-test๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์ด ํ‰๊ด€์‚ฝ์ž… ํ›„ ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ธก์ • ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„(repeated measures ANOVA)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Cronbach''s alpha๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. 1. ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ, BMI, ์‚ฝ์ž…์˜์‚ฌ, ์‚ฝ์ž…๋ถ€์œ„์™€ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ†ต์ฆ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ์ง€์ˆ˜์ธ ํ˜ˆ์••๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 2. ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. 1) ์ œ 1๊ฐ€์„ค์ธ โ€˜ํ‰๊ด€์‚ฝ์ž… ํ›„ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์™€ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ€™๋Š” ์ง€์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ ์ „ยทํ›„ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ โ€˜์นผ๋กœ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋“ฏ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜์‘ค์‹ ๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋๋‚œ ์งํ›„ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ โ€˜์“ฐ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜๊ฝ‰ ์ฅ๋“ฏ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜๋”ฐ๋”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™”๋ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค,โ€™ โ€˜์‘ค์‹ ๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™์˜€๊ณ , ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋๋‚œ 30๋ถ„ํ›„ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ โ€˜์˜๋“ฏ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™์™€ โ€˜์นผ๋กœ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋“ฏ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋๋‚œ 60๋ถ„ํ›„ โ€˜์ฟก์ฟก ์‘ค์‹ ๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜์˜๋“ฏ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜์นผ๋กœ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋“ฏ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜์“ฐ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ˆ˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํญ์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  โ€˜๊ฝ‰ ์ฅ๋“ฏ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜๋”ฐ๋”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™”๋ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜์‘ค์‹ ๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํญ์ด ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ปธ๋‹ค. 2) ์ œ 2๊ฐ€์„ค์ธ โ€˜ํ‰๊ด€์‚ฝ์ž… ํ›„ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์™€ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ•๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ€™๋Š” ์ง€์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ ์ „ยทํ›„ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค(F=4.23, p<0.05). ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ•๋„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค(F=27.54, p<0.00). ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํญ์ด ์ž‘์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋๋‚œ ์งํ›„ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์€ 0.2์ , ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์€ 1.06์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 5๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ž‘์•˜๊ณ , 30๋ถ„ํ›„ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์€ 0.47์ , ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์€ 1.07์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋๋‚œ 60๋ถ„ํ›„์—๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์ด 1.26์ , ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์ด 0.47์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์ด 2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋” ์ปค์กŒ๋‹ค. 3) ์ œ 3๊ฐ€์„ค์ธ โ€˜ํ‰๊ด€์‚ฝ์ž… ํ›„ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์™€ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆ์••, ์ด์™„๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆ์••, ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ€™๋Š” ์ง€์ง€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ ์ „ยทํ›„ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ โ€˜์นผ๋กœ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋“ฏ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜์‘ค์‹ ๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋๋‚œ ์งํ›„ โ€˜์“ฐ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜๊ฝ‰ ์ฅ๋“ฏ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜๋”ฐ๋”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™”๋ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค,โ€™ โ€˜์‘ค์‹ ๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์ด ๋๋‚œ 30๋ถ„ํ›„ โ€˜์˜๋“ฏ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™์™€ โ€˜์นผ๋กœ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋“ฏ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹คโ€™ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋œ ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์€ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฐ•๋„์—์„œ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋๋‚œ 60๋ถ„ํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ด€์‚ฝ์ž… ํ›„ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋ƒ‰์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Pain related to chest tube is a major problem during chest tube drainage but there are no guidelines to manage this problem except give analgesics. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of cold therapy on pain in patients with chest tube. A quasi-experiment, non-synchronized design with non-equivalent control was used to test the effects of cold therapy on pain in patients with chest tube. Thirty patients undergoing chest tube insertion for treatment of primary pneumothorax from February 1 through November 30, 2003 at one university hospital participated in the study. Fifteen patients were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the remaining patients(15) to the control group. The instrument used to measure pain sensation was a modified S-F MPQ done by the researcher. For pain intensity the VAS was used. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were measured as indicators of physiological reaction to pain. The pretest data were obtained 30 minutes after chest tube insertion. Patients in the experimental group only, received cold therapy for 30 minutes. Patients in the control group did not receive any therapy. The posttest data were collected at three points, right after the cold therapy was finished, 30 minutes after the cold therapy and 60 minutes after the cold therapy. The data were analysed using ฯ‡2-test, Cronbach''s alpha and repeated measures ANOVA with the SPSSWIN11.0 program. The results of the study are as follows; 1. Hypothesis 1, that ''there will be a significant difference between the two groups in pain sensation level after chest tube insertion'' was supported. The pain sensation level for the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group for pain that was ''stabbing'', ''aching'' and ''tender''. The pain sensation level for the experimental group was lower right after that cold therapy was finished for pain that was ''sharp,'' ''cramping'', ''hot-burning'', ''aching'' and ''tender''. The pain sensation level for the experimental group was lower at 30 minutes after cold therapy for pain that was ''shooting'', ''stabbing''. At 60 minutes after cold therapy, the pain sensation level in the experimental group was the same as, or lower than the control group. 2. Hypothesis 2, that ''there will be a significant difference between the two groups in pain intensity level after chest tube insertion'' was supported. The pain intensity level of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (F=4.23, p<0.05). The pain intensity level in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group right after cold therapy was finished. The pain intensity level increased by 0.2 points in the experimental group and 1.06 points in the control group. At 30 minutes after cold therapy, it was 0.47 points in the experimental group and 1.07 points in the control group. At 60 minutes after cold therapy, the pain intensity level had increased by 1.26 points in the experimental group but only 0.47 points in the control group. 3. Hypothesis 3, that ''there will be a significant difference between the two groups in physiological indicators of pain (systolic, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate) after chest tube insertion was not supported. The findings of this study indicate that cold therapy can be effective for pain in patients with chest tube insertion. Therefore, cold therapy could be recommended as an effective nursing intervention for relieving pain related to chest tube. A larger patient population is required for the current findings to be applied to the general population. Further research is needed to identify the effects of cold therapy applied repeatedly.ope

    Thioacetamide ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ฆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™” ์ •๋„์™€ Ito ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ PKC ํ™œ์„ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต,1999.Maste
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