재즈(Jazz)의 공감각적 해석을 중심으로

This study has combined the auditory language, "Music" with the visual language of "Art" to suggest a wider view on art. Here, the human sensitivity has been put into experimentation with a synesthetic background combining art with music. The imagery created by jazz music has used as a motif for fashion design. In order to translate jazz music into a certain sensitive imagery, synesthetic concepts and the reciprocal relationship between auditory and visual senses have been examined. Furthermore, background research and examples on artists who used sound for visual imagery have been studied for information. The study chooses to base its research on jazz music because in comparison to other music genres jazz remains with the public even with the changes of time. Furthermore, it best reflects the social, cultural and economical state of a given period. Therefore it is very similar to fashion. Also jazz has always been used extensively in other art genres such as literature, theater, dance and painting. The first people to play jazz were African Americans in the 17the century. This type of music was originally known as "Call-Response". It became popular in the 1920's in New Orleans, America. Young people began to dance in the Swing-Jazz period and moves up to present day. Therefore the study includes Swing(1930's), Behop(1940's), Cool Jazz(1950's), Bossa-Nova(1960's), Fusion Jazz(1970'2 to 1980's) and Acic Jazz(1990's to present day.) The scores have been carefully selected after interviewing jazz specialists. A questionnaire was conducted using the Semantic Differential Method to research ton the sensual structure in jazz. To translate the eight jazz score into visual images, sixteen images were firstly created for the questionnaire. Furthermore, adjectives which best describe the music were added in addition to color, form and texture. Finally eighteen adjectives were selected for the Semantic Differential Language. The adjectives selected through the questionnaire were analyzed through a seven point scale. With the results given by this scale eight pieces of work were produced. The study has experimented in translating sound into visual effect in a synesthetic expression using jazz music. This attempt created infinite possibilities in art.;본 논문은 청각언어인 '음악'과 시각언어인 '미술'을 결합하여 보다 폭넓은 예술영역의 방향성을 제시하고자 한다. 이에 청각과 시각이라는 공감각(共感覺)을 바탕으로 인간의 감성에 접근하여 재즈(Jazz)의 음악적 이미지를 복식디자인의 모티브로 활용하였다. 재즈의 음악적 감성이미지를 복식디자인에 적용시키기 위하여 공감각의 개념 및 청각과 시각의 상호연관성을 고찰하고, 공감각적 표현에 근거하여 음악적 감성을 시각적으로 재현하는 과정에서 필요한 이론적인 근거 및 구체적인 사례들을 살펴보았다. 본 논문의 연구주제로 다양한 음악 장르 중 재즈를 선택한 이유는 재즈가 다른 어떤 음악 장르보다 시대, 사회, 문화, 경제적인 흐름에 따라 변화를 거듭하면서 다양한 형태로 대중과 함께 존재하고 있었다는 점에서 패션과 그 특성이 매우 유사하다는 데 있다. 또한 재즈는 음악 뿐 아니라 문학, 패션, 연극, 무용, 미술 등 예술 전반에 걸쳐 다양한 창작활동의 모티브가 되어왔는데, 이것은 재즈가 본 연구의 대상으로서 가치를 갖는 근원이 된다. 재즈의 기원은 콜-리스폰스(Call-Response)라는 재즈적 연주형태의 기본 틀을 갖춘 17C 흑인 영가에서 찾을 수 있으며, 1920년대 미국 뉴올리언즈를 기점으로 하여 재즈댄스의 형태로 젊은이들 사이에서 유행하기 시작하였다. 본 연구에서 선정된 총 8곡의 재즈 곡은 재즈가 본격적으로 뚜렷한 장르적 특성을 갖추기 시작했던 1930년 스윙재즈(Swing Jazz)시기 이후부터 현대에 이르기까지 시대를 거듭하며 변화한 장르-스윙(Swing-1930년대), 비밥(Bebop -1940년대), 쿨재즈(Cool Jazz-1950년대), 보사노바(Bossa-Nova-1960년대), 퓨전재즈(Fusion Jazz-1970~1980년대), 애시드재즈(Acid Jazz-1990~현재)-별 대표 곡들이 재즈 전문서적 참고, 재즈 관련 인터넷 웹 사이트 검색 및 재즈전문가의 조언 등을 근거로 선정되었다. 본 연구에서는 인간의 감성자체가 정성적이기 때문에 정량적인 측정 및 분석이 불가능하다는 한계를 극복하기 위하여 <감성공학>의 특성을 활용함으로써 복식디자인으로의 보다 객관적인 접근을 시도하였다. 재즈의 감성구조를 조사하기 위하여 의미분별척도법( SD: Semantic Differential Method)을 이용하는 설문조사법을 채택하였다. 우선적으로 선정된 장르별 재즈 8곡의 이미지를 시각화하기 위한 기초 작업으로 16개의 이미지 맵을 구성하여 설문조사에 추가하였으며, 재즈의 개별 곡 이미지를 전달하는 형용사, 복식디자인의 조형요소로서 색채, 재질, 형태 등을 결정하는 형용사들을 수집하여 최종적으로 18쌍의 형용사 즉, SD언어를 추출하였다. 설문내용은 재즈 곡 개별에 대한 시각 이미지 적용과 7점 척도법에 근거한 추출형용사 어휘의 평가로 구성된다. 설문결과는 컴퓨터 통계 프로그램인 SAS를 이용하였는데, 응답의 가장 큰 비중을 차지한 시각이미지와 형용사 어휘에 대한 7점 척도 평가 결과에 의해 유의성을 가진 평균±표준편차의 범위(평균 5.6 이상~2.5 이하)에 해당하는 형용사의 이미지를 종합하여 재즈 곡 개별 이미지를 분석하였다. 그 분석결과에 따라 복식디자인을 전개하고, 총 8작품을 제작하였다. 제작된 8개의 복식디자인 작품들은 설문분석의 결과뿐만 아니라 재즈 연주자 및 재즈 애호가들의 옷차림이 하나의 사회적인 현상으로서 자연스럽게 패션의 흐름에 반영되었다는 사실을 고려하여 제작되었다. 이에 복식디자인은 재즈와 재즈댄스, 재즈와 무대공연이라는 문화현상을 접목시켜 기본적으로 무대의상의 형태 즉 밀착된 형태의 상의와 부풀린 형태로 율동미를 부각시키는 하의의 투피스, 이브닝 드레스와 겉옷에 그 초점을 맞추었다. 또한 음악의 전체적인 이미지를 시각화하고자 하는 연구의 특성을 부각시키기 위하여 재즈 고유의 음악적 흐름을 살릴 수 있는 가벼운 소재를 사용하여 재즈에 담긴 자유로운 내적 이미지와 음악적인 리듬감을 최대한 조화롭게 표현하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 공감각적 표현에 근거하여 재즈의 음악적 언어를 복식디자인이라는 시각적 조형 언어로 표현하는 것의 가능성을 실험하였으며, 그 결과에 따라 복식디자인의 모티브로 활용할 수 있는 무한한 영역을 확인하는 데 그 의의가 있다고 하겠다.論文槪要 I. 서론 1 A. 연구목적과 의의 1 B. 연구내용 및 방법 2 II. 이론적 배경 5 A. 공감각(共感覺)의 개념과 특성 5 B. 청각과 시각의 상호연관성 11 C. 공감각적 표현에 근거한 청각의 시각화 사례 분석 18 III. 재즈(Jazz)의 일반적 고찰 23 A. 재즈의 기원 및 특성 23 B. 재즈(Jazz)의 시각화 사례 분석 35 IV. 작품제작 배경 43 A. 재즈 작품 선정 및 시각 이미지 설정 43 B. 설문조사 및 결과분석 52 C. 결과분석에 따른 디자인 방향 설정 71 V. 작품제작 73 A. 제작의도 및 방법 73 B. 작품해설 76 VI. 결론 및 제언 117 참고문헌 119 부록 124 영문초록 13

Stationarity and mixing property for bilinear process

There are sufficient conditions for the stationary β-mixing and ergodicity of GARCH-type models. Particularly, Carrasco, Hansen, and Chen (1999) demonstrate that many continuous-time nonlinear diffusion models can have β-mixing coefficients with slow decay rates. This paper provides the sufficient condition for the ergodicity and stationary β-mixing with exponential decay rates of the Bilinear model which is one of non-linear time series models and constructs a test function which leads to the conditions, using Mokkadem's criteria.;지금까지 GARCH 모형의 stationarity에 대한 필요충분조건들이 존재했다. 그리고 stationary β-mixing과 ergodicity 에 대한 여러 가지 충분조건들이 Carrasco 와 Chen 에 의해서 증명되었다. 최근에 non-linear time series 의 모형에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 그 모형들 중에서 본 논문에서는 Mokkadem's criteria를 사용해서 Bilinear 모형의 stationary β-mixing과 ergodicity에 대하여 조건을 제시하고 그에 따른 검정 함수(test function)를 정의하여 증명하였다.CONTENTS = ⅰ ABSTRACT = ⅱ Chapter 1. Introduction = 1 Chapter 2. Definitions & Theorem = 4 Chapter 3. Stationarity and β-mixing for bilinear process = 12 Chapter 4. Proof & example = 16 References = 28 논문초록 = 3

통원수술 환자를 위한 EBP기반 퇴원교육 콘텐츠 개발과 평가

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :간호대학 간호학과,2019. 8. 이인숙.통원수술 환자들은 당일수술 직후 바로 퇴원하며, 가정에서 의료전문가의 도움 없이 자가간호를 통해 수술 후 회복 과정을 거친다. 퇴원 후 환자들은 신체적, 정신적 증상을 겪으며, 일상생활에서 어려운 상황에 직면하기 때문에 자가 관리를 통해 최상의 수술 결과에 도달할 수 있도록 간호사의 효과적인 퇴원교육이 무엇보다 중요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 퇴원하는 환자에게 적용할 수 있는 퇴원교육 콘텐츠를 EBP를 기반으로 개발하고, 그 효과를 평가하고자 시도되었다. 본 연구의 EBP기반 퇴원교육 콘텐츠(EBP-DECA) 개발을 위해 존스홉킨스 대학의 근거기반실무(JHNEBP)모델의 19단계를 본 연구에 맞게 9단계로 수정하였다. 9단계는 문제의 정의, EBP 질문 개발, 근거 구축, 근거의 질 평가, 근거 요약, 근거의 질 합성, 근거 기반 콘텐츠, 콘텐츠의 적절성 검증, 결과 평가의 단계로 구성되었다. EBP-DECA의 근거를 수집하기 위하여 국내와 국외 DB 검색을 통한 통합적 문헌고찰을 시행하였고, 환자 요구도 조사와 임상전문가 요구도 조사를 실시하였다. 선정된 문헌의 자료 분석 후, 각 문헌에서 통원수술 환자의 퇴원교육 콘텐츠에 적합한 내용을 추출하였으며, 통합적 문헌고찰과 관련 가이드라인의 검색, 전문가와 환자의 요구도 조사를 통합하고 분석하여 EBP-DECA를 신체적 증상 관리, 정신적 증상 관리, 일상생활, 환경-감염 관리의 4가지 범주로 구성하였다. 개발된 EBP-DECA는 전문가 내용 타당도 조사와 AGREE 평가 도구를 통한 질 평가를 거쳤으며, 전문가 내용 타당도는 모든 항목이 80% 이상이었고, AGREE 질 평가에서는 6개 범주 모두에서 70% 이상으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 개발한 EBP-DECA의 평가를 위해 비동등성 대조군 전후 시차설계의 유사실험연구를 실시하였다. 연구대상은 서울 소재 S병원 통원수술실에서 가장 다빈도로 이루어지고 있는 안과 백내장 수술, 산부인과 자궁내시경과 원추절제술, 외과 유방양성종양절제술을 받은 통원수술환자 실험군 30명과 대조군 30명을 대상으로 시행하였으며, 불안, 지식, 만족도, 병원재방문율, 수술부위감염률을 평가하였다. 분석 결과 EBP-DECA를 적용받은 실험군은 이전 퇴원교육을 진행한 대조군에 비해 수술 후 불안이 낮고(t=1.894, p=.030), 만족도 점수는 유의하게 높았으며(t=-10.212, p=.002), 30일간의 병원 재방문율과 수술 부위 감염 발생률은 낮았으나, 자가간호 지식에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 의료의 효용성과 이용의 편의가 중시되며, 병원의 가동률을 높이기 위해 통원수술은 계속 증가할 것이다. 본 연구에서 개발된 EBP-DECA를 통해 통원수술환자들은 퇴원 후 나타날 수 있는 신체적인 증상 관리, 정신적인 증상 관리, 일상생활, 환경 관리가 이루어질 것이고, 임상 실무 현장과 환자의 자가간호 사이의 격차를 줄여 회복의 질을 향상될 것이다. 최상의 근거를 기반으로 한 퇴원교육 콘텐츠의 개발은 임상 실무와 학계 사이의 연구 활성화에 이바지할 것이며, 향후 통원 환자들이 퇴원 후 이용 가능한 지역사회의 맞춤형 포괄적 간호서비스 제도를 마련하도록 국가적 정책이 필요함을 제언한다.Ambulatory surgery patients are discharged immediately after the operation on that day and recovery occuring at home with little access to professional support. The patients can experience physical, mental symptoms and are confronted with difficult situations in daily life during home recovery. Therefore, discharge education of nurses is most important for self-management to reach the best results of surgery. The purpose of this study is to develop the discharge education contents and to evaluate the effect. In order to develop EBP-based discharge education contents (EBP-DECA) of this study, 19 stages of JHNEBP model were modified to 9 stages according to this study. The stages consisted of the define the problem, development and refine the EBP question, conduct internal and external search for evidence, appraise the level and quality of each piece of evidence, summarize the individual evidence, synthesize overall strength and quality of evidence, develop EBP-DECA for change based on evidence synthesis, determine feasibility of EBP-DECA and evaluate outcomes. We followed integrated review of literature searched for studies all databases based on PICO and conducted a survey of patient needs and a survey of clinical expert needs for evidence. After analyzing and synthesizing data, we were extracted the appropriate contents from each literature for discharge education contents of hospital patients. The EBP-DECA was divided into 4 categories: physical symptoms management, mental symptoms management, daily life management and environment-infection control. The EBP-DECA was evaluated expert verification and the AGREE evaluation tool. The results was over 80% for all items in expert contents validity and over 70% in the AGREE quality evaluation. This study was designed as a nonequivalent control group quasi-experimental study to evaluate the EBP-DECA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of discharge contents on postoperative anxiety, knowledge, satisfaction, hospital return visits and surgical site infection. We were collected the participants who underwent cataract surgery, hysteroscopy and conization and breast excision surgery in the 'S' hospital ambulatory surgery center in Seoul. The experimental group (n=30) was given EBP-DECA and the control group (n=30) was given current education. There were significant differences in postoperative anxiety (t=1.894, p=.030), satisfaction (t=-10.212, p=.002), hospital return visits and surgical site infection. But this finding was not statistically significant in knowledge. The volume and diversity of day surgery will continue to increase in order to healthcare cost and patient preference for minimal stay. The EBP-DECA will provide information about physical and mental symptoms management, daily life and environmental management that can occur after discharge from the hospital. The gap between clinical professional and patient self-care in the quality of the recovery will reduce. This can be used as a reference for developing the evidence-based patient education for other similar areas in the future and will contribute to the activation of research between the clinical practice and academia. In addition, the results suggest to prepare the comprehensive national policy nursing service system on the community for discharge patients following surgery.제 1 장 서 론 1 제 1 절 연구의 필요성 1 제 2 절 연구 목적 4 제 3 절 용어의 정의 4 제 2 장 문헌고찰 7 제 1 절 통원수술 환자 간호 7 제 2 절 통원수술 환자의 퇴원교육 16 제 3 절 근거기반실무 (Evidence-based Practice) 18 제 3 장 이론적 기틀 23 제 1 절 연구의 개념틀 23 제 2 절 연구의 가설 26 제 4 장 연구방법 27 제 1 절 EBP-DECA 개발 27 제 2 절 EBP-DECA 효과 평가 37 제 5 장 연구결과 41 제 1 절 EBP-DECA 개발 결과 41 제 2 절 EBP-DECA 효과 평가 결과 56 제 6 장 논의 62 제 1 절 논의 62 제 2 절 연구의 제한점 72 제 3 절 간호학적 의의 73 제 7 장 결론 및 제언 74 참고문헌 76 부록 95 Abstract 157Docto

Investigation of Hydrogen Crossover Phenomena during Operation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 기계항공공학부, 2016. 8. 김민수.In this study, the crossover phenomenon according to various parameters that have not been covered yet and during operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell system were investigated to provide practical information and better understanding on thereof. Furthermore, the effect of the pinhole formation and the location of pinhole on hydrogen crossover were analyzed. For successful landing of proton exchange membrane fuel cell system on markets, durability is imperative issue to be improved. Since the crossover phenomenon is strongly related to degradation process of materials, in this sense, conducting the researches for more practical parameters and conditions where the real system operates are needed. However, the most of previous researches were limited because it just had concentrated on the relationship between operating parameters and gas crossover that difficult to know even reflect on system operation. Therefore, in this study, we are focused on the useful parameters and conditions to apply its results on real proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. Firstly, effects of the bipolar plate designs, relative humidity condition difference between anode and cathode and flow direction (co-flow, counter-flow) on hydrogen crossover rate under unloaded condition are experimentally investigated to complements previous researches by dealing with new topics. Through this research, it was found that the bipolar plate design can have an influence both on performance and crossover rate due to the pressure in channel. To identify the effect of the relative humidity condition precisely, not only effect of the relative humidity condition difference between anode and cathode but also the behavior under flooding is analyzed. The relative humidity of air has more effect on hydrogen crossover because the amount of supplied air is higher than that of hydrogen, and higher relative humidity accelerates more crossover rate. However, too much water contributes to blocking the porous of gas diffusion layer and leads to prevent gas crossover. Also, the influence of the flow direction on crossover rate is studied. From the result, even if the performance under the fully humidified condition has little difference between the co and counter-flows, the hydrogen crossover rate greatly differs between both cases due to the gas distribution in the cell. Furthermore, the effect of the clamping pressure, relative humidity condition, flow direction and stoichiometric ratio on hydrogen crossover rate are analyzed under the real system operation condition. The effect of the relative humidity condition, flow direction and stoichiometric ratio with specific condition is totally changed as the current density is increased. Through this research, the importance of measuring crossover rate under loaded condition will give an insight to the further research on crossover phenomenon. Lastly, effect of the pinhole formation on crossover rate is studied. It was found that even if the size of a pinhole is too small to detect its existence by the performance change, it can be confirmed by detecting hydrogen crossover rate under various current densities. In addition, the location of the damage of MEA can be analyzed through the hydrogen crossover rate pattern for loaded and unloaded condition. Greatly scattered hydrogen crossover pattern was measured for blemish at inlet and higher hydrogen crossover rate was detected for pinhole at outlet. Based on this result, it is determined that the membrane of anode inlet and outlet side have an important role in performance and hydrogen crossover. This can suggest the guideline for manufacturing process of MEA that which part should be made carefully and strongly. Furthermore, judgement method for pinhole existence with four different parameters was proposed to provide detecting technique for MEA and stack manufacturers.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Literature survey 4 1.3 Objectives and scopes 8 Chapter 2. Measurement of crossover rate under unloaded condition 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Gas crossover mechanism 11 2.3 Experimental apparatus and test procedure 14 2.3.1 Single cell preparation 14 2.3.2 Experimental apparatus 14 2.3.3 Mass spectrometer 17 2.3.4 Test procedure 17 2.4 Effect of the land/channel width ratio of bipolar plates 19 2.4.1 Bipolar plates 19 2.4.2 The electrochemical performance of PEMFCs 23 2.4.3 Hydrogen crossover rate of PEMFCs 28 2.4.4 Anode inlet pressure of PEMFCs 33 2.5 Effect of the relative humidity condition 34 2.5.1 Hydrogen crossover rate under different relative humidity conditions 34 2.5.2 Effect of the relative humidity condition difference between anode and cathode 37 2.5.3 Analysis on behavior of crossover rate under flooding 42 2.6 Effect of the flow direction 45 2.7 Summary 47 Chapter 3. Analysis on crossover phenomenon for various current densities 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Effect of the clamping pressure 49 3.3 Effect of the relative humidity condition 54 3.4 Effect of the flow direction 58 3.5 Effect of the stoichiometric ratio 62 3.6 Numerical analysis of crossover phenomenon under various current densities 68 3.7 Summary 69 Chapter 4. Effect of pinhole on the crossover at the membrane 72 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Pinhole formation processes 73 4.3 Preparation of materials 74 4.3.1 Preparation of the perforated MEA 74 4.3.2 Test procedure 75 4.4 Effect of formed pinhole on the membrane 75 4.4.1 The electrochemical performance of the perforated MEA 75 4.4.2 Hydrogen crossover rate of the perforated MEA 79 4.5 Effect of the location of pinhole on gas crossover 87 4.5.1 The electrochemical performance according to the location of pinhole 87 4.5.2 Hydrogen crossover rate according to the location of pinhole 92 4.6 Development for judgement method of pinhole existence 95 4.6.1 Open circuit voltage 95 4.6.2 Crossover rate 95 4.6.3 Overshooting under loaded conditions 96 4.6.4 High frequency ratio 96 4.7 Summary 98 Chapter 5. Concluding remarks 99 References 102 Abstract (in Korean) 112Docto

NS5A S2204I 변이의 치환이 C형 간염 바이러스의 복제에 미치는 영향

Dept. of Medical Science/석사Background & Aims: The nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) of hepatitis C virus is a phosphoprotein that is required for both RNA replication and virion assembly. Differential phosphorylation has been proposed as a molecular switch that modulates the two functions of NS5A protein. Efficient replication of H77 (genotype 1a) in Huh7.5 cells requires five cell culture-adaptive mutations, including K2040R andS2204I in NS5A protein. However, replication of JFH1 (genotype 2a) in cell culture system does not require any cell culture-adaptive mutations. Therefore in this study, we tested whether the reversion of K2040R and S2204I cell culture-adaptive mutations of H77S NS5A to wild-type sequence have any effect on viral RNA replication in diverse genotypic backgrounds.Method: We generated various JFH1-based H77 NS5A chimeras, including both K2040R and S2204I cell culture-adaptive mutations (JFH1/H5A), single amino acid substitution mutations (JFH1/H5A/RK andJFH1/H5A/IS), and a wild-type sequence (JFH1/H5A/RKIS). Huh-7.5 cells were transfected with in-vitro transcribed viral RNA from the respective recombinant plasmid DNA and viral replication was evaluated by Gaussia luciferase reporter assay.Results: The efficiency of viral replication was severely impaired in cells transfected with JFH1/H5A. The reversion of S2204I to a wild-type sequence (JFH/H5A/IS) restored viral RNA replication capacity. Similar levels of replication efficiency was observed for the constructs bearing both R2040K and I2204S substitution mutations (JFH1/H5A/RKIS). However, R2040K substitution alone (JFH1/H5A/RK) did not affect the viral replication rate. Focus-forming assay showed that no infectious virus particles were released from cells transfected with the JFH1/H5A and JFH1/H5A/RK. In contrast, infectious virus particles were efficiently released by cells transfected with the JFH1/H5A/IS and JFH1/H5A/RKIS, the titer of which was comparable to that of wild-type JFH1. Consistent with these results, immunoblot analysis demonstrated no significant differences in the expression levels of NS5A protein in cells transfected with JFH1/H5A/IS, JFH1/H5A/RKIS.Conclusion: S2204I cell culture-adaptive mutation, conferring high viral replication in H77 strains, had negative effect in the context of JFH1. This result suggests that phosphorylation of serine residue at position 2204 in NS5A protein is important for efficient replication of JFH1 RNAope

Effects of the Provision of Information on Anxiety in Patients during Outpatient Surgery: A Systematic Review

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the research methods, contents, and effects of providing information to alleviate patients anxiety during outpatient surgery. Methods: The PICOTS-SD (Participants, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes, Time, Setting, Study design) was used and 11 randomized controlled trials studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. For assessing the quality of the studies, the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used. Results: In the 11 selected studies, intervention methods included verbal, written paper, video, and websites, and the outcome variable was anxiety. Regarding the effectiveness of providing information on anxiety, the result of the present study was ambivalent. Conclusion: This study showed the current trends in providing information as an intervention. However, randomized controlled trials are further needed in Korea, to verify the effects of such an intervention on patients anxiety