The Relationship between Socially Prescribed Perfectionism and Self-Handicapping Mediated by Shame and Negative Cognitive Coping

This study was intended to examine the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and self-handicapping along with the mediating effects of shame and negative cognitive coping styles. The data were collected through a survey with 172 undergraduate students (M: 61, F: 111) in Seoul. The questionnaires included Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(MPS), Internalized Shame Scale(ISS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(CERQ), and Self-Handicapping Scale(SHS). For data analysis, correlation analysis, multiple mediation model operating in serial, proposed by Hayes(2012), and a bootstrapping method were used. The results of the data are like below. First, there were positive correlations among socially prescribed perfectionism, internalized shame, negative cognitive coping styles, and self-handicapping. Second, socially prescribed perfectionism had statistically significant indirect effects on self-handicapping through internalized shame and negative cognitive coping styles, which indicates complete mediating effects. The relationship between internalized shame and self-handicapping was partially mediated through negative cognitive coping styles. The findings of this study indicated that people who have socially prescribed perfectionism are likely to experience internalized shame, and the shame itself would not only have a direct impact on people to use self-handicapping strategies but also influence the high level of the use of negative cognitive coping styles, which leads to self-handicapping strategies.;본 연구는 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의와 자기구실 만들기의 관계에서 내면화된 수치심과 부정적 인지 대처방식의 매개효과를 밝히고자 하였다. 연구 대상자는 서울 소재 대학교에 재학 중인 대학생으로 172명(남: 61명, 여: 111명)의 자료를 최종 분석하였다. 연구도구는 다차원적 완벽주의 척도, 내면화된 수치심, 인지적 정서조절 질문지 척도, 자기구실 만들기 척도를 사용하였고, 자료 분석을 위해 상관분석과 Hayes(2012)가 제안한 순차적 매개효과 검증, 부트스트래핑(Bootstrapping) 방법을 통해 간접효과를 검증하였다. 본 연구의 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주요 변인 간 관련성을 검증한 결과, 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의, 내면화된 수치심, 부정적 인지대처, 자기구실 만들기 간에 모두 정적으로 유의한 상관을 보였다. 특히 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의는 내면화된 수치심과 가장 높은 상관을 보였고, 부정적 인지 대처의 하위요인 중 반추와 파국화는 수치심 및 자기구실 만들기와 유의한 높은 상관을 나타냈다. 둘째, 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의와 자기구실 만들기의 관계에서 내면화된 수치심과 부정적 인지대처의 매개모형을 검증한 결과, 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의가 자기구실 만들기에 미치는 직접효과는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았고, 수치심과 부정적 인지대처의 간접효과가 통계적으로 유의하여 완전매개모형이 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의와 자기구실 만들기의 관계에서 수치심과 대처방식에 의해 발생하는 간접효과가 더 중요한 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의와 자기구실 만들기 간의 관계를 파악할 때 다른 심리적 변인이 함께 고려되어야 할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구는 자기구실 만들기와 관련한 심리적인 변인으로 정서변인인 수치심과 관계를 살펴보았다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 최근 수치심은 부정적인 자의식 정서로 인식되어 많은 연구가 이루어졌지만 우울, 불안, 대인관계 등의 연구에 국한되어 있었다. 본 연구에서는 자기구실 만들기에 대한 선행연구를 토대로 수치심이 대학의 학업 환경에서 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의와 자기구실 만들기의 관계를 설명할 수 있는 변인으로 가정하였다. 연구의 결과로 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의와 자기구실 만들기의 관계에서 수치심 자체가 자기구실 만들기 전략을 사용하는 데 영향을 미치는 부정적인 변인이기도 하지만 수치심이 부정적인 인지대처를 유발함으로 자기구실 만들기 전략을 사용할 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다.I. 서론 1 A. 문제제기 1 B. 연구문제 5 II. 이론적 배경 6 A. 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의 6 1. 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의의 개념 6 2. 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의와 수치심 8 3. 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의와 자기구실 만들기 9 B. 자기구실 만들기 10 1. 자기구실 만들기의 개념 10 2. 자기구실 만들기와 관련 있는 변인 13 C. 수치심 14 1. 수치심의 개념 14 2. 수치심과 인지대처 16 III. 연구방법 19 A. 연구대상 19 B. 측정도구 19 1. 다차원적 완벽주의 척도 19 2. 내면화된 수치심 척도 20 3. 인지적 정서조절 질문지 척도 21 4. 자기구실 만들기 척도 22 C. 연구 절차 23 D. 분석 방법 23 Ⅳ. 연구결과 25 A. 주요 변인의 기술통계 및 상관분석 결과 25 1. 주요 변인의 기술통계 25 2. 주요 변인 간의 관련성 26 B. 매개효과 검증 28 C. 간접효과 검증 30 V. 결론 32 A. 요약 및 논의 32 B. 의의 및 한계 34 참고문헌 37 부록 50 ABSTRACT 5

Impact of Mental Toughness on Performance among Artistic Gymnasts

본 연구는 국내 중·고등학교 기계체조선수들의 정신력 수준을 알아보고 나아가 정신력이 경기력에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 실증적으로 규명하는데 그 연구 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 연구방법으로는 국내 중·고등학교 에 소속되어 있는 남녀 기계체조선수 226명을 대상으로 조사하였다. 본 연구에서는 응답한 설문지를 회수한 후 Window용 SPSS 17.0 Version을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 설문지의 신뢰도를 알아보기 위해 신뢰도 분석 (reliability analysis)을 실시하였고, 연구 대상자들의 정신력 하위수준과 경기력에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 빈도분석(frequency analysis), t-검증, 일원분산분석(one wey ANOVA) 및 사후분석(post-hoc test), 단순회귀분석등의 통계분석을 이용하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째 기계체조선수들의 배경변인에 따른 정신력의 차이를 분석한 결과 성별에서는 자신감, 각성조절, 주의조절, 긍정적 에너지 부분에서 남자가 여자보다 높게 나타났으며 나머지 요인에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 대상에 따른 정신력의 차이를 분석한 결과, 정신력의 모든 부분에서 중학생보다 고등학생이 높게 나타났다. 경력에 따른 정신력의 차이를 분석한 결과, 자신감, 시각화와 심상조절, 동기수준, 태도조절에서 경력이 오래될수록 정신력이 높게 나타났으며, 나머지 요인에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 둘째, 경기력에 따른 정신력의 차이를 알아본 결과, 자신감, 시각화와 심상조절, 동기수준, 태도조절에서 우수선수가 비우수 선수보다 높게 나타났으며, 각성조절, 주의조절, 긍정적 에너지에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 유의한 차이를 보인 자신감, 시각화와 심상조절, 동기수준, 태도조절은 무두 비우수 선수보다 우수선수가 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 정신력이 경기력에 미치는 영향을 알아본 결과 자신감, 시각화와 심상조절, 동기수준, 태도조절에서 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났으며, 각성조절, 주의조절, 긍정적 에너지에서는 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 위와 같은 결과를 통해 중·고등학교 기계체조 선수들의 경기력은 정신력의 영향을 받는다는 것을 알 수 있다. 특히 중·고등학교 체조선수들에게 있어 자신감, 시각화와 심상조절, 동기수준, 태도조절이 경기력에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이러한 정신력을 향상시킬 수 있는 프로그램이 개발되어야 할 것이며, 지도자 또한 선수들에게 이러한 프로그램을 활용하여 심리기술훈련을 선수에게 충분히 제공해야 할 것이다, 또한 이러한 심리기술 훈련이 선수들에게 제공될 수 있도록 현장의 체육 지도자에 대한 체계적인 교육 또한 필요할 것으로 사료된다.;The purpose of this study was to examine the mental toughness of secondary school artistic gymnasts and the impact of their mental toughness on performance. The subjects in this study were 226 secondary school boys and girls who were artistic gymnasts. After a survey was conducted, the collected answer sheets were analyzed with a SPSS/WIN Ver. 17.0 program. A reliability analysis was carried out to check the reliability of the questionnaire used in the study, and frequency analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, post-hoc test and simple regression procedures were utilized to find out the influence of their mental toughness on performance. The findings of the study were as follows: First, concerning the relationship between their background variables involving gender and mental toughness, the boys excelled the girls in confidence, awakening control, attention regulation and positive energy, and no gender gaps were found in the other factors. In terms of mental toughness, the middle school players were ahead of the high school players in every aspect of mental toughness. As to connections between career and mental toughness, a longer career led to better confidence, better visualization, better image control, higher motivation level and better attitude regulation. There were no significant differences in the other factors. Second, in relation to the influence of performance on mental toughness, the excellent players surpassed the nonexcellent ones in confidence, visualization, image control, motivation level and attitude regulation, and no significant gaps were found in awakening control, attention regulation and positive energy. There were significant differences in confidence, visualization, image control, motivation level and attitude regulation, and the excellent players outdid the nonexcellent ones in those regards. Third, as for the impact of mental toughness on performance, mental toughness made statistically significant differences to confidence, visualization, image control, motivation level and attitude regulation, but that exerted no statistically significant influence on awakening control, attention regulation and positive energy. The above-mentioned findings suggested that the performance of the secondary school artistic gymnasts was under the influence of their mental toughness. Specifically, their performance was affected by confidence, visualization, image control, motivation level and attitude regulation. Therefore the kind of programs that aim at boosting mental toughness should be developed and provided for players to undergo sufficient psychological training. Besides, P.E. instructors should receive systematic reeducation in order to provide superb psychological training to players.Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 A. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 = 1 B. 연구문제 = 5 C. 연구의 제한점 = 5 D. 용어의 정의 = 6 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 8 A. 기계 체조의 이해와 역사 = 8 1. 세계 기계체조의 역사 = 8 2. 한국 기계체조의 역사 = 9 B. 체조경기 세부 종목별 특성 = 11 C. 정신력의 정의와 요인 = 15 1. 정신력 정의 = 15 2. 정신력 요인 = 17 D. 경기력과 정신력의 관계 = 23 Ⅲ. 연구 방법 = 25 A. 연구 대상 = 25 B. 연구도구 = 26 C. 설문지의 신뢰도 = 27 D. 자료분석 = 28 Ⅳ. 연구결과 = 29 A. 배경변인(성별, 대상, 경력)에 따른 정신력 차이 = 29 B. 경기력에 따른 정신력 차이 = 36 C. 정신력이 경기력에 미치는 영향 = 38 Ⅴ. 논의 및 결론 = 40 A. 논의 = 40 B. 결론 = 43 참고문헌 = 45 부록 설문지 = 48 ABSTRACT = 5

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity in Exotropia Before and After Strabismus Surgery

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of strabismus surgery in exotropia patients suspected of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Parents of 67 exotropia patients answered the Conner Teacher Rating Scale-Revised for suspecting ADHD before and after 3 months of surgery. Patients were divided into 2 groups by preoperative scale scores. Group 1 had scores under 15 and group 2 who were suspected to have ADHD had scores above 15. Characteristics of exotropia and scale score differences were evaluated. Results: Group 1 had 43 patients and group 2 had 24 patients. The ratio of group 2 was significantly higher in boys than in girls (P=0.048). The scale scores increased by 1.30 points in group 1 and decreased by 1.04 points in group 2 but there was no significant difference. Scale scores in each group showed no significant difference according to surgical outcome. Conclusions: In exotropia patients, there was no significant change in scale scores of ADHD after strabismus surgery.ope

Measuring photophobia using Optec 6500® in children with intermittent exotropia

의학과/석사[한글]간헐외사시 환자에서의 눈부심은 54~90%의 환자가 호소할 정도로 흔하지만 이를 객관적으로 측정한 연구는 거의 이루어져 있지 않다. 이에 본 연구에서는 최근 굴절교정수술과 백내장수술 전후 눈부심 측정에 이용되고 있는 Optec 6500®으로 간헐외사시 환자의 눈부심을 측정하고자 하였다. 간헐외사시로 수술예정인 환자 58명과 정상 대조군 34명을 대상으로 Optec 6500®의 대비감도 검사를 이용하여 눈부심을 측정하고 이를 비교하였다. 눈부심은 일정한 조도 조건에서 눈부심을 일으키는 빛 조건을 추가하였을 때 저하되는 대비감도의 차이로 정의하였다. 측정된 눈부심과 관련된 임상인자를 조사하였고, 사시수술 3개월 후 반복 측정하여 수술 전과 비교하였다. 간헐외사시군의 대비감도는 명소시 저 공간 주파수에서, 박명시에는 저중간 공간 주파수에서 대조군에 비해 저하되어 있었다. 또한 눈부심을 일으키는 빛 조건을 주면, 박명시 중간 공간 주파수에서 간헐외사시군의 대비감도가 감소되었고, 이러한 변화는 양안 검사시에만 나타났다. 이 측정된 눈부심은 수술 3개월 후 의미있게 호전되었다. 눈부심은 술전 사시각, 굴절이상, 억제정도, 유병기간, 나이, 성별과는 상관관계가 없었으나 술전 원거리 입체시가 좋을수록, 그리고 환자가 눈부심을 호소할 경우 강하게 측정되었다.간헐외사시 환자의 눈부심을 정량화할 수 있었으며, 이는 간헐외사시의 상태를 평가하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. [영문]ope

갑상샘눈병증 안와섬유모세포에서 interleukin-1β로 유도된 히알루론산 증가에 대한 pirfenidone의 억제 작용

Dept. of Medicine/박사Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune component of Graves’ disease characterized by intense inflammation in the setting of volume expansion and tissue remodeling, leading to organ dysfunction. At the heart of this, tissue remodeling occurred by the disordered accumulation of glycosaminoglycan; hyaluronic acid (HA), which results in tissue edema due to its strong hydrophilic property. Because no reliable, specific and safe medical therapeutic agents are available for TAO, the development of specific therapies with minimal side effects is essential. Pirfenidone (5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-[1H]-pyridone) is a novel agent that has shown its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in animal models and clinical trials. We investigated an effect of pirfenidone on interleukin (IL)-1β-induced HA expression in an in vitro model of TAO. The effect of pirfenidone on IL-1β-induced HA expression was assessed in primary cultured orbital fibroblasts of TAO patients. The level of HA in IL-1β-treated cells with or without pirfenidone was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of pirfenidone on IL-1β-induced hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) expression was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and verified by Western blot. We then examined the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)s on IL-1β-induced HAS expression by RT-PCR, using specific inhibitors to p38 MAPK (p38), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The level of phosphorylation of MAPKs in IL-1β-treated cells with or without pirfenidone was measured by immunoblot analysis. In addition, the effect of pirfenidone on HA production was compared with that of dexamethasone by ELISA. Pirfenidone strongly attenuated the IL-1β-induced HA release with a dose -dependent manner. IL-1β-induced HAS mRNA and protein expression decreased significantly by co-treatment with pirfenidone. In the signaling pathway of IL-1β, HAS transcription was mediated by p38 and ERK dependent pathways, and the phosphorylations of them were nicely attenuated by co-treatments with pirfenidone. In our system, JNK pathways was not related with IL-1β-induced HAS transcription. Finally, pirfenidone was more effective than dexamethasone in inhibiting IL-1β-induced HA increases. In summary, pirfenidone attenuates the IL-1β-induced HA production in orbital fibroblasts from patients with TAO, which is related to suppression of the MAPK-mediated HAS expression. These results support the potential use of pirfenidone in treatment of TAO.ope

Effectiveness of cultured human keratinocyte onlays on epithelial healing and clinical outcome after photorefractive keratectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate epithelial healing time, postoperative pain, corneal haze, and visual and refractive outcomes following the application of cultured sheets of human allogeneic epidermal keratinocyte (CEAK) onlays on the photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) -ablated corneal surface as dressing material. METHODS: In total, 204 eyes from 103 patients with myopia or myopic astigmatism were prospectively evaluated for 6 months after PRK. The ablated cornea was dressed in three different ways. Specifically, CEAK onlays were placed in 80 eyes (CEAK group), CEAK with amniotic membrane (AM) strips in 63 eyes (CEAK with AM group), and therapeutic contact lenses only in 61 eyes (control group). All eyes were covered with bandage contact lens after the operation. Contact lens removal time, intensity of postoperative pain score on postoperative day 2, corneal haze, Snellen visual acuity, and remaining refractive errors were measured. RESULTS: The mean contact lens removal time was shorter in the CEAK with AM group (1.84 +/- 0.72 days) compared to the control (2.77 +/- 1.59 days) and CEAK only (2.24 +/- 0.79 days) groups (P < .001). However, no significant differences were evident among the groups in terms of immediate postoperative pain, Snellen visual acuity, remaining refractive errors, and corneal haze at 6 months postoperative. CONCLUSIONS: The CEAK onlay with AM facilitates epithelial healing, and is thus a good candidate dressing material to decrease the epithelial healing time after PRK. However, this onlay method did not affect the intensity of postoperative pain or final visual outcomes after surgeryope

Surgical Results in Duane Retraction Syndrome

Purpose: To report the clinical characteristics and the results of a series of patients treated with various strabismus surgery techniques for Duane retraction syndrome (DRS). Methods: Thirty-eight patients with DRS undergoing surgical treatment were retrospectively reviewed. In all patients, ocular alignment, abnormal head posture and ocular motility disturbance were assessed both preoperatively and postoperatively. The patients were treated with appropriate horizontal muscle recession, Y-splitting combined with horizontal muscle recession, medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection. Results: The incidence of DRS was greater in females and in the left eye. Type 1 was the most common, and esodeviation was seen most frequently in the primary position. The esotropic patients with DRS turned their faces toward the affected eyes, while the exotropic patients with DRS turned away from the affected eyes. The deviation in the primary position was reduced from an average of 15.0 prism diopters (PD) to 1.5PD. The face turn was reduced from an average of 17.5 degrees to 1.2 degrees. Conclusions: The primary deviation and abnormal head posture found in DRS can be improved by proper preoperative evaluation and adequate choice of surgical methodsope

Practical aspects and efficacy of intraoperative adjustment in concomitant horizontal strabismus surgery

PURPOSE: To analyze the practical aspects and advantages of one-stage adjustable surgery under topical anesthesia in concomitant horizontal strabismus. METHODS: A retrospective review of 363 patients was completed to assess (1) the frequency of need to perform adjustment, (2) the amount and pattern of adjustment, and (3) the final alignment at least 6 months after surgery. Intraoperative adjustment was performed strictly toward the aim of orthophoria or slight overcorrection (heterophoria < 6 prism diopters [PD]) while avoiding diplopia. RESULTS: Of the 363 patients, 261 (72%) required intraoperative adjustment. Of these, 85% of exotropes underwent a decreased amount of surgery compared with the standard amount, whereas 58% of esotropes underwent an increased amount of surgery. Forty-two patients underwent a one-muscle surgery instead of the scheduled two-muscle surgery, and all had less than 35 PD preoperative angle of deviation. Success rates were 83% in all patients with one-stage adjustable sutures and 87% in patients who underwent adjustment. In 42 patients with one-muscle surgery instead of two-muscle surgery, 32 (76%) obtained successful results. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative adjustment was effective in concomitant horizontal strabismus surgery and can provide the opportunity to avoid a large overcorrection, especially in cases with moderate angle horizontal muscle surgeryope

Ocular biometric features of pediatric patients with fibroblast growth factor receptor-related syndromic craniosynostosis

Ametropia is reported as a common ophthalmic manifestation in craniosynostosis. We retrospectively compared childhood refractive error and ocular biometric features of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-related syndromic craniosynostosis patients with those of non-syndromic craniosynostosis and control subjects. Thirty-six eyes (18 patients) with FGFR-related syndromic craniosynostosis, 76 eyes (38 patients) with non-syndromic craniosynostosis, and 114 eyes (57 patients) of intermittent exotropes were included in the analysis. Mean age at examination was 7.82 +/- 2.51 (range, 4-16) years and mean spherical equivalent was -0.09 +/- 1.46 Diopter. Mean age and refractive error were not different between groups, but syndromic craniosynostosis patients had significantly longer axial length, lower corneal power, and lower lens power than other groups (p&lt;0.01, p&lt;0.01, and p&lt;0.01, respectively). Axial length was positively correlated and keratometry and lens power were negatively correlated with age in non-syndromic craniosynostosis and controls, while these correlations between age and ocular biometric parameters were not present in the FGFR-related syndromic craniosynostosis. In conclusion, ocular biometric parameters in FGFR-related syndromic craniosynostosis differed from those of non-syndromic craniosynostosis and age-matched controls, and did not show the relations with age, suggesting this cohort may have abnormal refractive growth