16 research outputs found
์์ค๋ ๊ท ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ณ ์ฃผํ ๊ฐ์ด์ ํ์ฉ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ ๋์
์๋ช
๊ณผํ๋ํ ๋์๋ช
๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2017. 8. Dong-Hyun Kang.The specific objectives of this study were, ( i ) to evaluate the efficacy of RF heating for inactivating foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Senftenberg in raw shelled almonds compared to conventional convective heating as well as its effect on product quality, ( ii ) investigate the effect of salt content of samples, packaging material, and electrode gap on the antimicrobial efficacy of RF heating, ( iii ) evaluate the antimicrobial effects of the combination treatment of RF heating with ultraviolet (UV) radiation and organic acid spray against foodborne pathogens on dried foods, ( iv ) develop a computer simulation model and predict the behavior of RF heating in spice products.
RF heating can be applied to control internalized pathogens as well as surface-adhering pathogens in raw almonds without affecting product quality. As the salt content of pistachios increased, treatment time required to achieve 4-log reduction of S. enterica decreased and then was maintained when the salt content exceeded a level corresponding to the peak heating rate. PEI film reduced the treatment time required to reduce S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 by more than 7 log CFU/g (below the detection limit, 1 log CFU/g) in red and black pepper powders. The dielectric constant of PEI film was similar to that of target sample, and the dielectric loss factor of PEI film was relatively low. The heating rate of the sample increased with decreasing electrode gap. RF heating for the treatment time required to reach 90 ยฐC achieved 2.85-, 2.17-, and 2.09-log reductions of C. sakazakii without generating heat-injured cells at the electrode gaps of 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm, respectively.
The RF-UV combined treatment showed synergistic effects: the total microbial log unit reduction of the combined treatment was significantly (P 0.05) affect the color, moisture content, and sulfhydryl activities of powdered infant formula. As another available hurdle combination, combined treatment of RF heating and LA sprays for 40 s caused 4.94 and 5.48 reductions of S. Enteritidis PT 30 and S. Typhimurium, respectively. The RF-LA combined treatment did not change color and oxidative rancidity of almonds significantly (P > 0.05).
A computer simulation was studied to predict the influence of various factors on the inactivation of foodborne pathogens on food samples by RF heating. A finite element-based commercial software, COMSOL Multiphysics, were used to predict electric potential, electric field distribution, and temperature distribution of red pepper powder during RF heating. The computer simulation model was validated by comparing with the experimental temperature profiles of powdered red pepper spices and applied to predict the effect of frequency, electrode gap, and dielectric properties of packaging materials on the antimicrobial effect of RF heating. The simulated results demonstrated that the efficacy of RF heating in reducing foodborne pathogens could be improved using a higher frequency, a bigger electrode area, a similar dielectric constant of packaging material as target sample, and a lower dielectric loss factor of packaging material.
The results of this thesis are helpful to establish treatment conditions for maximizing the antimicrobial efficacy of RF treatment, and by extension, to commercial practical application of RF heating. The combination treatment of RF heating with other technology suggest alternatives to conventional decontamination treatments. In conclusion, application of RF heating in the food industry is expected to represent a novel and innovative thermal process for the production of safe foods.Chapter I. Evaluation of radio-frequency heating in controlling foodborne pathogens in raw shelled almonds 1
I-1.Introduction 2
I-2. Materials and Methods 6
Bacterial strains 6
Preparation of pathogen inocula 6
Sample preparation and inoculation 7
Experimental apparatus 10
RF heating and conventional convective heating treatment 12
Temperature measurement 12
Bacterial enumeration 13
Enumeration of heat-injured cells 13
Quality measurement 14
Statistical analysis 15
I-3. Results 16
Temperature curves of almonds 16
Survival curves of foodborne pathogens 18
Recovery of heat-injured cells 22
Effect of RF heating on product quality 24
I-4. Discussion 27
Chapter II. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting antimicrobial effect of RF heating against foodborne pathogens 32
Chapter II-1. Effect of salt content on inactivation of foodborne pathogens in pistachios by RF heating 33
II-1.1. Introduction 34
II-1.2. Materials and Methods 37
Bacterial strains 37
Preparation of pathogen inocula 37
Sample preparation and inoculation 38
Experimental apparatus 40
RF heating treatment 40
Dielectric properties measurement 41
Bacterial enumeration 42
Enumeration of heat-injured cells 42
Quality measurement 43
Statistical analysis 44
II-1.3. Results 45
Temperature curves of pistachios with different salt contents 45
Effect of salt content on dielectric properties of pistachios 47
Relationships between heating rate, dielectric loss factor, and salt content of pistachios 49
Effect of salt content on inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in pistachio 51
Recovery of heat-injured cells 53
Effect of RF heating within different salt range on product quality 55
II-1.4. Discussion 58
Chapter II-2. Effect of packaging materials on inactivation of foodborne pathogens in red and black pepper spices by RF heating 62
II-2.1. Introduction 63
II-2.2. Materials and Methods 66
Bacterial strains 66
Preparation of pathogen inocula. 66
Sample preparation and inoculation 67
RF heating treatment 67
Temperature measurement 68
Dielectric properties measurement 68
Bacterial enumeration 68
Enumeration of heat-injured cells 69
Color measurement 70
Volatile flavor component measurement 70
Statistical analysis 72
II-2.3. Results 73
Temperature curves of powdered red and black pepper spice surrounded with different packaging materials 73
Dielectric properties of different packaging materials 76
Effect of packaging materials on inactivation of foodborne pathogens in powdered red and black pepper spice 78
Recovery of heat-injured cells 84
Effect of RF heating on product quality during post-packaging pasteurization 87
II-2.4. Discussion 90
Chapter II-3. Effect of electrode gap on inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula by RF heating 94
II-3.1. Introduction 95
II-3.2. Materials and Methods 98
Bacterial strains 98
Preparation of pathogen inocula 98
Sample preparation and inoculation 99
RF heating treatment 99
Temperature measurement 102
Bacterial enumeration 102
Enumeration of injured cells 103
Quality measurement 103
Modeling of survival curves 104
Statistical analysis 105
II-3.3. Results 106
Average temperature-time histories of powdered infant formula with different electrode gaps 106
Inactivation of pathogenic bacteria by RF heating with various electrode gap 108
Recovery of heat-injured cells 110
Effect of RF heating with different electrode gaps on product quality 112
Suitable model of survival curves 115
II-3.4. Discussion 117
Chapter III. Combination treatments of RF heating with various sanitizing technologies 120
Chapter III-1. Enhanced inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula by RF heating combined with UV radiation and mechanism of the synergistic bactericidal action 121
III-1.1. Introduction 122
III-1.2. Materials and Methods 125
Bacterial strains 125
Preparation of pathogen inocula 125
Sample preparation and inoculation 126
Combined treatment of RF heating and UV radiation 126
Bacterial enumeration 127
Enumeration of injured cells 128
Transmission electron microscopy analysis 128
Measurement of extracellular UV-absorbing substances and propidium iodine uptake 130
Quality measurement 130
Statistical analysis 131
III-1.3. Results 132
Synergistic bactericidal effect of combined UV-RF treatment 132
Recovery of UV-RF-injured cells 134
Microscopic evaluation of damages 136
Determination of cell membrane damage by leakage of bacterial intracellular substances and PI uptake 138
Effect of UV-RF combined treatment on product quality 140
III-1.4. Discussion 143
Chapter III-2. Combination treatment of RF heating and organic acid spray for inactivating foodborne pathogens on raw shelled almonds 147
III-2.1. Introduction 148
III-2.2. Materials and Methods 151
Bacterial strains 151
Preparation of pathogen inocula 151
Sample preparation and inoculation 152
Preparation of lactic acid solution 152
Combined treatment of RF heating and LA sprays 153
Bacterial enumeration 155
Enumeration of heat-injured cells 155
Measurement of extracellular UV-absorbing substances and propidium iodine uptake 156
Quality measurement 157
Statistical analysis 158
III-2.3. Results 159
Survival curves of foodborne pathogens 159
Recovery of injured cells 162
Determination of cell membrane damage by leakage of bacterial intracellular substances and PI uptake 164
Effect of RF-LA combined treatment on product quality 166
III-2.4. Discussion 169
Chapter IV. Computer simulation model development and prediction for RF heating of dry food materials 173
IV-1. Introduction 174
IV-2. Materials and Methods 177
Sample preparation 177
Dielectric and thermal properties measurement 177
Physical model 177
Governing equations 180
Initial and boundary conditions 181
Solving methodology 182
Model parameters 183
Model validation 186
Model applications 186
IV-3. Results 188
Simulated electric potential and electric field distribution for powdered red pepper 188
Simulated temperature profiles for powdered red pepper 191
Model validation 194
Effect of processing parameters on inactivation of foodborne pathogen in powdered red pepper 196
Effect of packaging materials around powdered red pepper on inactivation of foodborne pathogen 199
IV-4. Discussion 202
References 205
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 235Docto
๊ทผ๊ถ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ ์ํ ์นด๋๋ฎด๊ณผ ๋น์์ ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ด์ฉ์ฑ ํฅ์์ ํตํ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ํ๊ณต๋ฒ์ ํจ์จ ์ฆ์ง ๋ฐ ์ํ๋ ์ฑํ์ ์ํฅ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ฑด์คํ๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2014. 8. ๋จ๊ฒฝํ.์ต๊ทผ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ํ ์ ๋ด ์ค๊ธ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ํ๊ณต๋ฒ์ด ๊ฐ๊ด๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉด์ ๊ทผ๊ถ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ ํ์ฑํ์ ์ํ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ค๊ธ์ ์ญ์ทจ ํจ์จ ํฅ์์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํนํ, ์ค๊ธ์ ์ญ์ทจ ํจ์จ ํฅ์์ ์ํด ์๋ฌผ ์์ฅ ์ด์ง ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ํ ์์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์์์ ์ญ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์ฉ์ดํ๋๋ก ํ์ฌ ์๋ฌผ ์์ฅ์ ์ด์ง์ํฌ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ค๊ธ์์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ์ด์ฉ์ฑ์ ๋ณํ์์ผ ์๋ฌผ๋ก์ ์ค๊ธ์ ์ญ์ทจ ํจ์จ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์๋ฌผ ์์ฅ ์ด์ง ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ ์ผ์ข
์ธ ์ธ์ฐ์ผ ๊ฐ์ฉํ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด ๋ถ๋น ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ์นด๋๋ฎด๊ณผ ๋น์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ํจ์จ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค.
์ธ์ฐ์ผ ๊ฐ์ฉํ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ Bacillus sp. ์ ์ ์ข
์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์๋ฌผ ์์ฅ ์ด์ง๊ณผ ์๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋ด ์นด๋๋ฎด ํก์ ํจ์จ ํฅ์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฌผ์ฒด (Brassica juncea, ๊ฐ)๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ฒด๋์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๊ณ , 8์ฃผ ํ์ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ ์ฃผ์
ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 295.6 mg, ์ฃผ์
ํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ 65.8 mg์ผ๋ก ์ด๊ธฐ ์์ฒด๋ (10.3 mg)์ ๋นํด ํ์ฐํ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋ด ์นด๋๋ฎด ๋๋๋ ์ด๊ธฐ 0.86 mg/g of plant์์ 6์ฃผ๋ถํฐ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ฌ (2.20 mg/g of plant) 8์ฃผ ํ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ ์ฃผ์
ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2.96๊ณผ 1.20 mg/g of plant์ ์นด๋๋ฎด์ด ๊ฒ์ถ๋์ด ์นด๋๋ฎด ํก์ ํฅ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ Tessier์ 5๋จ๊ณ ์ถ์ถ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์
์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์นด๋๋ฎด์ ์กด์ฌํํ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์
์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ด์ฉ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ exchangeable phase ํํ๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ด ์ ๊ธฐ์ฐ์ ์ผ์ข
์ธ IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid)๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋นํ์ฌ ํ ์ pH๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋จ๋๋ฉฐ ์ค์ ๋ก ํ ์ ๋ด IAA๋๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ pH์ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ํํธ, ํ์ด๋ก์ํ์ฑ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ธ์ฐ์ผ ๊ฐ์ฉํ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์
์ ์ํ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ Bacilli ๊ฐ (class)์ ํ ์ ๋ด ์ฐ์ ์จ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๊ณ ์ด๋ ์ฃผ์
๋ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ด 8์ฃผ๊ฐ ์ง๋ ํ์ ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ ๋ด์ ์ ์ํ์๊ณ , ํ ์์ ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์
ํ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ด ํ ์ฐฉ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ํ์ฌ ์ํ์ ์ง์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ๋ณธ์ฐ์ ์ญํ ์ ์ํํ๊ธฐ๊น์ง ์๊ฐ์ด ํ์ํจ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์๋ฌผ ์์ฅ ์ด์ง ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ ์ค ํ๋์ธ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด ๋ถ๋น ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฒ ์ด์จ-ํน์ด๊ฒฐํฉํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ์ฒด์ธ๋ก ๋ถ๋นํ์ฌ ์ฒ ๊ฒฐํ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ์๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ก์ ์ฒ ๊ณต๊ธ์ ์กฐ์ ํ์ฌ ์๋ฌผ์์ฅ์ ์ด์งํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด ๋ถ๋น ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ๋ก Pseudomonas aeruginosa๋ฅผ ์ ์ ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด๋ง์ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์๋ฑ์ก์ ํํ๋ก ์ฃผ์
ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๋น์ ์ถ์ ์๋ฌผ์ธ ํฐ ๋ด์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ (Pteris cretica)๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์คํ์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์
ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์์ฌ ํ 5 ์ฃผ๊น์ง ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฒด๋์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ต๋ 5.83 g์ ์์ฒด๋์ ๋ํ๋ด์ด ์ด๊ธฐ ์์ฒด๋ 1.47 g์ ๋นํด ์๋ฌผ ์์ฅ์ด ์ด์ง๋์์์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. 5 ์ฃผ ์ดํ์๋ ์์ฒด๋์ด ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ํ์์ง๋ง 10 ์ฃผ ํ์ 4.90 g์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ (1.91 g)์ด๋ EDTA ์ฃผ์
๊ตฐ (1.70 g)์ ๋นํด ํ์ฐํ ์์ฒด๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ํํธ, Wenzel์ 5๋จ๊ณ ์ถ์ถ๋ฒ์ ํตํ ์กด์ฌํํ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํ ์ ๋ด ๋น์๊ฐ ๋นํน์ด์ ๊ฒฐํฉ, ํน์ด์ ๊ฒฐํฉ, ๋น๊ฒฐ์ ์ง ์ฒ ์ฐํ๋ฌผ ๊ฒฐํฉ ํํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2, 27, 47%์ ๋น์จ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด ์ฃผ์
์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ๋น๊ฒฐ์ ์ง ์ฒ ์ฐํ๋ฌผ ๊ฒฐํฉ ํํ์ ๋น์จ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๊ณ (40%), ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ด์ฉ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ ๋นํน์ด์ ๊ฒฐํฉ ํํ์ ๋น์์ ๋น์จ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค(14.7%). ๋ฐ๋ฉด, EDTA ์ฃผ์
๊ตฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด ์ฃผ์
์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋น๊ฒฐ์ ์ง ์ฒ ์ฐํ๋ฌผ ๊ฒฐํฉ ํํ์ ๋น์์ ๋น์จ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ์์ง๋ง (38%), ํน์ด์ ๊ฒฐํฉ ํํ์ ๋น์์ ๋น์จ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค (35.2%). ๊ฒฐ์ ์ง ์ฒ ์ฐํ๋ฌผ ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ณผ ์๋ฅํํ์ ๋น์์ ๋น์จ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์คํ์์ ํฐ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋น๊ฒฐ์ ์ง ์ฒ ์ฐํ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ ๋น์๊ฐ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด์ EDTA์ ์ํด ๋์ผํ๊ฒ ์ฉ์ถ๋์์ง๋ง, EDTA์ ์ฉ์ถ๋ ๋น์๋ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด ํ์ฑ์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ์ฌ ์ฉ์ถ๋ ๋น์์ ์ฌํก์ฐฉ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด๋ ๋น์์์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด ํ์ฑ์ ํตํด ๋นํน์ด์ ๊ฒฐํฉํํ์ ๋น์๋ก ์กด์ฌํ์ฌ ๋น์์ ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ด์ฉ์ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ก ์๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋ด ๋น์ ์ถ์ ๋๋๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด ์ฃผ์
์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋ด ๋น์ ๋๋๋ ์ด๊ธฐ 0.008 mg/g of plant์์ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ฌ 10์ฃผ ํ 5.62 mg/g of plant์ ๋น์๊ฐ ์ถ์ ๋์ด, ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ (1.51 mg/g of plant)๊ณผ EDTA ์ฃผ์
๊ตฐ (1.76 mg/g of plant)์ ๋นํด ์๋ฌผ์ฒด์ ๋น์ ์ถ์ ๋ฅ์ด ์๋ฑํ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์์์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ ๋งํ ์ ์ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ EDTA ์ฃผ์
๊ตฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํก์๋ ๋น์๊ฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ (39-70%)์ ์ถ์ ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด ์ฃผ์
๊ตฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋ ์๋ก ์ง์๋ถ (์ค๊ธฐ์ ์)๋ก์ ์ด๋์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ์ฌ 10 ์ฃผ์๋ ์๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋ด ํก์๋ ๋น์์ 79%๊ฐ ์์ ์ถ์ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋ด ํก์๋ ๋น์์ ์ง์๋ถ๋ก์ ์ด๋์ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด-๋น์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด ํ์ฑ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ค. CAS liquid assay ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 7, 10 ์ฃผ์ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด ์ฃผ์
์๋ฌผ์ฒด์ ์์์ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ EDTA ์ฃผ์
๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ์๋์ ์ธ ํก๊ด๋๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด์ ์กด์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์๋์ ์ธ ํก๊ด๋์ ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋ด ์ถ์ ๋ ๋น์์ ๋๋๊ฐ ์ ์ฌํ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ ํก์๋ ๋น์๊ฐ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด-๋น์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์ ํํ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋ด ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด๋ ํ๊ด ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ ํตํด์๋ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ์ ์์์ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด ํน์ ์ ํ๊ด์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค. CAS liquid assay์ ํ๊ด ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด-๋น์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด ํ์ฑ ๋ฐ ํก์๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ํก์๋ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด-๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์ ์๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋ด ์ด๋์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค.
์๋ฌผ์ ์ ํ๊ณต๋ฒ์ด ์ํ๋๋ ๋์ ์ค๊ธ์์ด ์ถ์ ๋ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ญ์ทจํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ํ๊ณ์ ์์ํ๋ ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ํด๋๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ ์์ํ์ํด์ฑํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๋ค. ํ๊ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ๋น์ ์ค์ผ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด๊ฐ ์ ์ฉ๋ ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ํ๊ณต๋ฒ์ด ์ํ๋จ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ , ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด ์ ์ฉ ์ , ํ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ์ฌ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์๋ค. ํ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ข
์ผ๋ก๋ ํ ์ ๋ฌด์ฒ์ถ ๋๋ฌผ๋ก ์ง๋ ์ด, ์กฐ๋ฅ๋ ๋์์, ์์ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ๋ก๋ ๋ชฉ์ด์ง ๋ค์ฅ, ์ด์์ฑ ๋๋ฌผ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ผ๋, ์ก์์ฑ ๋๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ฉง๋ผ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด ์ ์ฉ์ฌ๋ถ์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์์ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ๋ ์ํ ์ํด ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์์ง ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ์ ๋นํด ์์ ์ค๊ธ์์ด ํจ์ ๋ ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ญ์ทจํ ํ๋ฅ ์ด ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ฃผ๋ก ์๋ฌผ์ ์๋นํ๋ ์ด์์ฑ ๋๋ฌผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ์ ๋ ์ํ ์ํด์ฑ์ด ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ด๋๋กํฌ์ด์ ์ํ ์๋ฌผ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ง์๋ถ๋ก์ ๋น์ ์ด๋ ์ํฅ ๋๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ ์ ์ ํ๊ณต๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฌผ์ ์ ํ๊ณต๋ฒ์ ์ ์ ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ค๊ธ์ ํจ์ ์๋ฌผ์ฒด์ ์ํ ์ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ํ๋
์ฑํ์ ์ํด์ฑ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฐ์ฐ์ฑ์ด ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ํ๊ณ ์์ฉ์ฒด๋ค์ ์ค๊ธ์ ํจ์ ์๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ก์ ์ ๊ทผ ์ ํ์ ์ํ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น๊ฐ ์ ํ์ค๊ณ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ๋ฐ์๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ํ ์์ํ์ํด์ฑํ๊ฐ๋ ํ๊ฐ์ข
์ ๋ํ ์ํํ์ ์๋ฃ์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ธํ ๋ง์ ๋ถํ์ค์ฑ์ ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ํํ๊ณ , ์์ ํ ์ํ์ํด์ฑํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์ด์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.Phytoremediation has demonstrated its beneficial use in the removal of heavy metals from polluted soil. Recently, many researches have focused on plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) application to enhance metal removal efficiency during phytoremediation. In particular, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and siderophore-producing bacteria (SPB), kind of the PGPR, can solubilize nutrient such as phosphate and iron in soil and provide them for plant growth and these bacterial activities can affect phytoavailability of heavy metals in soils. This study is conducted to evaluate the effects of the PGPRs or its secretions inoculation on removal of heavy metals from soils in phytoremediation, and its environmental risk is investigated using ecological risk assessment during phytoremediation.
Firstly, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Bacillus sp. (i.e., a mixed culture of B. aryabhattai and B. megaterium) were used to promote plant growth and enhance the phytoextractability of Cd from contaminated soils. This strain showed a potential for directly solubilizing phosphorous from soils more than ten- folds greater than the control without inoculation. The results of pot experiments revealed that inoculation with Bacillus sp. significantly increased the extent of Cd accumulation in Brassica juncea relative to the uninoculated control for eight weeks. The Cd accumulation by B. juncea increased up to 250%, when PSB was inoculated at the 8th week, while almost no further Cd uptake in the uninoculated soils was observed compared with initial soil (i.e., 0 week). The total dry weights of B. juncea significantly increased from 10.3 mg to 101.0 mg up to the 6th week, and 295.6 mg of total dry weight was observed at the 8th week, while it was 65.8 mg in the uninoculated soil. The change of the Cd speciation indicated that inoculation of Bacillus sp. as PSB increased the bioavailabilty of Cd and consequently enhanced its uptake by plants. This study was also conducted to investigate how the microbial community of indigenous soil bacteria is changed by PSB augmentation during phytoremediation. In initial Cd-contaminated soil, the major phyla were Proteobacteria (35%), Actinobacteria (38%) and Firmicutes (8%). While Proteobacteria were dominant at the 2th and 6th week (41 and 54%, respectively) in inoculated soil, Firmicutes dramatically increased in the eight week soil, contributing 63% of the sequences, and they mainly belonged to the Bacilli class (61%). For the uninoculated soil, the proportion of ฮฑ-Proteobacteria increased after eight weeks (32%). Interestingly, Actinobacteria class, which was originally present in the soil (37%), seemed to disappear during phytoremediation, irrespective of whether PSB was inoculated or not. Cluster analysis and Principal component analysis revealed that the microbial community of eight-week inoculated soil was completely separated from the other soil samples, due to the dramatic increase of Bacillus aryabhattai. These findings revealed that it took at least eight weeks for the inoculated Bacillus sp. to functionally adapt to the introduced soil, against competition with indigenous microorganisms in soil.
Siderophores are small molecular weight extracellular organic compound secreted by soil bacteria to ensure their iron nutrition by mobilizing iron (i.e., Fe3+) from its mineral form. Since arsenic (As) in soil is mainly associated with iron oxides, they also play an important role in As mobilization through the dissolution of As-bearing iron oxides. This study focused on the interaction between siderophores and As bound to iron oxides and also evaluated the effect of siderophores on the removal of As from soil during phytoremediation. The ability of siderophores produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to release As bound to Fe-oxides and to relocate the absorbed As in the plants was investigated. Siderophores released Fe from ferrihydrite, and total Fe concentration was about 53.6 ยตmol, which was more than that chelated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTAi.e., 43.7 ยตmol). More importantly, about 1.79 ยตmol of As was found to be associated with siderophores in aqueous phase when siderophores were used to release As from ferrihydrite. In contrast, As was not essentially detected in aqueous phase when EDTA was used, probably due to the readsorption of released As to ferrihydrite. Pot experiment show that, Pteris cretica, a known As hyperaccumulator, grown in the siderophore-amended soil showed about 3.7 times higher As uptake (5.62 mg-Asโg-1-plant) than the plant grown in the EDTA-amended soil (1.51 mg-Asโg-1-plant). In addition, As taken up by roots of P. cretica in the presence of siderophores seemed to be favorably translocated to shoots (i.e., stems and leaves). About 79% of total accumulated As were detected in the shoots in the presence of siderophores after ten weeks. Fluorescence microscopic analysis confirmed that As in the roots was delivered to the leaves of Pteris cretica as siderophore-As complex.
Ecological risk by the hyperaccumulation of As in Pteris cretica during phytoremediation was evaluated at an old, abandoned As-contaminated site. Five receptor groups including terrestrial invertebrate, avian insectivore, small mammal, herbivore, and omnivore were selected as potentially affected ecological receptors. Soil and food ingestion were considered as major exposure pathways. Phytoremediation with only Pteris cretica and siderophore-applied phytoremediation to enhance As uptake by the plant were assessed. Ecological hazard index (EHI) values for only small mammal exceeded 1.0 at three week under both the phytoremediation condition due to its limited home range. The EHI value of mammalian herbivore, who mainly consume plant foliage, increased with the prolonged phytoremediation at normal phytoremediation condition. In contrast, when siderophores were applied the risk of mammalian herbivore greatly increased. The risk increased due to the facilitated translocation of As from roots to stems and leaves. Our results suggest that when phytoremediation strategy is considered for metals remediation, its ecological consequence should be taken into account to prevent the spread of accumulated metals through the food chain of ecological receptors such as fencing and netting. Uncertainties involved in the ecological risk assessment process were also discussed.ABSTRACT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives 4
1.3 Dissertation structure 4
References 7
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Bacterial-assisted phytoremediation 10
2.2 Phosphate solubilization by phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) 15
2.2.1 Phosphorus in soils 15
2.2.2 Phosphate solubilization by PSB 17
2.2.3 Enhancement of phytoremediation efficiency by PSB 19
2.3 Potential of siderophore-producing bacteria in phytoremediation 21
2.3.1 Iron, a limiting nutrient 21
2.3.2 Iron mobilization by siderophore 22
2.3.3 Enhancement of phytoremediation efficiency by siderophores 25
2.4 Ecological risk assessment 28
2.4.1 Definition and objectives 28
2.4.2 Framework of ecological risk assessment 29
References 34
CHAPTER 3
APPLICATION OF PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA FOR ENHANCING BIOAVAILABILITY OF CADMIUM FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL AND THEIR IMPACT ON MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Materials and Methods 46
3.2.1 Soil characterization 46
3.2.2 Plants, bacterial strain and growth condition 48
3.2.3 Phosphorus solubilization assay 48
3.2.4 Pot experiment 49
3.2.5 DNA extraction, PCR, and pyrosequencing 52
3.2.6 Pyrosequencing processing 53
3.2.7 Statistical community analysis 53
3.3 Results 54
3.3.1 Potential of Bacillus sp. for solubilizing phosphorus in soils 54
3.3.2 Effect of PSB inoculation on Cd uptake by Brassica juncea and its change of phytoavailability 57
3.3.3 Evolution of Microbial community structure and diversity by PSB inoculation 64
3.3.4 Survival and adaptation of inoculated PSB in Cd-contaminated soil 70
3.4 Discussion 74
3.5 Summary 79
References 80
CHAPTER 4
EHANCED UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION OF ARSENIC IN PLANTS THROUGH SIDEROPHORE-ARSENIC COMPLEX FORMATION 89
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Materials and Methods 91
4.2.1 Preparation of siderophores-containing inoculum 91
4.2.2 Quantification of siderophore activity 92
4.2.3 Fe-oxides dissolution and As release by SCF 93
4.2.4 Pot experiment 95
4.2.5 Chemical analysis of plants and soils 98
4.2.6 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) 99
4.3 Results 100
4.3.1 Enhanced dissolution of As from ferrihydrite by siderophores 100
4.3.2 Biomass increase by siderophores 107
4.3.3 Changes of chemical forms of As in soil by siderophores 111
4.3.4 Accumulation and distribution of As in plants by siderophores 113
4.3.5 Detection of siderophores-As complex in plants 115
4.4 Discussion 119
4.5 Summary 124
References 127
CHAPTER 5
EVALUATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF PHYTOREMEDIATION USING ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT 134
5.1 Introduction 134
5.2 Site characterization 136
5.3 Problem identification 137
5.4 Receptor identification 138
5.5 Characterization of exposure 140
5.6 Characterization of ecological effects 147
5.7 Risk characterization 149
5.8 Results and Discussion 150
5.9 Summary 155
References 156
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS 159
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 163Docto
๊ณ ์ฃผํ๊ฐ์ด์ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ฑด์กฐ๋ถ๋ง์ํ์ ๋ณ์์ฑ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ ์ ๊ฐํ์ ๋ํ ์๋ถํจ๋์ ์ํฅ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋์๋ช
๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2014. 2. ๊ฐ๋ํ.Radio-frequency (RF) heating is a highly appealing technology by which internal heating as a result of molecular friction is rapidly generated in response to an applied alternating electric field. It has potential for thermal processing of powdered foods which have trouble to be sterilized with conventional heating due to their low thermal conductivities. However, commercial RF heating is rather limited due to a lack of in-depth technical information. In this study, RF heating and dielectric measurement system was developed to provide information not only about reducing thermal abuse in the food product but also about maximizing process effectiveness. The influence of moisture content during RF heating on heating rate, dielectric properties, and inactivation of foodborne pathogens was investigated. The effect of RF heating on quality of red and black pepper spice within different moisture ranges was also investigated. Red peppers (12.58%, 15.16%, 19.07%, and 23.31% dry basis moisture content, db) and black pepper (10.11%, 17.17%, 23.73%, and 30.52% db) inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were treated in a RF heating system with a constant frequency of 27.12 MHz. The heating rate of the sample was dependent on moisture content up to 19.07% (db) of red peppers and 17.17% (db) of black pepper, but there was a significant decrease in the heating rate when the moisture content was increased beyond these levels. The dielectric properties of both samples increased with a rise in moisture content. As the moisture content increased, treatment time required to reduce E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium to below the detection limit (1 log CFU/g) decreased and then increased again when the moisture content exceeded a level corresponding to the peak heating rate. Color values and volatile flavor components of RF treated red and black pepper spice of various moisture contents were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from those of nontreated samples. RF treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced moisture content of red and black pepper by up to 3.01% (db) and 4.65% (db), respectively. These results suggest that RF heating can be effectively used to not only control pathogens but also reduce moisture levels in spices without affecting product quality and that the effect of inactivation is dependent on moisture content.ABSTRACT.................................................................................................. III
CONTENTS..................................................................................................VI
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................VIII
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................IX
I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................................6
2.1. Bacterial strain......................................................................................6
2.2. Preparation of pathogen inocula...........................................................7
2.3. Sample preparation and inoculation......................................................7
2.4. Experimental apparatus.........................................................................9
2.5. RF heating treatment...........................................................................12
2.6. Temperature measurement..................................................................12
2.7. Dielectric properties measurement.....................................................13
2.8. Bacterial enumeration.........................................................................14
2.9. Color and post-treatment moisture content measurement..................16
2.10. Volatile flavor component measurement..........................................16
2.11. Statistical analysis.............................................................................19
III. RESULTS................................................................................................20
3.1. Temperature curves of red and black pepper spice with different moisture contents................................................................................20
3.2. Influence of moisture content on dielectric properties of red and black pepper spice.........................................................................................24
3.3. Relationships between rate of temperature increase, dielectric loss factor, and moisture content of red and black pepper spice................26
3.4. Influence of moisture content on inactivation of foodborne pathogens in red and black pepper spice..............................................................29
3.5. Effect of RF heating within different moisture range on product quality................................................................................................35
IV. DISCUSSIONS.......................................................................................40
V. REFERENCESโฆ.....................................................................................47
VI. ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก................................................................................................56Maste
The Changes in Habitat Suitability for Water Deer and Leopard Cat after Development Projects: a Case of Gyeonggi-do
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ํ์กฐ๊ฒฝยท์ง์ญ์์คํ
๊ณตํ๋ถ ์ํ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ์ ๊ณต, 2016. 2. ์ด๋๊ทผ.Human activity is one of the several factors that have a negative impact on the forest ecosystem. Development activities in the forest ecosystem affect its function as a habitat, leading to a reduction of biodiversity. For the promotion and maintenance of biological diversity, it is necessary to preserve the habitat of species. In South Korea, however, the effects of development activities on the habitat have not been adequately evaluated, and there is a need to establish a process that can predict the impact of development projects on biodiversity and favor sustainable development. A species distribution model predicts the potential distribution of the species on the basis of existing distribution data and habitat variables. Since development projects may cause environmental changes, a predictive model can effectively forecast habitat changes. The purpose of this study was to identify variables that reflect the effects of development projects on habitat by evaluating the potential location and distribution of species following changes in these habitats.
Mammalian species are keystone species in the forest ecosystem. The target species selected for this study were water deer and leopard cat because extensive research on the domestic habitats of these species has already been carried out. Species distribution data were obtained from the National Ecosystem Survey. The constructed environment variables included altitude,
slope, terrain relief, northness, curvature, land cover, forest type, forest age class, road density, distance variables, patch area, area to perimeter ratio and nearest neighbor distance. Development sites in 2008-2012 were selected. The MaxEnt model was used because it showed high sensitivity and accuracy in the domestic study even with a small sample size. The variables were selected on the basis of both their correlation and their independence. Changes in the suitability of potential habitats before and after development were estimated by calculations derived from the maps that were constructed using the model.
The results showed that the habitat suitability changes are greater for the leopard cat than for the water deer because the former is affected by habitat fragmentation. It was also estimated that a relatively small habitat patch area is affected less by new development projects than is a larger one. It was observed that among the environmental variables analyzed in this study, the distance from the road had a strong effect in changing habitat suitability.
Therefore, by considering the attributes of the habitat in the process of determining the location of development projects, one can predict the impact of development projects on those habitats. This research, however, focused exclusively on specific mammalian species, so further research is necessary. Nevertheless, the study remains significant in that it confirmed the potential of the model to forecast the environmental impact of development projects on habitats before the development has begun.I. Introduction 1
II. Literature Reviews 4
1. Environmental assessment system 4
2. Species distribution model (Habitat suitability model) 6
III. Research Methodology 9
1. Scope of the study 9
1.1. Target species 9
1.2. Site 9
1.3. Context 10
2. Methods 11
2.1. Data collection and analysis 11
2.2. Species distribution model 14
2.3. Assessment of changes in potential habitat suitability 16
IV. Results and Discussion 17
1. Species distribution model 17
1.1. Potential habitat suitability before development 17
1.2. Potential habitat suitability after development 22
2. Changes in potential habitat suitability 25
3. Development sites and changes in habitat suitability 27
V. Conclusion 31
Bibliography 33
Appendix 36
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 39Maste
The effect of anthropomorphism and personalization of fashion shopping chatbot on service acceptance intention
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ํ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์๋ฅํ๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์ถํธ์ .Chatbot service has rapidly evolved in conjunction with technological advances such as big data and deep learning. The use of Chatbot service is widespread across industries including shopping, traveling, finance and healthcare (Jeong, 2016). In particular, chatbot service has emerged as a solution for overcoming disadvantages of mobile shopping environment, which relate to lack of person-to-person contact. The field of fashion retail particularly requires customer-oriented marketing and direct interaction between retail personnel and customers (Lee & Jeong, 2008). Therefore, chatbot service has potential to become an integral part of marketing strategy for fashion retail. But most previous studies have focused on technological and systematic developments when it comes to chatbots, and little research has been conducted to address the effects of characteristics of chatbots on consumer responses when they are used for communication with consumers. This study therefore aims to identify the effects of chatbot on consumer responses and behavioral intention and associated psychological mechanism by proposing anthropomorphism and personalization as characteristics of chabot, which are ideal to induce positive consumer responses and behavior in mobile shopping context.
This study created an experimental stimuli similar to chatbots used for actual fashion retail in order to derive the exact emotional and behavioral responses from the participants. The experiment was conducted in an offline laboratory under controlled conditions, and the participants were instructed to engage with virtual shopping chatbot service via their cell phone and complete a questionnaire online. In order to test whether the stimulus was manipulated appropriately for the experiment, a preliminary experiment was conducted with 20 post-graduate students (aged 20s and 30s) majoring in clothing and textiles, and the validity of the stimulus was verified. A total of 189 participants participated in this study, and four experimental groups of 2(anthropomorphism: high / low) x 2(personalization: high / low) were formed with between-subject design. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and SPSS PROCESS Macro programs, and the results were summarized as follows:
First, this study identified positive effects of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot on social presence. In other words, there was a positive correlation between the levels of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot and emotional and psychological intimacy felt by fashion shoppers.
Second, the effects of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot on consumer trust were also identified. Also, the interactive effects of anthropomorphism and personalization on consumer trust were statistically significant. Specifically, when the anthropomorphism level of the chatbot is high, there is no significant difference in the trust according to the personalization level, whereas when the anthropomorphism level is low, the chatbot is perceived more reliable when the personalization is higher.
Third, the effects of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot on enjoyment perceived by consumers were also found. This finding can be explained by the results of earlier studies that anthropomorphism stimulates imagination and interest of users and provides fun for them (Kim, 2007) and that users feel pleasure through sensory experiences during personalization process (Benlian, 2015).
Fourth, the effects of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot on consumers' service acceptance intention were identified. It means that when using the fashion shopping chatbot service, increasing the anthropomorphism and personalization level of chatbot can increase the acceptance of the service.
Fifth, In the overall model, the effects of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot on consumers' service acceptance intention when using fashion shopping chatbot service were mediated sequentially by social presence and trust and then social presence and perceived enjoyment. This means that the use of chatbot anthropomorphized and personalized for fashion retail helps the participants increase their social presence, which in turn encourages their trust and enjoyment and ultimately improves their intention to accept service.
This study investigated the consumer responses by directly creating fashion shopping chatbot service, and this research method is distinguished from those used in previous studies. In addition, this study provides meaningful evidence on the effects of chatbot characterized by anthropomorphism and personalization on consumer responses, acceptance intention and associated psychological mechanism by expanding into the field of consumer behavior to chatbot service that has been mainly discussed in terms of technological and systematic aspects. Furthermore, by expanding social presence, which is one of concepts that have been primarily investigated in indirect shopping environment, into a shopping chabot-related variable, this study verified it as one of consumer responses caused by characteristics of chatbot and an antecedent variable triggering positive emotions. It contributes to expanding the academic discussion of social presence. Taken together, the results of this study are expected to be useful for efficient interface strategy necessary for design and development of chatbot-based services in fashion industry. This study also suggests that the chatbot services should be linked to psychological and emotional responses resulting from characteristics of chatbots, rather than simply looking from the perspective of service provision.์ต๊ทผ ๋น
๋ฐ์ดํฐ, ๋ฅ๋ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฑ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ํตํด ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋ํ๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ผํ, ์ฌํ, ๊ธ์ต, ํฌ์ค์ผ์ด ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ ํ์ฉ ์์ญ์ด ํ์ฅ๋๊ณ ์๋ค(์ ์งํ, 2016). ์ด ์ค ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ํจ์
์ผํ ๋ถ์ผ์์๋ ๋น๋๋ฉด ์ผํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ์ง ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋ฃจ์
์ผ๋ก์ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ํนํ ํจ์
๋ฆฌํ
์ผ ๋ถ์ผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ณ ๋๋ก ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์งํฅ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ๋งค์๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ด ์ค์ํ ์ฐ์
์์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ฉด(์ด๊ฒฝ๋ณต, ์ ๋ช
์ , 2008), ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค๋ ํจ์
์ผํ์ ์์ด ์ ๋ต์ ์ด๊ณ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ง์ผํ
์๋จ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉ ๋ ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์ด์ ๊ด๋ จํ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ ์์คํ
์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ง์ค๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค ๋ด์์ ๋ํ ์๋์ธ ์ฑ๋ด ์์ฒด์ ํน์ฑ์ด ์๋น์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ํด์๋ ํ์ ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ ์ค์ ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋น๋๋ฉด ์ํฉ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ์ผํ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ ํ๋์ ์ด๋์ด ๋ผ ์ ์๋ ์ฑ๋ด์ ํน์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ ํ๋์๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์ฌ์์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ํํ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ ํ๋ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋์ถํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ค์ ํ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค์ ๋น์ทํ ์๊ทน๋ฌผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๊ฐ ์ง์ ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์คํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค. ์คํ์ ์คํ๋ผ์ธ ํ๊ฒฝ์ธ ํต์ ๋ ์คํ์ค์์ ์งํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ํฐ์ ํตํด ๊ฐ์ ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ฒดํํ ๋ค ์จ๋ผ์ธ ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ์ ์๋ตํ๋ ์์๋ก ์งํ๋์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ์์ ์๊ทน๋ฌผ์ ์กฐ์์ด ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋์ง ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด 20-30๋ ์๋ฅํ๊ณผ ๋ํ์์ 20๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์๋น์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์๊ทน๋ฌผ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ด ํ์ธ๋์ด ๋ณธ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ์ด์ฉํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ 2(์์ธํ: ๊ณ /์ ) x 2(๊ฐ์ธํ: ๊ณ /์ )์ ์ง๋จ ๊ฐ ์ค๊ณ๋ก 189๋ช
์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์คํ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์๋ค. ์์ง๋ ์๋ต ์๋ฃ๋ SPSS 25.0์ SPSS PROCESS Macro ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ํตํด ๋ถ์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์์ฝํ๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฒซ์งธ, ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค ์ด์ฉ ์ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ ์์ค์ด ๋์์๋ก ์ฑ๋ด์ ๋ํ ์ ์์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์น๋ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋์์ง์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
๋์งธ, ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ์ ๋ขฐ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ ๋ขฐ์ ๋ํ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ์ ์ํธ์์ฉ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก, ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ ์์ค์ด ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๊ฐ์ธํ ์์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ๋ขฐ์ ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋ํ๋์ง ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์์ธํ ์์ค์ด ๋ฎ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ๋ฎ์ ๋ ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ ๋ ๋ ํฐ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒ์ฆ๋์๋ค.
์
์งธ, ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ์ง๊ฐ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์ธํ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์์๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์๊ทนํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋๋ผ๊ฒ ํ๋ค๋ ๊น๊ฒฝ์ (2007)์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์, ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ธํ ๊ณผ์ ์์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ํตํด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋๋๋ค๋ Benlian(2015)์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก๋ ์ค๋ช
์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
๋ท์งธ, ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ์๋น์ค ์์ฉ์๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค ์ด์ฉ ์ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ ์์ค์ ๋์ด๋ ๊ฒ๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ์๋น์ค์ ๋ํ ์์ฉ์๋๊ฐ ๋์์ง ์ ์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
๋ค์ฏ์งธ, ์ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ์ ์์ด, ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค ์ด์ฉ ์ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ ๋ขฐ, ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ง๊ฐ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ์์ฐจ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋งค๊ฐํ์ฌ ์๋น์ค ์์ฉ์๋์ ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค ์ด์ฉ ์ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๋ก ์ธํด ํ์ฑ๋๋ ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ก ํ์ฌ๊ธ ์ ๋ขฐ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ ๋ฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์๋น์ค ์์ฉ์๋๋ฅผ ๋์ผ ์ ์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ง์ ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์๋น์ ๋ฐ์์ ์์๋ณด์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ ์์คํ
์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ง์ค๋์ด ์๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค ๊ด๋ จ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์๋น์ ํ๋ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฅํ์ฌ, ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด์ ํน์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ์๋น์์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ ์์ฉ์๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ค. ํนํ, ๋น๋๋ฉด ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ด์ค๋ ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค์ ์์ญ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฅํ์ฌ, ์ฑ๋ด์ ํน์ฑ์ ์ํด ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์์ด์ ๊ธ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ ํ ๋ณ์๋ก์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฒ์ฆํ์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ํ๋ฌธ์ ๋
ผ์ ํ์ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด, ํฅํ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ๋์
ํ์ฌ ํ์ฉํ๋ ค๋ ํจ์
์
๊ณ์ ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค ๋์์ธ ๋ฐ ์ ์๊ณผ์ ์์ ํ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ ํจ์จ์ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค ์ ๋ต์ ๋์์ด ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ๋จ์ํ ์๋น์ค ์ ๊ณต์ ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก๋ง ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณผ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ฑ๋ด์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ยท์ ์์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ฑ์ ์ฐจ์์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ์์ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ 4
์ 3 ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ 5
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6
์ 1 ์ ์ฑ๋ด(Chat bot) 6
1. ์ฑ๋ด์ ๊ฐ๋
6
2. ์ฑ๋ด ์๋น์ค์ ํ์ฉ 7
3. ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ 11
4. ์ฑ๋ด์ ๊ฐ์ธํ 13
์ 2 ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ 16
1. ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ ํน์ฑ 16
2. ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ์์ธ 18
3. ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ 20
์ 3 ์ ์ ๋ขฐ 22
1. ์ ๋ขฐ์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ ํน์ฑ 22
2. ์ ๋ขฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ 23
์ 4 ์ ์ง๊ฐ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ 25
1. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ ํน์ฑ 25
2. ์ง๊ฐ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ํจ๊ณผ 26
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฐจ 27
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ค ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ 27
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ค์ 27
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ 33
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฐจ 34
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฐจ 34
2. ์๊ทน๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์๋น์กฐ์ฌ 35
3. ์ค๋ฌธ์ง ๋ฌธํญ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ 46
์ 3 ์ ์๋ฃ ์์ง ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 51
1. ์๋ฃ ์์ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ ์ ์ 51
2. ์๋ฃ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 52
์ 4 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋
ผ์ 53
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ํน์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ ๊ฒ์ฆ 53
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ํน์ฑ 53
2. ์ธก์ ๋ณ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ ๋ฐ ํ๋น์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ 55
์ 2 ์ ์๊ทน๋ฌผ ์กฐ์ ๊ฒ์ฆ ๋ฐ ์ง๋จ ๊ฐ ๋์ง์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ 59
1. ์๊ทน๋ฌผ ์กฐ์ ๊ฒ์ฆ 59
2. ์ง๋จ ๊ฐ ๋์ง์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฆ 61
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ค ๊ฒ์ฆ 63
1. ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ 63
2. ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ์ ๋ขฐ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ 64
3. ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ์ง๊ฐ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ 66
4. ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ์๋น์ค ์์ฉ์๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ 67
5. ํจ์
์ผํ ์ฑ๋ด์ ์์ธํ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ์๋น์ค ์์ฉ์๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋งค๊ฐ๊ฒฝ๋ก 68
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ฐ ์ ์ธ 76
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ๋
ผ์ 76
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ฌ์ 80
1. ํ๋ฌธ์ ์์ฌ์ 80
2. ์ค๋ฌด์ ์์ฌ์ 81
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ ์ ์ธ 83
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 85
Abstract 103
๋ถ๋ก ๋ชฉ์ฐจ 107Maste
Psychosocial Support Interventions for Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can negatively affect the woman and fetus during pregnancy, and postpartum development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is also possible. Women with GDM experience various psychological changes and have difficulties in self-management due to lack of psychosocial support. For positive maternal-fetal outcomes, the needs of the pregnant woman should be confirmed and supportive interventions that consider the complex situation of pregnancy and diabetes management are required. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the content and impact of psychosocial interventions for women with GDM, and to evaluate their effectiveness. Methods: This study employed a systematic review (SR) design. The following databases were searched without limiting time periods: PubMed (Ovid-Medline), Cochrane Library, Ovid- EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, NDSL, Koreamed, RISS, and KISS. Keywords such as "diabetes, gestational", "psychosocial support systems", "psychosocial support", "psychological support", "social support", "stress", "anxiety", "depression" were used. Following search of the literature, processes of literature selection, literature quality evaluation, and data extraction were conducted. Two investigators selected and independently reviewed articles according to the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the articles was evaluated using the ROB 1.0 and RoBANS 2.0 checklist. In this study, a total of 14 articles on psychosocial intervention programs for women with GDM were selected and reviewed. Results: Psychosocial support interventions were provided for the purpose of 1) informational support, 2) self-management motivation, 3) relaxation, and 4) emotional support. For informational support, teaching sessions included GDM and DM information, how to manage diet, exercise, stress, blood sugar, and weight, as well as postpartum management and prevention of type 2 DM. Psychosocial support interventions targeted self-management motivation by setting a goal for management while checking diet and exercise management, glucose monitoring, and enhancing positive health behaviours. Practicing breathing and/or meditation was used; and sharing opinions and support was done for emotional support. Half (n=7) of the selected studies reported behavioral change, mostly in the form of self-care changes. Psychosocial supportive interventions to women with GDM were found to reduce depression, anxiety, and stress, and improve self-efficacy. Ten of the 14 selected studies identified physiological changes in parameters such as fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, and 2hr postprandial glucose. Conclusion: This SR identified that psychosocial supportive interventions can positively affect self-care behaviors and lifestyle changes in women with GDM, that can further influence physiological parameters during pregnancy and following childbirth. Psychosocial supportive interventions are essential for women with GDM to practice health behavior change and more emotional support and relaxation measures need to be actively incorporated. Nurses can play a pivotal role in integrative management and can streamline the care that GDM women receive during pregancy and following birth, especially by providing guidance through psychosocial support interventions.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ์ ๊ฒฝํํ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ํ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ง ์ค์ฌ์ ๋ด์ฉ๊ณผ ์ํฅ์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํจ์ฑ์ ํ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ค์ํ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋ฌธํ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ํ์ ์ฝํฌ๋ ์ฐํฉ (Cochrane collaboration)์ ์ค์ฌ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋ฌธํ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ์ง์นจ์ธ Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews 5.1.0์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ค์ํ์๊ณ , Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋ฌธํ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ง์นจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ํํ๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ์์ธ ์์ฌ Y ์๊ธ์ข
ํฉ๋ณ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฌ์์์ํ ๋ฉด์ ์น์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ ํ(Y-2020-0130), ๊ตญ๋ดยท์ธ ์ด 9๊ฐ์ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฒ ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ตญ๋ดยท์ธ ํ์ ์ง์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ฌธํ ๊ฒ์, ๋ฌธํ ์ ์ , ๋ฌธํ์ ์ง ํ๊ฐ, ์๋ฃ ์ถ์ถ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ์ ๊ฒฝํํ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ง ์ค์ฌ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ํ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ด 14ํธ์ด์๊ณ , ์ฃผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. 1. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ์ ๊ฒฝํํ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ง ์ค์ฌ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ํ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ๋ ์ด 14ํธ ์ค 2015๋
์ดํ์ ์ถํ๋ ๋ฌธํ์ 11ํธ (78.6%), 2010๋
์ดํ๋ถํฐ 2015๋
์ด์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ๋ฌธํ์ 3ํธ(21.4%)์์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ตญ๋ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 5ํธ, ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 9ํธ์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ณ๋ก ์ธ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ดํด๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ๊ตญ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ด 5ํธ(35.7%)์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ค์์ ์ด๋์์ 4ํธ(28.6%), ํฐํค, ๋ค๋๋๋, ์๊ตญ, ํธ์ฃผ, ์์ผ๋๋์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1ํธ(7.1%)์ฉ ์ถํ๋์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์ ์๋ ์ด 1,331๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์ ์๊ฐ 50๋ช
์ด์ 100๋ช
๋ฏธ๋ง์ธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ด 9ํธ(64.3%)์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 100๋ช
์ด์์ธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ด 3ํธ(21.4%), 50๋ช
๋ฏธ๋ง์ธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ด 2ํธ(13,3%)์ด์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ๋ก๋ ๋ฌด์์ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ ์คํ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ 7ํธ(50.0%), ์ ์ฌ์คํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ํ ์ค๊ณ๊ฐ 7ํธ(50.0%)์ด์๋ค. ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ์ ์ง๋จ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ค์ํ ์ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ 10ํธ(71.4%)์ด์๊ณ , ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ค์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 4ํธ(28.6%)์ด์๋ค. 2. ๋ฌธํ์ ์ง ํ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฌด์์ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ ์คํ์ฐ๊ตฌ 7ํธ์ ์ ํ ๋น๋ค๋ฆผ๊ณผ ํ๋ฝ ๋น๋ค๋ฆผ์ด ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฎ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋์๊ณ , ์คํ ๋น๋ค๋ฆผ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ์ธ ๋น๋ค๋ฆผ, ๋ณด๊ณ ๋น๋ค๋ฆผ ์์ญ์์๋ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋น๋ค๋ฆผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋น๋ฌด์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 7ํธ์ ์ ํ ๋น๋ค๋ฆผ, ์คํ ๋น๋ค๋ฆผ, ํ๋ฝ ๋น๋ค๋ฆผ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฎ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋์๊ณ , ํ๊ฐ์์ ๋๊ฐ๋ฆผ์ด ๋ถ์ ์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ํ๊ฐ์์ ๋๊ฐ๋ฆผ์ด ํ์ธ์ด ๋์ง ์์ ํ์ธ ๋น๋ค๋ฆผ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์์๊ณ , ์ ํ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ฌ๋ถ ํ์ธ์ด ์ด๋ ค์ด 6ํธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋น๋ค๋ฆผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. 3. ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ง ์ค์ฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋๊ธฐ๋ถ์ฌ, ์ด์, ์ ์์ ์ง์ง, ์ ๋ณด์ ์ง์ง ๋ฑ 4๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ก ์ด ์ค ์ ๋ณด์ ์ง์ง๊ฐ 12ํธ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์๊ณ , ์๊ฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋๊ธฐ๋ถ์ฌ๋ 11ํธ, ์ด์ 4ํธ, ์ ์์ ์ง์ง 4ํธ ์์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์ค์ฌ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ธ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ ๋ณด์ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ณต๋ ์ค์ฌ 12ํธ ์ค ์์ด์ต๊ด ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 8ํธ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ณต 6ํธ, ์ 2ํ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์๋ฐฉ 6ํธ, ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๊ด๋ฆฌ 5ํธ, ์ฐํ๊ด๋ฆฌ 5ํธ, ์ด๋์ต๊ด ๊ด๋ฆฌ 3ํธ, ํ๋น๊ด๋ฆฌ 3ํธ, ์ฒด์ค๊ด๋ฆฌ 3ํธ, ๋น๋จ๋ณ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ณต 3ํธ, ์ธ์๋ฆฐ ์๋ฒ 2ํธ, ๊ต์ก์ฉ ์ฑ ์ฌ์ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ์ค๋ช
2ํธ, ์๋ฉด๊ด๋ฆฌ 1ํธ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์๊ฐ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋๊ธฐ ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ณต๋ ์ค์ฌ 11ํธ ์ค ๊ฑด๊ฐํ๋ ์ค์ฒ ๊ฐํ๊ฐ 10ํธ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์๊ฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ชฉํ ์ค์ 7ํธ, ํ๋น ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง 5ํธ, ์์ด์ต๊ด ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง 4ํธ, ์ด๋์ต๊ด ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง 4ํธ, ์ฒด์ค๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง 1ํธ, ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ฐํ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง 1ํธ, ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง 1ํธ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด์์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ณต๋ ์ค์ฌ 4ํธ์ ํธํก ์ด๋์ด 3ํธ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ ์ง์ ์๋ฒ 1ํธ, ์๊ฐ ์ด๋ 1ํธ, ํ๊ต 1ํธ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ ์์ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์๋ 4ํธ์ ์ค์ฌ๋ ์๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ชจ์์์ ์๊ฒฌ ๊ตํ ๋ฐ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ 3ํธ ์ธ์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ฆ์ง, ์๊ฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ค์ฒ ์์ง๋ฅผ ํํํ๋๋ก ๊ฒฉ๋ ค, ๊ฐ์ ํํ์ ํ๋๋ก ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1ํธ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. 4. ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ง ์ค์ฌ์ ์ ํจ์ฑ์ ํ์์ ๋ณ์, ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฌํ์ ๋ณ์, ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ณ์๋ก ๋๋์ด์ ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ํ์์ ๋ณ์์ ๋ณํ๋ 14ํธ ์ค 7ํธ์ ๋ฌธํ์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ์๊ฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ ํ๋ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ ๋ณ์๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฌํ์ ๋ณ์์ ๋ณํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฌธํ์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ์ฐ์ธ, ๋ถ์, ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋ฅ๊ฐ, ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๋ฑ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ณ์๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ณ์์ ๋ณํ๋ 10ํธ์ ๋ฌธํ์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ๊ณต๋ณตํ๋น, ๋นํํ์์, ์ํ 2์๊ฐ ํ๋น ๋ฑ์ด ์ฃผ์ ๋ณ์๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค. ์ด์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ํ ์ค์ฌ ์ค๊ณ ์ ์ ๋ณด์ ์ง์ง ๋ฐ ์๊ฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋๊ธฐ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ ์ ์๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ณ , ๊ฑด๊ฐํ๋ ๋ณํ ์ค์ฒ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์ฐ์ธ, ๋ถ์, ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๋ฑ์ ์ ์์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ด์ ๋ฐ ์ ์์ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ง ์ค์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉํด์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์ค์ฌ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋ด์ฉ์ผ๋ก 1) ์ ๋ณด์ ์ง์ง(์์ด์ต๊ด ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ณต, ์ 2ํ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์๋ฐฉ, ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์ฐํ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์ด๋์ต๊ด ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ํ๋น๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์ฒด์ค๊ด๋ฆฌ, ๋น๋จ๋ณ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ณต), 2) ์๊ฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋๊ธฐ๋ถ์ฌ (๊ฑด๊ฐํ๋ ์ค์ฒ ๊ฐํ, ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์๊ฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ชฉํ ์ค์ , ํ๋น ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง, ์์ด์ต๊ด ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง, ์ด๋์ต๊ด ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง), 3) ์ด์(ํธํก ์ด๋), 4) ์ ์์ ์ง์ง(์๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ชจ์์์ ์๊ฒฌ ๊ตํ ๋ฐ ์ง์ง) ๋ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๊ณ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ฑด๊ฐํ๋ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฒํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋๋๋ค๋ฉด ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ณต๋ณตํ๋น, ๋นํํ์์, ์ํ ํ๋น ๋ฑ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณ์์๋ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์ ์ฑ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์์ฐ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ด๋ถ๋น๊ณผ ์ง๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ์ํฉ์์ ํตํฉ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๊ต๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐํธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ง ์ค์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ฉฐ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ณต์ง์๋ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.open์
Does financial expertise of CEOs affect firm's financial policies and firm value
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ฒฝ์ํ๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๊น์ฐ์ง.๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ CEO๊ฐ ํ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ์ฑ
๊ณผ ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ CEO๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ ํ๊ตญ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ ๋ ํ๊ธ๋ณด์ ๋๊ณผ ๋ถ์ฑ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋น์ฑํฅ ๋ํ ๋ ๋์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ ๋ ํ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ํ๋ฉด ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ํ๊ธ๋ณด์ ๋์ ๋ ๋ฎ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ CEO๋ค์ด ์์ ์ Connection์ด๋ ๋
ธํ์ฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด์ ๋ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์๊ธ์ ์กฐ๋ฌํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์์์๋ ํ๊ธ์ ๋ง์ด ๋ณด์ ํ ํ์์ฑ์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์์๋ ๊ธฐ์
๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ์ข ๋ค๋ฅด๊ณ IMF์ ์ํฅ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋น์ถ์ด ๋ณผ ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ํฉ์ ๋ํด ๋ ์ ์๊ณ ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์๋ฐฉํ๋ ์ฐจ์์์ ํ๊ธ์ ๋ง์ด ๋ณด์ ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ ค๋ ์ฑํฅ์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์์ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ๊ณผ ํ๊ธ๋ณด์ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋๋ฐ ์ค์ ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ๊ณผ ํ๊ธ๋ณด์ ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ์
์ฑ๊ณผ์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๊ฒ ์์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋น์ถ์ด ๋ณผ ๋, ํ๊ตญ์์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ CEO๋ค์ด ๊ธฐ์
์ฑ๊ณผ์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์์๋ก ํ๊ธ๋ณด์ ๋์ ๋ ๋๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํด์ํ ์๋ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ CEO์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ด์์ ์ธ matching์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด ์ง ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์ค์ ๋ก CEO์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํน์ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ์
์ฑ๊ณผ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ ๋ง์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์๋๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ํ์๋ ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ๋ถ์์ ํตํด์ ์ด ๋ด์์ matching์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ CEO์ ์ฌ๋ฌด๊ฒฝ์๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ํ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ฐ์ด ์๋ ํ์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก matching๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ํํํ์๋ฉด ๋์ฒด๋ก KOSPI200์ ํฌํจ๋๋ ๋๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ 70%์ด์์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ CEO๋ค์ด ๋ชฐ๋ ค์๋๋ฐ ์ด ํ์์ ์ฃผ๋ก mature firm๋ค ์ฆ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ฌํ์ asset side๋ณด๋ค๋ financial side๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ ์ค์ํ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ํด๋น๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ CEO๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ์ง ์์ CEO๋ค๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋๋ฐ ์ด ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ํด์ํ๋๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋น์ทํ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ธฐํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋ด์์ matching์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ์๋ฒฝํ๊ฒ ํด๊ฒฐํ ์ ์์์ ์ ์ ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์๋คContents
I. Introductionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 1
II. Data descriptionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 4
II.I. Dataโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 4
II.II. CEO and firm characteristicsโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 6
III. Financial expertise of CEOs and firms financial policiesโฆ 8
IV. Financial expertise of CEOs and firm valueโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 14
V. Limitation of interpretationโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 15
V.I. Unobserved CEO heterogeneityโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 16
V.II. Endogenous CEO-firm matchingโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 16
V.II.I. Financial expert CEO and firms life cycleโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 22
V.II.II. CEO-firm matching and firm performanceโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 24
V.II.III Reaction to shocks to overall credit conditionsโฆโฆโฆ 25
VI. Conclusionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 29
VII. Referencesโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 30
VIII. Abstractโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 33Maste
A Study on the Land-Use Related Assessment Factors in Korean Environmental Impact Assessment
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ํฅํ๊ฐ ์ฌ์
์ ํ๊ฒฝ๋ณด์ ๋ฒ(1997) ๋์
ํ ์ฝ 30๋
๊ฐ ๋ค์ํ ํ๊ฐํญ๋ชฉ์ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์์ ์ด ์์์ผ๋ ํํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ํฅํ๊ฐ๋ฒ์ ํ ์งํ๊ฒฝ์ ํ ์ง์ด์ฉ ํ๊ฐํญ๋ชฉ์ ๊ทธ ์ค์์ฑ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ฏธํกํ ์ค์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ํฅํ๊ฐ ์ง์นจ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ง์ด์ฉ ํ๊ฐํญ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ์ด ๋์๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ์
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ ํ์์ 90๊ฑด์ ๊ฒํ ํ๊ณ ๊ตญ๋ด ํ๊ฒฝ์ํฅํ๊ฐ ํ ์ง์ด์ฉ ํ๊ฐํญ๋ชฉ์ ์์ฌ์ ๊ณผ ๋ณด์์ ์ ๋ํด ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ์ค์ฌ์์์ ํ ์ง ํจ์จ์ฑ์์ ์์ฐํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์์๋ณด์ ์ค์ฌ์ ํ ์ง ํจ์จ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ด ๋ฐ๋๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ง๋ ํ๊ฐ์์์ฑ ๋งค๋ด์ผ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ํ์์์์๋ ์์ฐํ๊ฒฝ ๋ณด์ ์๊ตฌ์ ๋ํ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ์ฌ์ ํ ๋์ถ๋๊ณ ์์ด ํ๊ฐ๋๊ตฌ๋ก์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ ์ธํ๋ ์ํฅํ๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ ์์์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ ํํ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ ๋์ ์ํฅ ๋ฐ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ํ๊ฐ๋๊ตฌ์ด๋ค. ํนํ, ํ์ ์๊ฒฌ์์ ๋์ ๋น๋๋ก์ธ๊ธ๋๋ ์์ฐํ๊ฒฝ ํผ์์ ์ต์ํ, ๋
น์ง๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋
น์ง ๋คํธ์ํฌ ํ๋ณด ๋ฑ์ ์๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํด์ํ ์ ์๋ ํ ์ง์ด์ฉ์ ๋ฐฐ์น ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ์ ๋ํ ๊ณํ์ ํ๊ฐ๋๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.N