16 research outputs found

    ์‹์ค‘๋…๊ท  ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๊ฐ€์—ด์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. Dong-Hyun Kang.The specific objectives of this study were, ( i ) to evaluate the efficacy of RF heating for inactivating foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Senftenberg in raw shelled almonds compared to conventional convective heating as well as its effect on product quality, ( ii ) investigate the effect of salt content of samples, packaging material, and electrode gap on the antimicrobial efficacy of RF heating, ( iii ) evaluate the antimicrobial effects of the combination treatment of RF heating with ultraviolet (UV) radiation and organic acid spray against foodborne pathogens on dried foods, ( iv ) develop a computer simulation model and predict the behavior of RF heating in spice products. RF heating can be applied to control internalized pathogens as well as surface-adhering pathogens in raw almonds without affecting product quality. As the salt content of pistachios increased, treatment time required to achieve 4-log reduction of S. enterica decreased and then was maintained when the salt content exceeded a level corresponding to the peak heating rate. PEI film reduced the treatment time required to reduce S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 by more than 7 log CFU/g (below the detection limit, 1 log CFU/g) in red and black pepper powders. The dielectric constant of PEI film was similar to that of target sample, and the dielectric loss factor of PEI film was relatively low. The heating rate of the sample increased with decreasing electrode gap. RF heating for the treatment time required to reach 90 ยฐC achieved 2.85-, 2.17-, and 2.09-log reductions of C. sakazakii without generating heat-injured cells at the electrode gaps of 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm, respectively. The RF-UV combined treatment showed synergistic effects: the total microbial log unit reduction of the combined treatment was significantly (P 0.05) affect the color, moisture content, and sulfhydryl activities of powdered infant formula. As another available hurdle combination, combined treatment of RF heating and LA sprays for 40 s caused 4.94 and 5.48 reductions of S. Enteritidis PT 30 and S. Typhimurium, respectively. The RF-LA combined treatment did not change color and oxidative rancidity of almonds significantly (P > 0.05). A computer simulation was studied to predict the influence of various factors on the inactivation of foodborne pathogens on food samples by RF heating. A finite element-based commercial software, COMSOL Multiphysics, were used to predict electric potential, electric field distribution, and temperature distribution of red pepper powder during RF heating. The computer simulation model was validated by comparing with the experimental temperature profiles of powdered red pepper spices and applied to predict the effect of frequency, electrode gap, and dielectric properties of packaging materials on the antimicrobial effect of RF heating. The simulated results demonstrated that the efficacy of RF heating in reducing foodborne pathogens could be improved using a higher frequency, a bigger electrode area, a similar dielectric constant of packaging material as target sample, and a lower dielectric loss factor of packaging material. The results of this thesis are helpful to establish treatment conditions for maximizing the antimicrobial efficacy of RF treatment, and by extension, to commercial practical application of RF heating. The combination treatment of RF heating with other technology suggest alternatives to conventional decontamination treatments. In conclusion, application of RF heating in the food industry is expected to represent a novel and innovative thermal process for the production of safe foods.Chapter I. Evaluation of radio-frequency heating in controlling foodborne pathogens in raw shelled almonds 1 I-1.Introduction 2 I-2. Materials and Methods 6 Bacterial strains 6 Preparation of pathogen inocula 6 Sample preparation and inoculation 7 Experimental apparatus 10 RF heating and conventional convective heating treatment 12 Temperature measurement 12 Bacterial enumeration 13 Enumeration of heat-injured cells 13 Quality measurement 14 Statistical analysis 15 I-3. Results 16 Temperature curves of almonds 16 Survival curves of foodborne pathogens 18 Recovery of heat-injured cells 22 Effect of RF heating on product quality 24 I-4. Discussion 27 Chapter II. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting antimicrobial effect of RF heating against foodborne pathogens 32 Chapter II-1. Effect of salt content on inactivation of foodborne pathogens in pistachios by RF heating 33 II-1.1. Introduction 34 II-1.2. Materials and Methods 37 Bacterial strains 37 Preparation of pathogen inocula 37 Sample preparation and inoculation 38 Experimental apparatus 40 RF heating treatment 40 Dielectric properties measurement 41 Bacterial enumeration 42 Enumeration of heat-injured cells 42 Quality measurement 43 Statistical analysis 44 II-1.3. Results 45 Temperature curves of pistachios with different salt contents 45 Effect of salt content on dielectric properties of pistachios 47 Relationships between heating rate, dielectric loss factor, and salt content of pistachios 49 Effect of salt content on inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in pistachio 51 Recovery of heat-injured cells 53 Effect of RF heating within different salt range on product quality 55 II-1.4. Discussion 58 Chapter II-2. Effect of packaging materials on inactivation of foodborne pathogens in red and black pepper spices by RF heating 62 II-2.1. Introduction 63 II-2.2. Materials and Methods 66 Bacterial strains 66 Preparation of pathogen inocula. 66 Sample preparation and inoculation 67 RF heating treatment 67 Temperature measurement 68 Dielectric properties measurement 68 Bacterial enumeration 68 Enumeration of heat-injured cells 69 Color measurement 70 Volatile flavor component measurement 70 Statistical analysis 72 II-2.3. Results 73 Temperature curves of powdered red and black pepper spice surrounded with different packaging materials 73 Dielectric properties of different packaging materials 76 Effect of packaging materials on inactivation of foodborne pathogens in powdered red and black pepper spice 78 Recovery of heat-injured cells 84 Effect of RF heating on product quality during post-packaging pasteurization 87 II-2.4. Discussion 90 Chapter II-3. Effect of electrode gap on inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula by RF heating 94 II-3.1. Introduction 95 II-3.2. Materials and Methods 98 Bacterial strains 98 Preparation of pathogen inocula 98 Sample preparation and inoculation 99 RF heating treatment 99 Temperature measurement 102 Bacterial enumeration 102 Enumeration of injured cells 103 Quality measurement 103 Modeling of survival curves 104 Statistical analysis 105 II-3.3. Results 106 Average temperature-time histories of powdered infant formula with different electrode gaps 106 Inactivation of pathogenic bacteria by RF heating with various electrode gap 108 Recovery of heat-injured cells 110 Effect of RF heating with different electrode gaps on product quality 112 Suitable model of survival curves 115 II-3.4. Discussion 117 Chapter III. Combination treatments of RF heating with various sanitizing technologies 120 Chapter III-1. Enhanced inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula by RF heating combined with UV radiation and mechanism of the synergistic bactericidal action 121 III-1.1. Introduction 122 III-1.2. Materials and Methods 125 Bacterial strains 125 Preparation of pathogen inocula 125 Sample preparation and inoculation 126 Combined treatment of RF heating and UV radiation 126 Bacterial enumeration 127 Enumeration of injured cells 128 Transmission electron microscopy analysis 128 Measurement of extracellular UV-absorbing substances and propidium iodine uptake 130 Quality measurement 130 Statistical analysis 131 III-1.3. Results 132 Synergistic bactericidal effect of combined UV-RF treatment 132 Recovery of UV-RF-injured cells 134 Microscopic evaluation of damages 136 Determination of cell membrane damage by leakage of bacterial intracellular substances and PI uptake 138 Effect of UV-RF combined treatment on product quality 140 III-1.4. Discussion 143 Chapter III-2. Combination treatment of RF heating and organic acid spray for inactivating foodborne pathogens on raw shelled almonds 147 III-2.1. Introduction 148 III-2.2. Materials and Methods 151 Bacterial strains 151 Preparation of pathogen inocula 151 Sample preparation and inoculation 152 Preparation of lactic acid solution 152 Combined treatment of RF heating and LA sprays 153 Bacterial enumeration 155 Enumeration of heat-injured cells 155 Measurement of extracellular UV-absorbing substances and propidium iodine uptake 156 Quality measurement 157 Statistical analysis 158 III-2.3. Results 159 Survival curves of foodborne pathogens 159 Recovery of injured cells 162 Determination of cell membrane damage by leakage of bacterial intracellular substances and PI uptake 164 Effect of RF-LA combined treatment on product quality 166 III-2.4. Discussion 169 Chapter IV. Computer simulation model development and prediction for RF heating of dry food materials 173 IV-1. Introduction 174 IV-2. Materials and Methods 177 Sample preparation 177 Dielectric and thermal properties measurement 177 Physical model 177 Governing equations 180 Initial and boundary conditions 181 Solving methodology 182 Model parameters 183 Model validation 186 Model applications 186 IV-3. Results 188 Simulated electric potential and electric field distribution for powdered red pepper 188 Simulated temperature profiles for powdered red pepper 191 Model validation 194 Effect of processing parameters on inactivation of foodborne pathogen in powdered red pepper 196 Effect of packaging materials around powdered red pepper on inactivation of foodborne pathogen 199 IV-4. Discussion 202 References 205 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 235Docto

    ๊ทผ๊ถŒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด๊ณผ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ด์šฉ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ ์ •ํ™”๊ณต๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ์œจ ์ฆ์ง„ ๋ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋…์„ฑํ•™์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 8. ๋‚จ๊ฒฝํ•„.์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ์–‘ ๋‚ด ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ ์ •ํ™”๊ณต๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทผ๊ถŒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ์„ญ์ทจ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ์„ญ์ทจ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹๋ฌผ ์ƒ์žฅ ์ด‰์ง„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์–‘์›์†Œ ์„ญ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ƒ์žฅ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์—์˜ ์ด์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ์‹๋ฌผ๋กœ์˜ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ์„ญ์ทจ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ ์ƒ์žฅ ์ด‰์ง„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ ์ธ์‚ฐ์—ผ ๊ฐ€์šฉํ™” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด ๋ถ„๋น„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด๊ณผ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํšจ์œจ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์‚ฐ์—ผ ๊ฐ€์šฉํ™” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ Bacillus sp. ์˜ ์ ‘์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ƒ์žฅ ์ด‰์ง„๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ํก์ˆ˜ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด (Brassica juncea, ๊ฐ“)๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ์ฒด๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 8์ฃผ ํ›„์— ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 295.6 mg, ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— 65.8 mg์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์ฒด๋Ÿ‰ (10.3 mg)์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ™•์—ฐํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ 0.86 mg/g of plant์—์„œ 6์ฃผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ (2.20 mg/g of plant) 8์ฃผ ํ›„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2.96๊ณผ 1.20 mg/g of plant์˜ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ํก์ˆ˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Tessier์˜ 5๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด์˜ ์กด์žฌํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ด์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋Š” exchangeable phase ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid)๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ์–‘ pH๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ† ์–‘ ๋‚ด IAA๋†๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ pH์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํŒŒ์ด๋กœ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์‚ฐ์—ผ ๊ฐ€์šฉํ™” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์ž…์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Bacilli ๊ฐ• (class)์˜ ํ† ์–‘ ๋‚ด ์šฐ์ ์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด 8์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„์— ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ† ์–‘ ๋‚ด์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ† ์–‘์— ์ธ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ํ† ์ฐฉ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํƒœ์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฌผ ์ƒ์žฅ ์ด‰์ง„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด ๋ถ„๋น„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฒ ์ด์˜จ-ํŠน์ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒด์™ธ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ  ๊ฒฐํ• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด๋กœ์˜ ์ฒ  ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ์žฅ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด ๋ถ„๋น„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ Pseudomonas aeruginosa๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด๋งŒ์„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ์ƒ๋“ฑ์•ก์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋น„์†Œ ์ถ•์  ์‹๋ฌผ์ธ ํฐ ๋ด‰์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ (Pteris cretica)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‹์žฌ ํ›„ 5 ์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ฒด๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 5.83 g์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์ฒด๋Ÿ‰ 1.47 g์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹๋ฌผ ์ƒ์žฅ์ด ์ด‰์ง„๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5 ์ฃผ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ 10 ์ฃผ ํ›„์— 4.90 g์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ (1.91 g)์ด๋‚˜ EDTA ์ฃผ์ž…๊ตฐ (1.70 g)์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ™•์—ฐํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, Wenzel์˜ 5๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์กด์žฌํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ† ์–‘ ๋‚ด ๋น„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํŠน์ด์  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ, ํŠน์ด์  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ, ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ ์ฒ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2, 27, 47%์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด ์ฃผ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ ์ฒ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  (40%), ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ด์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„ํŠน์ด์  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(14.7%). ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, EDTA ์ฃผ์ž…๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด ์ฃผ์ž…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ ์ฒ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ (38%), ํŠน์ด์  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (35.2%). ๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ ์ฒ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ ์ฒ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๋น„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด์™€ EDTA์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šฉ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, EDTA์™€ ์šฉ์ถœ๋œ ๋น„์†Œ๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฉ์ถœ๋œ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ ์žฌํก์ฐฉ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด๋Š” ๋น„์†Œ์™€์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„ํŠน์ด์  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋น„์†Œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ด์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋‚ด ๋น„์†Œ ์ถ•์  ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด ์ฃผ์ž…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋‚ด ๋น„์†Œ ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ 0.008 mg/g of plant์—์„œ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ 10์ฃผ ํ›„ 5.62 mg/g of plant์˜ ๋น„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ (1.51 mg/g of plant)๊ณผ EDTA ์ฃผ์ž…๊ตฐ (1.76 mg/g of plant)์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ๋น„์†Œ ์ถ•์ ๋Šฅ์ด ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ ์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ EDTA ์ฃผ์ž…๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ๋น„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ (39-70%)์— ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด ์ฃผ์ž…๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง€์ƒ๋ถ€ (์ค„๊ธฐ์™€ ์žŽ)๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 10 ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋‚ด ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ 79%๊ฐ€ ์žŽ์— ์ถ•์ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋‚ด ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ ์ง€์ƒ๋ถ€๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด-๋น„์†Œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. CAS liquid assay ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 7, 10 ์ฃผ์— ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด ์ฃผ์ž… ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์žŽ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ EDTA ์ฃผ์ž…๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํก๊ด‘๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํก๊ด‘๋„์˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์™€ ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๋น„์†Œ์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ๋น„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด-๋น„์†Œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด๋Š” ํ˜•๊ด‘ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์žŽ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด ํŠน์œ ์˜ ํ˜•๊ด‘์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. CAS liquid assay์™€ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด-๋น„์†Œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํก์ˆ˜๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด-๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์ด๋™์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ ์ •ํ™”๊ณต๋ฒ•์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†์ด ์ถ•์ ๋œ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ† ์–‘์ƒํƒœ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋น„์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ ์ •ํ™”๊ณต๋ฒ•์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋จ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด ์ ์šฉ ์ „, ํ›„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ† ์–‘ ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ถ” ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ ์ด, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋„์š”์ƒˆ, ์ž‘์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€ ๋“ค์ฅ, ์ดˆ์‹์„ฑ ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ, ์žก์‹์„ฑ ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฉง๋ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด ์ ์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ž‘์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž‘์•„ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†์ด ํ•จ์œ ๋œ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ์‹์„ฑ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒํƒœ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ง€์ƒ๋ถ€๋กœ์˜ ๋น„์†Œ ์ด๋™ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ† ์–‘ ์ •ํ™”๊ณต๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ ์ •ํ™”๊ณต๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ํ•จ์œ  ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ๋…์„ฑํ•™์  ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐœ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ํ•จ์œ  ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด๋กœ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ์ œํ•œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™”์„ค๊ณ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ† ์–‘์ƒํƒœ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Phytoremediation has demonstrated its beneficial use in the removal of heavy metals from polluted soil. Recently, many researches have focused on plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) application to enhance metal removal efficiency during phytoremediation. In particular, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and siderophore-producing bacteria (SPB), kind of the PGPR, can solubilize nutrient such as phosphate and iron in soil and provide them for plant growth and these bacterial activities can affect phytoavailability of heavy metals in soils. This study is conducted to evaluate the effects of the PGPRs or its secretions inoculation on removal of heavy metals from soils in phytoremediation, and its environmental risk is investigated using ecological risk assessment during phytoremediation. Firstly, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Bacillus sp. (i.e., a mixed culture of B. aryabhattai and B. megaterium) were used to promote plant growth and enhance the phytoextractability of Cd from contaminated soils. This strain showed a potential for directly solubilizing phosphorous from soils more than ten- folds greater than the control without inoculation. The results of pot experiments revealed that inoculation with Bacillus sp. significantly increased the extent of Cd accumulation in Brassica juncea relative to the uninoculated control for eight weeks. The Cd accumulation by B. juncea increased up to 250%, when PSB was inoculated at the 8th week, while almost no further Cd uptake in the uninoculated soils was observed compared with initial soil (i.e., 0 week). The total dry weights of B. juncea significantly increased from 10.3 mg to 101.0 mg up to the 6th week, and 295.6 mg of total dry weight was observed at the 8th week, while it was 65.8 mg in the uninoculated soil. The change of the Cd speciation indicated that inoculation of Bacillus sp. as PSB increased the bioavailabilty of Cd and consequently enhanced its uptake by plants. This study was also conducted to investigate how the microbial community of indigenous soil bacteria is changed by PSB augmentation during phytoremediation. In initial Cd-contaminated soil, the major phyla were Proteobacteria (35%), Actinobacteria (38%) and Firmicutes (8%). While Proteobacteria were dominant at the 2th and 6th week (41 and 54%, respectively) in inoculated soil, Firmicutes dramatically increased in the eight week soil, contributing 63% of the sequences, and they mainly belonged to the Bacilli class (61%). For the uninoculated soil, the proportion of ฮฑ-Proteobacteria increased after eight weeks (32%). Interestingly, Actinobacteria class, which was originally present in the soil (37%), seemed to disappear during phytoremediation, irrespective of whether PSB was inoculated or not. Cluster analysis and Principal component analysis revealed that the microbial community of eight-week inoculated soil was completely separated from the other soil samples, due to the dramatic increase of Bacillus aryabhattai. These findings revealed that it took at least eight weeks for the inoculated Bacillus sp. to functionally adapt to the introduced soil, against competition with indigenous microorganisms in soil. Siderophores are small molecular weight extracellular organic compound secreted by soil bacteria to ensure their iron nutrition by mobilizing iron (i.e., Fe3+) from its mineral form. Since arsenic (As) in soil is mainly associated with iron oxides, they also play an important role in As mobilization through the dissolution of As-bearing iron oxides. This study focused on the interaction between siderophores and As bound to iron oxides and also evaluated the effect of siderophores on the removal of As from soil during phytoremediation. The ability of siderophores produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to release As bound to Fe-oxides and to relocate the absorbed As in the plants was investigated. Siderophores released Fe from ferrihydrite, and total Fe concentration was about 53.6 ยตmol, which was more than that chelated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTAi.e., 43.7 ยตmol). More importantly, about 1.79 ยตmol of As was found to be associated with siderophores in aqueous phase when siderophores were used to release As from ferrihydrite. In contrast, As was not essentially detected in aqueous phase when EDTA was used, probably due to the readsorption of released As to ferrihydrite. Pot experiment show that, Pteris cretica, a known As hyperaccumulator, grown in the siderophore-amended soil showed about 3.7 times higher As uptake (5.62 mg-Asโˆ™g-1-plant) than the plant grown in the EDTA-amended soil (1.51 mg-Asโˆ™g-1-plant). In addition, As taken up by roots of P. cretica in the presence of siderophores seemed to be favorably translocated to shoots (i.e., stems and leaves). About 79% of total accumulated As were detected in the shoots in the presence of siderophores after ten weeks. Fluorescence microscopic analysis confirmed that As in the roots was delivered to the leaves of Pteris cretica as siderophore-As complex. Ecological risk by the hyperaccumulation of As in Pteris cretica during phytoremediation was evaluated at an old, abandoned As-contaminated site. Five receptor groups including terrestrial invertebrate, avian insectivore, small mammal, herbivore, and omnivore were selected as potentially affected ecological receptors. Soil and food ingestion were considered as major exposure pathways. Phytoremediation with only Pteris cretica and siderophore-applied phytoremediation to enhance As uptake by the plant were assessed. Ecological hazard index (EHI) values for only small mammal exceeded 1.0 at three week under both the phytoremediation condition due to its limited home range. The EHI value of mammalian herbivore, who mainly consume plant foliage, increased with the prolonged phytoremediation at normal phytoremediation condition. In contrast, when siderophores were applied the risk of mammalian herbivore greatly increased. The risk increased due to the facilitated translocation of As from roots to stems and leaves. Our results suggest that when phytoremediation strategy is considered for metals remediation, its ecological consequence should be taken into account to prevent the spread of accumulated metals through the food chain of ecological receptors such as fencing and netting. Uncertainties involved in the ecological risk assessment process were also discussed.ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives 4 1.3 Dissertation structure 4 References 7 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Bacterial-assisted phytoremediation 10 2.2 Phosphate solubilization by phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) 15 2.2.1 Phosphorus in soils 15 2.2.2 Phosphate solubilization by PSB 17 2.2.3 Enhancement of phytoremediation efficiency by PSB 19 2.3 Potential of siderophore-producing bacteria in phytoremediation 21 2.3.1 Iron, a limiting nutrient 21 2.3.2 Iron mobilization by siderophore 22 2.3.3 Enhancement of phytoremediation efficiency by siderophores 25 2.4 Ecological risk assessment 28 2.4.1 Definition and objectives 28 2.4.2 Framework of ecological risk assessment 29 References 34 CHAPTER 3 APPLICATION OF PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA FOR ENHANCING BIOAVAILABILITY OF CADMIUM FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL AND THEIR IMPACT ON MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Materials and Methods 46 3.2.1 Soil characterization 46 3.2.2 Plants, bacterial strain and growth condition 48 3.2.3 Phosphorus solubilization assay 48 3.2.4 Pot experiment 49 3.2.5 DNA extraction, PCR, and pyrosequencing 52 3.2.6 Pyrosequencing processing 53 3.2.7 Statistical community analysis 53 3.3 Results 54 3.3.1 Potential of Bacillus sp. for solubilizing phosphorus in soils 54 3.3.2 Effect of PSB inoculation on Cd uptake by Brassica juncea and its change of phytoavailability 57 3.3.3 Evolution of Microbial community structure and diversity by PSB inoculation 64 3.3.4 Survival and adaptation of inoculated PSB in Cd-contaminated soil 70 3.4 Discussion 74 3.5 Summary 79 References 80 CHAPTER 4 EHANCED UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION OF ARSENIC IN PLANTS THROUGH SIDEROPHORE-ARSENIC COMPLEX FORMATION 89 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Materials and Methods 91 4.2.1 Preparation of siderophores-containing inoculum 91 4.2.2 Quantification of siderophore activity 92 4.2.3 Fe-oxides dissolution and As release by SCF 93 4.2.4 Pot experiment 95 4.2.5 Chemical analysis of plants and soils 98 4.2.6 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) 99 4.3 Results 100 4.3.1 Enhanced dissolution of As from ferrihydrite by siderophores 100 4.3.2 Biomass increase by siderophores 107 4.3.3 Changes of chemical forms of As in soil by siderophores 111 4.3.4 Accumulation and distribution of As in plants by siderophores 113 4.3.5 Detection of siderophores-As complex in plants 115 4.4 Discussion 119 4.5 Summary 124 References 127 CHAPTER 5 EVALUATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF PHYTOREMEDIATION USING ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT 134 5.1 Introduction 134 5.2 Site characterization 136 5.3 Problem identification 137 5.4 Receptor identification 138 5.5 Characterization of exposure 140 5.6 Characterization of ecological effects 147 5.7 Risk characterization 149 5.8 Results and Discussion 150 5.9 Summary 155 References 156 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS 159 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 163Docto

    ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ๊ฐ€์—ด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฑด์กฐ๋ถ„๋ง์‹ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ €๊ฐํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ๊ฐ•๋™ํ˜„.Radio-frequency (RF) heating is a highly appealing technology by which internal heating as a result of molecular friction is rapidly generated in response to an applied alternating electric field. It has potential for thermal processing of powdered foods which have trouble to be sterilized with conventional heating due to their low thermal conductivities. However, commercial RF heating is rather limited due to a lack of in-depth technical information. In this study, RF heating and dielectric measurement system was developed to provide information not only about reducing thermal abuse in the food product but also about maximizing process effectiveness. The influence of moisture content during RF heating on heating rate, dielectric properties, and inactivation of foodborne pathogens was investigated. The effect of RF heating on quality of red and black pepper spice within different moisture ranges was also investigated. Red peppers (12.58%, 15.16%, 19.07%, and 23.31% dry basis moisture content, db) and black pepper (10.11%, 17.17%, 23.73%, and 30.52% db) inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were treated in a RF heating system with a constant frequency of 27.12 MHz. The heating rate of the sample was dependent on moisture content up to 19.07% (db) of red peppers and 17.17% (db) of black pepper, but there was a significant decrease in the heating rate when the moisture content was increased beyond these levels. The dielectric properties of both samples increased with a rise in moisture content. As the moisture content increased, treatment time required to reduce E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium to below the detection limit (1 log CFU/g) decreased and then increased again when the moisture content exceeded a level corresponding to the peak heating rate. Color values and volatile flavor components of RF treated red and black pepper spice of various moisture contents were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from those of nontreated samples. RF treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced moisture content of red and black pepper by up to 3.01% (db) and 4.65% (db), respectively. These results suggest that RF heating can be effectively used to not only control pathogens but also reduce moisture levels in spices without affecting product quality and that the effect of inactivation is dependent on moisture content.ABSTRACT.................................................................................................. III CONTENTS..................................................................................................VI LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................VIII LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................IX I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................................6 2.1. Bacterial strain......................................................................................6 2.2. Preparation of pathogen inocula...........................................................7 2.3. Sample preparation and inoculation......................................................7 2.4. Experimental apparatus.........................................................................9 2.5. RF heating treatment...........................................................................12 2.6. Temperature measurement..................................................................12 2.7. Dielectric properties measurement.....................................................13 2.8. Bacterial enumeration.........................................................................14 2.9. Color and post-treatment moisture content measurement..................16 2.10. Volatile flavor component measurement..........................................16 2.11. Statistical analysis.............................................................................19 III. RESULTS................................................................................................20 3.1. Temperature curves of red and black pepper spice with different moisture contents................................................................................20 3.2. Influence of moisture content on dielectric properties of red and black pepper spice.........................................................................................24 3.3. Relationships between rate of temperature increase, dielectric loss factor, and moisture content of red and black pepper spice................26 3.4. Influence of moisture content on inactivation of foodborne pathogens in red and black pepper spice..............................................................29 3.5. Effect of RF heating within different moisture range on product quality................................................................................................35 IV. DISCUSSIONS.......................................................................................40 V. REFERENCESโ€ฆ.....................................................................................47 VI. ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก................................................................................................56Maste

    The Changes in Habitat Suitability for Water Deer and Leopard Cat after Development Projects: a Case of Gyeonggi-do

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒํƒœ์กฐ๊ฒฝยท์ง€์—ญ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์ƒํƒœ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2016. 2. ์ด๋™๊ทผ.Human activity is one of the several factors that have a negative impact on the forest ecosystem. Development activities in the forest ecosystem affect its function as a habitat, leading to a reduction of biodiversity. For the promotion and maintenance of biological diversity, it is necessary to preserve the habitat of species. In South Korea, however, the effects of development activities on the habitat have not been adequately evaluated, and there is a need to establish a process that can predict the impact of development projects on biodiversity and favor sustainable development. A species distribution model predicts the potential distribution of the species on the basis of existing distribution data and habitat variables. Since development projects may cause environmental changes, a predictive model can effectively forecast habitat changes. The purpose of this study was to identify variables that reflect the effects of development projects on habitat by evaluating the potential location and distribution of species following changes in these habitats. Mammalian species are keystone species in the forest ecosystem. The target species selected for this study were water deer and leopard cat because extensive research on the domestic habitats of these species has already been carried out. Species distribution data were obtained from the National Ecosystem Survey. The constructed environment variables included altitude, slope, terrain relief, northness, curvature, land cover, forest type, forest age class, road density, distance variables, patch area, area to perimeter ratio and nearest neighbor distance. Development sites in 2008-2012 were selected. The MaxEnt model was used because it showed high sensitivity and accuracy in the domestic study even with a small sample size. The variables were selected on the basis of both their correlation and their independence. Changes in the suitability of potential habitats before and after development were estimated by calculations derived from the maps that were constructed using the model. The results showed that the habitat suitability changes are greater for the leopard cat than for the water deer because the former is affected by habitat fragmentation. It was also estimated that a relatively small habitat patch area is affected less by new development projects than is a larger one. It was observed that among the environmental variables analyzed in this study, the distance from the road had a strong effect in changing habitat suitability. Therefore, by considering the attributes of the habitat in the process of determining the location of development projects, one can predict the impact of development projects on those habitats. This research, however, focused exclusively on specific mammalian species, so further research is necessary. Nevertheless, the study remains significant in that it confirmed the potential of the model to forecast the environmental impact of development projects on habitats before the development has begun.I. Introduction 1 II. Literature Reviews 4 1. Environmental assessment system 4 2. Species distribution model (Habitat suitability model) 6 III. Research Methodology 9 1. Scope of the study 9 1.1. Target species 9 1.2. Site 9 1.3. Context 10 2. Methods 11 2.1. Data collection and analysis 11 2.2. Species distribution model 14 2.3. Assessment of changes in potential habitat suitability 16 IV. Results and Discussion 17 1. Species distribution model 17 1.1. Potential habitat suitability before development 17 1.2. Potential habitat suitability after development 22 2. Changes in potential habitat suitability 25 3. Development sites and changes in habitat suitability 27 V. Conclusion 31 Bibliography 33 Appendix 36 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 39Maste

    The effect of anthropomorphism and personalization of fashion shopping chatbot on service acceptance intention

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์ถ”ํ˜ธ์ •.Chatbot service has rapidly evolved in conjunction with technological advances such as big data and deep learning. The use of Chatbot service is widespread across industries including shopping, traveling, finance and healthcare (Jeong, 2016). In particular, chatbot service has emerged as a solution for overcoming disadvantages of mobile shopping environment, which relate to lack of person-to-person contact. The field of fashion retail particularly requires customer-oriented marketing and direct interaction between retail personnel and customers (Lee & Jeong, 2008). Therefore, chatbot service has potential to become an integral part of marketing strategy for fashion retail. But most previous studies have focused on technological and systematic developments when it comes to chatbots, and little research has been conducted to address the effects of characteristics of chatbots on consumer responses when they are used for communication with consumers. This study therefore aims to identify the effects of chatbot on consumer responses and behavioral intention and associated psychological mechanism by proposing anthropomorphism and personalization as characteristics of chabot, which are ideal to induce positive consumer responses and behavior in mobile shopping context. This study created an experimental stimuli similar to chatbots used for actual fashion retail in order to derive the exact emotional and behavioral responses from the participants. The experiment was conducted in an offline laboratory under controlled conditions, and the participants were instructed to engage with virtual shopping chatbot service via their cell phone and complete a questionnaire online. In order to test whether the stimulus was manipulated appropriately for the experiment, a preliminary experiment was conducted with 20 post-graduate students (aged 20s and 30s) majoring in clothing and textiles, and the validity of the stimulus was verified. A total of 189 participants participated in this study, and four experimental groups of 2(anthropomorphism: high / low) x 2(personalization: high / low) were formed with between-subject design. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and SPSS PROCESS Macro programs, and the results were summarized as follows: First, this study identified positive effects of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot on social presence. In other words, there was a positive correlation between the levels of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot and emotional and psychological intimacy felt by fashion shoppers. Second, the effects of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot on consumer trust were also identified. Also, the interactive effects of anthropomorphism and personalization on consumer trust were statistically significant. Specifically, when the anthropomorphism level of the chatbot is high, there is no significant difference in the trust according to the personalization level, whereas when the anthropomorphism level is low, the chatbot is perceived more reliable when the personalization is higher. Third, the effects of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot on enjoyment perceived by consumers were also found. This finding can be explained by the results of earlier studies that anthropomorphism stimulates imagination and interest of users and provides fun for them (Kim, 2007) and that users feel pleasure through sensory experiences during personalization process (Benlian, 2015). Fourth, the effects of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot on consumers' service acceptance intention were identified. It means that when using the fashion shopping chatbot service, increasing the anthropomorphism and personalization level of chatbot can increase the acceptance of the service. Fifth, In the overall model, the effects of anthropomorphism and personalization of chatbot on consumers' service acceptance intention when using fashion shopping chatbot service were mediated sequentially by social presence and trust and then social presence and perceived enjoyment. This means that the use of chatbot anthropomorphized and personalized for fashion retail helps the participants increase their social presence, which in turn encourages their trust and enjoyment and ultimately improves their intention to accept service. This study investigated the consumer responses by directly creating fashion shopping chatbot service, and this research method is distinguished from those used in previous studies. In addition, this study provides meaningful evidence on the effects of chatbot characterized by anthropomorphism and personalization on consumer responses, acceptance intention and associated psychological mechanism by expanding into the field of consumer behavior to chatbot service that has been mainly discussed in terms of technological and systematic aspects. Furthermore, by expanding social presence, which is one of concepts that have been primarily investigated in indirect shopping environment, into a shopping chabot-related variable, this study verified it as one of consumer responses caused by characteristics of chatbot and an antecedent variable triggering positive emotions. It contributes to expanding the academic discussion of social presence. Taken together, the results of this study are expected to be useful for efficient interface strategy necessary for design and development of chatbot-based services in fashion industry. This study also suggests that the chatbot services should be linked to psychological and emotional responses resulting from characteristics of chatbots, rather than simply looking from the perspective of service provision.์ตœ๊ทผ ๋น…๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋“ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‡ผํ•‘, ์—ฌํ–‰, ๊ธˆ์œต, ํ—ฌ์Šค์ผ€์–ด ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํ™œ์šฉ ์˜์—ญ์ด ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(์ •์ง€ํ˜•, 2016). ์ด ์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์‡ผํ•‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํŒ๋งค์›๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฉด์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์ž„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด(์ด๊ฒฝ๋ณต, ์ •๋ช…์„ , 2008), ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ „๋žต์ ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ธ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์‡ผํ•‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ ํ–‰๋™์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ • ๋ฐ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ํฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ๋’ค ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์•ž์„œ ์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์ด ์ž˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 20-30๋Œ€ ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ 20๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋น„์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์–ด ๋ณธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” 2(์˜์ธํ™”: ๊ณ /์ €) x 2(๊ฐœ์ธํ™”: ๊ณ /์ €)์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ 189๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์‘๋‹ต ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” SPSS 25.0์™€ SPSS PROCESS Macro ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ ์‹œ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฑ—๋ด‡์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์„œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์˜์ธํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ํฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์˜์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊น€๊ฒฝ์• (2007)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค๋Š” Benlian(2015)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋„ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ ์‹œ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์žˆ์–ด, ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ ์‹œ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜๋„์— ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ ์‹œ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ–‰๋™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ, ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์˜ค๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด์ž ๊ธ์ •์  ๊ฐ์ • ์œ ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๋…ผ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜ ์—…๊ณ„์— ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์  ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์ „๋žต์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ยท์ •์„œ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์›์— ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  4 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ฑ—๋ด‡(Chat bot) 6 1. ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 6 2. ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 7 3. ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™” 11 4. ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™” 13 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ 16 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 16 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์š”์ธ 18 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 20 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹ ๋ขฐ 22 1. ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 22 2. ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 23 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€ 25 1. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 25 2. ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 26 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 27 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 27 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ • 27 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 33 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 34 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 34 2. ์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ๋น„์กฐ์‚ฌ 35 3. ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 46 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 51 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ ์ • 51 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 52 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 53 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 53 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 53 2. ์ธก์ •๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 55 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ ์กฐ์ž‘ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 59 1. ์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ ์กฐ์ž‘ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 59 2. ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 61 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ 63 1. ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 63 2. ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 64 3. ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 66 4. ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 67 5. ํŒจ์…˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ๊ฒฝ๋กœ 68 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 76 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 76 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  80 1. ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  80 2. ์‹ค๋ฌด์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  81 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 83 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 85 Abstract 103 ๋ถ€๋ก ๋ชฉ์ฐจ 107Maste

    Psychosocial Support Interventions for Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

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    Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can negatively affect the woman and fetus during pregnancy, and postpartum development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is also possible. Women with GDM experience various psychological changes and have difficulties in self-management due to lack of psychosocial support. For positive maternal-fetal outcomes, the needs of the pregnant woman should be confirmed and supportive interventions that consider the complex situation of pregnancy and diabetes management are required. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the content and impact of psychosocial interventions for women with GDM, and to evaluate their effectiveness. Methods: This study employed a systematic review (SR) design. The following databases were searched without limiting time periods: PubMed (Ovid-Medline), Cochrane Library, Ovid- EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, NDSL, Koreamed, RISS, and KISS. Keywords such as "diabetes, gestational", "psychosocial support systems", "psychosocial support", "psychological support", "social support", "stress", "anxiety", "depression" were used. Following search of the literature, processes of literature selection, literature quality evaluation, and data extraction were conducted. Two investigators selected and independently reviewed articles according to the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the articles was evaluated using the ROB 1.0 and RoBANS 2.0 checklist. In this study, a total of 14 articles on psychosocial intervention programs for women with GDM were selected and reviewed. Results: Psychosocial support interventions were provided for the purpose of 1) informational support, 2) self-management motivation, 3) relaxation, and 4) emotional support. For informational support, teaching sessions included GDM and DM information, how to manage diet, exercise, stress, blood sugar, and weight, as well as postpartum management and prevention of type 2 DM. Psychosocial support interventions targeted self-management motivation by setting a goal for management while checking diet and exercise management, glucose monitoring, and enhancing positive health behaviours. Practicing breathing and/or meditation was used; and sharing opinions and support was done for emotional support. Half (n=7) of the selected studies reported behavioral change, mostly in the form of self-care changes. Psychosocial supportive interventions to women with GDM were found to reduce depression, anxiety, and stress, and improve self-efficacy. Ten of the 14 selected studies identified physiological changes in parameters such as fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, and 2hr postprandial glucose. Conclusion: This SR identified that psychosocial supportive interventions can positively affect self-care behaviors and lifestyle changes in women with GDM, that can further influence physiological parameters during pregnancy and following childbirth. Psychosocial supportive interventions are essential for women with GDM to practice health behavior change and more emotional support and relaxation measures need to be actively incorporated. Nurses can play a pivotal role in integrative management and can streamline the care that GDM women receive during pregancy and following birth, especially by providing guidance through psychosocial support interventions. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€ ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์€ ์ฝ”ํฌ๋ž€ ์—ฐํ•ฉ (Cochrane collaboration)์˜ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ์ง€์นจ์ธ Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews 5.1.0์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ง€์นจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ Y ์ƒ๊ธ‰์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์œค๋ฆฌ์‹ฌ์˜์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋ฉด์ œ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„(Y-2020-0130), ๊ตญ๋‚ดยท์™ธ ์ด 9๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ดยท์™ธ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰, ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์„ ์ •, ๋ฌธํ—Œ์˜ ์งˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€ ์ค‘์žฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์€ ์ด 14ํŽธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€ ์ค‘์žฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์„ ํƒ๋œ ์ด 14ํŽธ ์ค‘ 2015๋…„ ์ดํ›„์— ์ถœํŒ๋œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์€ 11ํŽธ (78.6%), 2010๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„ ์ด์ „์— ์ถœํŒ๋œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์€ 3ํŽธ(21.4%)์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 5ํŽธ, ๊ตญ์™ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 9ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด 5ํŽธ(35.7%)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ด๋ž€์—์„œ 4ํŽธ(28.6%), ํ„ฐํ‚ค, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ, ์˜๊ตญ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1ํŽธ(7.1%)์”ฉ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด 1,331๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 50๋ช… ์ด์ƒ 100๋ช… ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด 9ํŽธ(64.3%)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 100๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด 3ํŽธ(21.4%), 50๋ช… ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด 2ํŽธ(13,3%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 7ํŽธ(50.0%), ์œ ์‚ฌ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ „ํ›„ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ 7ํŽธ(50.0%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ž„๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์—ฐ ๊ตฌ๋Š” 10ํŽธ(71.4%)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 4ํŽธ(28.6%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋ฌธํ—Œ์˜ ์งˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7ํŽธ์€ ์„ ํƒ ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ๊ณผ ํƒˆ๋ฝ ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ์ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹คํ–‰ ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ™•์ธ ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ, ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7ํŽธ์€ ์„ ํƒ ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ, ์‹คํ–‰ ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ, ํƒˆ๋ฝ ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž์˜ ๋ˆˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆผ์ด ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž์˜ ๋ˆˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆผ์ด ํ™•์ธ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํ™•์ธ ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ ํƒ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ํ™•์ธ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด 6ํŽธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋น„๋šค๋ฆผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€ ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ, ์ด์™„, ์ •์„œ์  ์ง€์ง€, ์ •๋ณด์  ์ง€์ง€ ๋“ฑ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด ์ค‘ ์ •๋ณด์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ 12ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ , ์ž๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋Š” 11ํŽธ, ์ด์™„ 4ํŽธ, ์ •์„œ์  ์ง€์ง€ 4ํŽธ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์žฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ •๋ณด์  ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ์ค‘์žฌ 12ํŽธ ์ค‘ ์‹์ด์Šต๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 8ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต 6ํŽธ, ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ 6ํŽธ, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ด€๋ฆฌ 5ํŽธ, ์‚ฐํ›„๊ด€๋ฆฌ 5ํŽธ, ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ 3ํŽธ, ํ˜ˆ๋‹น๊ด€๋ฆฌ 3ํŽธ, ์ฒด์ค‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ 3ํŽธ, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต 3ํŽธ, ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์š”๋ฒ• 2ํŽธ, ๊ต์œก์šฉ ์•ฑ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์„ค๋ช… 2ํŽธ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด๊ด€๋ฆฌ 1ํŽธ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ์ค‘์žฌ 11ํŽธ ์ค‘ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰๋™ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๊ฐ€ 10ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์„ค์ • 7ํŽธ, ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง 5ํŽธ, ์‹์ด์Šต๊ด€ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง 4ํŽธ, ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง 4ํŽธ, ์ฒด์ค‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง 1ํŽธ, ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ฐํ›„๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง 1ํŽธ, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง 1ํŽธ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์™„์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ์ค‘์žฌ 4ํŽธ์€ ํ˜ธํก ์šด๋™์ด 3ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— ์ง€์•• ์š”๋ฒ• 1ํŽธ, ์š”๊ฐ€ ์šด๋™ 1ํŽธ, ํƒœ๊ต 1ํŽธ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ •์„œ์  ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ 4ํŽธ์˜ ์ค‘์žฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ชจ์ž„์—์„œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๊ตํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ 3ํŽธ ์™ธ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ • ์ฆ์ง„, ์ž๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹ค์ฒœ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฒฉ๋ ค, ๊ฐ์ • ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 4. ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€ ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ–‰์œ„์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ–‰์œ„์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” 14ํŽธ ์ค‘ 7ํŽธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ž๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ์šธ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, ์ž๊ธฐ ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” 10ํŽธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณต๋ณตํ˜ˆ๋‹น, ๋‹นํ™”ํ˜ˆ์ƒ‰์†Œ, ์‹ํ›„ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ๋“ฑ์ด ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์žฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์‹œ ์ •๋ณด์  ์ง€์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ •์„œ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ด์™„ ๋ฐ ์ •์„œ์  ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์ค‘์žฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 1) ์ •๋ณด์  ์ง€์ง€(์‹์ด์Šต๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต, ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์‚ฐํ›„๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ํ˜ˆ๋‹น๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์ฒด์ค‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต), 2) ์ž๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ (๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰๋™ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”, ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์„ค์ •, ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง, ์‹์ด์Šต๊ด€ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง, ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง), 3) ์ด์™„(ํ˜ธํก ์šด๋™), 4) ์ •์„œ์  ์ง€์ง€(์†Œ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ชจ์ž„์—์„œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๊ตํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์ง€์ง€) ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณต๋ณตํ˜ˆ๋‹น, ๋‹นํ™”ํ˜ˆ์ƒ‰์†Œ, ์‹ํ›„ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—๋„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„๊ณผ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฐ ๋ณต์ง€์—๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.open์„

    Does financial expertise of CEOs affect firm's financial policies and firm value

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๊น€์šฐ์ง„.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ CEO๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ CEO๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ˜„๊ธˆ๋ณด์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์„ฑํ–ฅ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ํ˜„๊ธˆ๋ณด์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋” ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ CEO๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ Connection์ด๋‚˜ ๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์—๋Š” ํ˜„๊ธˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ  IMF์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ํ˜„๊ธˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜„๊ธˆ๋ณด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜„๊ธˆ๋ณด์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ CEO๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์—…์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ํ˜„๊ธˆ๋ณด์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ CEO์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋‚ด์ƒ์ ์ธ matching์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ CEO์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ์—…์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์ž๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•„์ž๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ด ๋‚ด์ƒ์  matching์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ CEO์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ฒฝ์˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ matching๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ KOSPI200์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์— 70%์ด์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ CEO๋“ค์ด ๋ชฐ๋ ค์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ mature firm๋“ค ์ฆ‰ ์žฌ๋ฌด์žฌํ‘œ์ƒ asset side๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” financial side๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ CEO๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด ์‹œ์— ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ CEO๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚ด์ƒ์  matching์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹คContents I. Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 1 II. Data descriptionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 4 II.I. Dataโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 4 II.II. CEO and firm characteristicsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 6 III. Financial expertise of CEOs and firms financial policiesโ€ฆ 8 IV. Financial expertise of CEOs and firm valueโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 14 V. Limitation of interpretationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 15 V.I. Unobserved CEO heterogeneityโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 16 V.II. Endogenous CEO-firm matchingโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 16 V.II.I. Financial expert CEO and firms life cycleโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 22 V.II.II. CEO-firm matching and firm performanceโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 24 V.II.III Reaction to shocks to overall credit conditionsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 25 VI. Conclusionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 29 VII. Referencesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 30 VIII. Abstractโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 33Maste

    A Study on the Land-Use Related Assessment Factors in Korean Environmental Impact Assessment

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    ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ํ–ฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด์ „๋ฒ•(1997) ๋„์ž… ํ›„ ์•ฝ 30๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ •์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ํ–ฅํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ† ์ง€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ํ–ฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€์นจ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฐ ํ˜‘์˜์„œ 90๊ฑด์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ํ–ฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ๋ณด์™„์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ํ† ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ž์›๋ณด์ „ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ† ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋งž๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€์„œ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜‘์˜์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณด์ „ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ ์€ ์ •ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ์ €๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ˜‘์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ›ผ์†์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”, ๋…น์ง€๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋…น์ง€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ™•๋ณด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.N
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