(A) Study of Dissatisfaction of Consumers and/or Complaining Bebavior Due to Locus of Control : With Emphasis on the Behavior Following the Purchase of Refreigerator

In this study a series of approaches have been made to find out how complaining behavior would show according to the conviction in the locus of control as to where the general contents dissatisfied by consumers and the dissatisfied consumers would place the responsibility for the consequence of behavior and to test the difference of complaining behavior pursuant to demographic variables ＜ housewives' ages, the educational levels of housewives, housewives' jobs and the monthly average income of household ＞ and the complaining behavior. The locus of control can be seen as dividing it into the internal control attributable to its endeavor as well as capability and the external control based on the judgement for the exterior forms or fortune. Also, the complaining behavior has Shown a causal Sequence with both the internal and external control features by diving it into the private complaing behavior which would enable the consumers dissatisfied with the purchased products to act in informal, individnal level and the public complaing behavior of formal level grumbled against the dissatisfied experience of oneself through getting touch with the company concerned or the third party. The problems intended to scrutinize in this Study are as follows: 1. Is there any difference of complaining behavior pursuant to each respective loves of demographic variable? 2. Is there any significant difference between the internal and external control and complaing behavior? In older to find out the above problems, Sampling was enforced as distributing questionnaires to 500 individuals the have resided in Seoul as the house wives' consumers and possessed the experiences to use the purchased refrigerators within the period of 5 years. In thes data analysis 400 copies of the questionnaires were used through the means of frequency analysis, T-test ANOVA. The results of this Study ore described as follows: 1. The consumers have largely attributed the locus of responsibility for their dissatisfaction following the purchase of refrigerators to the relevant manufacturers, advertizers, consumer(herself) and distributors, and as for the dissatisfaction by an attribute of refrigerator, a high level of dissatisfaction was revealed on the price and items of properties. 2. There was no difference in the complaing behavior of consumers pursuant to the demographic features. 3. It was revealed that there were many consumers, among those respondents to questionnaires, the have actually Shown their complaing behavior, while most of them would act in the form of private behavior, because the cases of acting positive way of public behavior, even though they were apt to show complaining behavior, appears to be extremely rare. 5. A siginficant difference was Shown the complaing behavior pursuant to the conviction in the locus of control.;본 연구에서는 소비자 불만족의 일반적 내용 및 불만족한 소비자가 행동의 결과에 대한 책임을 어디에 두는가에 관한 통제소재신념에 따라 불평행동이 어떻게 나타나는 가를 알아보고 인구 통계학적 특성 (주부의 연령, 교육수준, 작업 소득)에 따른 불평행동의 차이를 검증하였다. 통제소재는 노력이나 능력에 귀인을 두는 내적통제와 외적형식이나 행운 등에 판단근거를 두는 외적통제로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 또한 불평행동은 구매한 제품에 불만족을 느낀 소비자가 비공식적 · 개인적 수준에서 취할 수 있는 사적불평행동과 회사나 제3의 기관과 직접 접촉하여 자신의 불만족경험에 대해 불평을 하는 공식적 수준의 공적불평행동으로 분류하여 내 · 외통제성과의 관계를 보았다. 본 연구에서 알아 보고자하는 문제는 다음과 같다. 1. 인구통계학적 변수의 각 수준에 따라 불평행동의 차이가 있는가 2. 통계소재와 불평행동 간에는 유의한 차이가 있는가 이상의 문제들을 알아보기 위하여 표집은 서울시에 거주하고 있는 주부소비자로서 5년이내에 냉장고를 구매 · 사용한 경험이 있는 500명을 대상으로 설문조사하였다. 자료의 분석에는 400부의 설문지가 빈도분석, T - test, 분산분석(ANOVA)이 사용되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 소비자들은 냉장고구매후 불만족에 대한 책임을 제조업자, 광고업자, 소비자본인, 판매업자 순으로 많이 두었으며 냉장고 속성별 불만족에 있어서는 가격 및 성능항목에 대해 높은 불만족수준을 나타냈다. 2. 불만족소비자중 아무런 행동도 하지 않은 경우가 가장 많았으며( 35.8 % ) 반복구매 및 상품애고중지결정 ( 20.5% ), 주위사람들에게 경고 ( 17.3 % ) 판매업자에게 불평 ( 12.3 % ) 판매원에게 불평 ( 10.6 % )의 순으로 소비자는 주로 사적불평행동을 많이 하는 것으로 나타났고 공적불평행동을 하는 경우는 드물었다. 3. 인구통계학적 특성 (주부의 연령, 교육수준, 직업, 소득)에 따라 소비의 불평행동에는 차이가 없었다. 4. 통제소재신념에 따라 불평행동에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 앞으로는 불평행동에 영향을 미치는 다른 변수들에 대한 연구와 이러한 변수들에 의해 설명될 수 있는 불평행동의 비율이 실질적으로 측정되어야 할 것이며 적극적인 불만족표현을 유도하는 효과적인 불평경로를 개발해야한다.논문개요 = ⅶ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 A. 문제제기 및 목적 = 1 B. 연구문제 = 4 C. 연구의 제한점 = 6 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 7 A. 소비자 만족 · 불만족 = 7 1. 만족 · 불만족개념 = 7 2. 만족ㆍ불만족의 차원 및 분류 = 10 B. 불평행동 = 13 1. 불평행동의 원천 = 13 2. 소비자 불평과정모델 = 19 C. 통제소재와 불평행동 = 21 1. 통제소재 = 22 2. 통제소재와 불평행동과의 관계 = 24 Ⅲ. 연구방법 = 28 A. 조사도구 = 28 B. 표집대상 및 자료수집 = 30 C. 자료분석 = 31 Ⅳ. 결과 및 해석 = 32 A. 조사대상자의 일반적 성격 = 32 B. 분석 및 논의 = 34 1. 자료의 기초분석 = 34 2. 가설의 검증 = 40 Ⅴ. 요약 및 제언 = 45 참고문헌 = 48 부록 = 58 ABSTRACT = 6

Ethical consumerism in global perspective: Generalized linear model of interactions between individual-level predictors and country-level affluence

Recently, scholars have demonstrated the importance of structural and cultural contexts regarding ethical consumerism. Precedent studies of ethical consumerism, mostly have been conducted within western countries. These limited researches had made exceptions for potentially important country-level variation such as economic, social/ cultural and political factors. In addition, theories of ethical consumerism suggest interactive relationships between individual- and macro-level variables, and research across all levels of analysis in global perspective is required to be conducted. By necessity, this study used the 2014 citizenship module of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) to research ethical consumerism in global perspective using Generalized Linear Model with cross-level interactions between country-level and individual-level predictors. Expanding the research to non-western countries, this study shows expansive investigation on ethical consumerism. Findings of this study confirm the importance of the established individual-and countrylevel predictors of ethical consumerism. © Rushing Water Publishers Ltd. 2019

Advancing Sustainable Consumption in Korea and Japan-From Re-Orientation of Consumer Behavior to Civic Actions

With sustainability being one of the most common issues facing consumers and society today, this paper explores the status of sustainable consumption in Korea and Japan societies expected to drive the changes pertaining to sustainable consumption in Asia. Although Korea and Japan have been implementing sustainability-related policies, there is still room for development of sustainability in terms of consumers' participation. As sustainable consumption is defined as consumers' environmental decision-making process, which requires cognitive efforts, it is necessary to understand individual's sustainable consumption based on the conceptual model of behavior, in order to encourage the adoption of more sustainable consumer practices. Being grounded in the revised Theory of Reasoned Action, which adds consumers' awareness, pro-environmental self-identity, and descriptive norm, this study contributes to a better empirical understanding of the factors that underlie sustainable consumption behaviors with respect to social-cognitive viewpoint. By involving a survey of Korean and Japanese respondents' awareness, descriptive norm, practical behavior to 47 specific activities, as well as attitude and pro-environmental self-identity, the study works on two levels: on one level, it is a study of sustainability-related consumer activities and behaviors in Korea and Japan; on another level, it identifies key variables to explain sustainable consumption behavior through hierarchical regression analysis. The results show that among the numerous sectors requiring prioritized expansion of sustainable consumption, the area of consumer citizenship has received relatively little publicity. Another important finding is that the failure to practically engage in sustainability-related activities by consumers cannot simply be attributed to knowledge deficit, as consumers in both countries appropriately recognize sustainable consumption. Our results clearly illustrate that consumers perform sustainable consumption behavior based mostly on socially shared connotations-the descriptive norm-while the other key variables affecting sustainable consumption are awareness, and pro-environmental self-identity. However, we also observed that there is no significant effect on attitude, indicating that even a favorable attitude toward performing sustainability-related activities does not directly translate into actual behavior. This paper shows how consumer perceptions of the normality of environmentally friendly behaviors can be used for the design of strategies to promote sustainable consumption in Korean and Japanese societies. In addition, we provide practical guidelines for the expansion of sustainable consumption tailored for the characteristics of each society

(The) effect of penicillamine, deferoxamine, and vitamin E on bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis in rats

의학과/박사[한글] Bleomycin(BLM) 투여로 유발되는 폐 손상 및 폐 섬유화는 특발성 폐 섬유증의 실험적 모델로써 BLM의 폐 독성 기전은 산소유리기에 의한 직접 독성과 염증세포, 섬유아세포 및 세포외 기질에 의한 간접 독성으로 나누어 설명하고 있다. 이에 저자는 폐 손상의 주요 원인이 되는 산소유리기의 생성을 억제할 수 있는 킬레이트제와 이미 형성된 산소유리기를 보집할 수 있는 vitamin E를 투여하여, BLM에 의한 폐 손상 및 폐 섬유화의 발생과 그 억제기전을 이해하고자 본 실험을 시행하였다. 실험은 웅성 Wistar 백서에 BLM을 투여함과 동시에 1, 3, 4, 7, 14, 28일간 구리이온의 킬레이트제인 penicillamine, 철이온의 킬레이트제인 deferoxamine 및 수산기이온을 비롯한 여러 산소유리기의 보집제인 vitamin E를 투여한 후 기관지폐포 세척액 검사, 광학현미경 소견과 세포외 기질인 교원섬유 Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ형과 비교원성 기질인 fibronectin 및 laminin 그리고 근섬유아세포를 보기위한 NBD phallicidin에 대한 면역형광염색 및 면역조직화학염색 소견을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 기관지폐포 세척액의 검사소견상 총 세포수는 BLM 단독 투여군의 경우 제4일에 최고값에 도달한 후 감소하기 시작하여 제28일에 대조군과 비슷해졌지만, penicillamine과 deferoxamine 처치군은 제1일부터 제28일까지 계속 높았으며, vitamin E 처치군은 제3일부 터 현저한 차이로 감소하여 제7일부터 대조군과 비슷해졌다. 기관지폐포 세척액의 염증세포 구성비는 BLM 단독 투여군의 경우 초기 즉 제1, 3, 4일에 중성구가 현저히 증가하다가 제7일부터 감소하여 제28일에 대조군과 비슷해졌지만, vitamin E 처치군은 중성구의 비율이 제3일부터 BLM 단독 투여군의 1/3이하로 현저히 감소하였다. 2. 광학현미경 소견은 BLM 단독 투여군의 경우 다른 실험군에 비해 섬유화가 가장 심하였고, penicillamine 처치군에서는 중성구의 침윤이 지속적으로 많았다. Deferoxamine 처치군은 폐포 중격의 림프구 침윤이 뚜렷하였고, vitamin E 처치군은 폐포 중격 및 폐포강 내 대식세포의 증가가 많았는데, 이러한 소견은 기관지폐포 세척액 소견과 잘 일치하였다. 폐포상피세포의 증식은 penicillamine이나 deferoxamine 처치군에서 자주 관찰되었고, vitamin E 처치군에서는 BLM 단독 투여군이나 다른 약물 처치군에 비하여 적었다. BLM외 다른 약물 처치군의 섬유화 소견은 deferoxamine 처치군에서 가장 뚜렷하였고, penicillamine 처치군에서는 적었지만 관찰할 수 있었으나, vitamin E 처치군에서는 거의 없었다. 3. 세포외 기질의 변화로 폐포 간질의 기저막에 양성반응을 나타내는 제Ⅳ형 교원섬유와 laminin 및 Jones' methenamine silver 염색 결과는 비슷한 양상이었는데, BLM 단독 투여군, penicillamine 처치군과 deferoxamine 처치군은 모두 제28일군의 섬유화 부위에서 음성반응을 나타냈으나, vitamin E 처치군은 제28일까지 대조군과 비슷하게 기저막이 유지되었다. 섬유화 부위에 증가된 세포외 기질은 제Ⅰ형 교원섬유와 fibronectin이었으며, 제Ⅲ형 교원섬유는 각군에서 초기에 일시적으로 양성반응을 나타내었다. NBD phallicidin은 BLM단독 투여군에서 특히 제28일군 육아조직의 미세한 섬유성 물질에 양성반응을 보였다. 이상의 소견을 종합하면 bleomycin 투여에 의한 폐 손상 및 폐 섬유화 기전은 bleomycin이 구리 또는 철이온의 존재하에 생성한 산소유리기에 의해 유발될 수도 있으나, 주로 중성구의 활성화로 인한 산소유리기에 의해 유발되고, 폐의 섬유화는 제Ⅰ형 교원섬유와 fibronectin의 증가로 초래되었다. 폐 손상의 억제는 킬레이트제보다는 산소유리기의 보집제인 vitamin E 투여시 가장 효과가 있었는데, 이것은 초기의 중성구 증가 및 중성구의 활성화 정도에 따라 간질내 폐포의 기저막이 유지되거나 재생이 가능하여 폐의 탄력성을 유지시키면 폐 손상을 억제할 수 있기 때문으로 사료된다. [영문] Pulmonary toxicity by bleomycin has multiple mechanisms including direct toxicity due to oxygen-derived free radicals and indirect toxicity through amplification of pulmonary inflammation. In order to see whether chelators or vitamin E could reduce tissue damage induced by intratracheal bleomycin and to investigate the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis, penicillamine as a copper chelator, deferoxamine as an iron chelator, and vitamin E as a free radical scavenger were administered. Two hundred Wistar rats were divided into five groups(control group, bleomycin treated group, bleomycin-penicillamine treated group, bleomycin-deferoxamine treated group, and bleomycin-vitamin E treated group). Animals were sacrificed periodically at 1 day, 3 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after saline or bleomycin administration. Penicillamine, deferoxamine and vitamin E were pretreated and continuously administered until the time of sacrifice. The effects were compared to results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, light microscopic findings, immunofluorescent stains for type Ⅰ and Ⅲ collagen, fibronectin, laminin and NBD phallicidin and immunohistochemical stain for type Ⅳ collagen. The results were as follows: 1. There was a significant(p<0.05) increase in the total cell counts recovered from the lavage fluid on Day 1 from animals treated with bleomycin alone, and combined bleomycin-chelators or-vitamin E compared to the control group. However, only the vitamin E treated group revealed an abrupt decrease in the total cell counts on Day 3. The neutrophils began to appear in significant amounts in the lavage fluid on Day 1 after bleomycin alone and combined bleomycin-chelators or-vitamin E treatments. A significant decrease in neutrophil concentration(less than one third of bleomycin treated group) was obtained at 3 days in the bleomycin-vitamin E treated group. The bleomycin-penicillamine treated group showed a prolonged increase in total cell counts and neutrophil concentration, while the bleomycin-deferoxamine treated group revealed an outstanding increase of lymphocyte concentration on Day 4. 2. Histologically the degree of pulmonary fibrosis was most prominent in the bleomycin treated group, while diffuse alveolar damage was continuously observed in the bleomycin-penicillamine treated group and extensive interstitial lymphocytic infiltration was seen in the bleomycin-deferoxamine treated group, The bleomycin-vitamin E treated group disclosed the least histologic changes. 3. The alveolar interstitial basement membranes were positive for type Ⅳ collagen and laminin bleomycin treated group and combined bleomycin-penicillamine or-deferoxamine treated groups were disrupted and fragmented on Day 4 or 7. The bleomycin-vitamin E treated group demonstrated intact alveolar basement membranes until Day 28. Type Ⅰ collagen and fibronectin accumulated in the fibrotic foci, while type Ⅲ collagen was initially predominant in the thickened alveolar septa and interstitium. A few myofibroblasts positive for NBD phallicidin were observed in the granulation tissue of bleomycin treated group. In conclusion. bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibresis was related to the severity ef acute injury due to direct toxicity of oxygen radicals or activation of neutrophils and disruption of alveolar interstitial basement membranes. In this study vitamin E acting as a scavenger of neutrophil-de-rived free radicals and suppressant of lipid peroxidation, seemed to be the most effective antioxidant in the inhibition of bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis.restrictio

Histopathological and immunocytochemical studies of primary gastrointestinal lymphomas in Korean patients

의학과/석사[한글] 위장관의 원발성 악성 임파종은 임파절이외의 조직에서 발생하는 임파종 중 가장 흔하며, 우리나라의 경우 전체 악성 임파종의 13.7내지 26.7%를 차지하는 것으로 보고되어 있다. 그러나 이들에 대한 체계적인 분류와 면역세포화학적 분류는 아직 문헌 보고된 것이 없다. 따라서 본 연구는 1976년 1월부터 1985년 12월까지 만10년간 연세대학교 의과대학 병리학교실, 영동세브란스병원 및 원주의과대학 부속 원주기독병원 병리과에서 위장관계 원발성 악성 임파종으로 진단된 71예를 Working Formulation, Rappaport와 Lukes-Collins 분류법에 의해 조직학적 재분류를 시행하고, 그 분포와 육안적 및 임상적 특징을 조사 분석하였으며, 면역글로불린 kappa와 lambda light chain, IgG.A.M heavy chain, lysozyme과 α^^1 -antichymotrypsin에 대한 면역과산화효소염색을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 총 71예의 악성임파종 중 68예가 비호지킨씨 임파종이며, 이중 57예는 외과적으로 절제된 조직이었고, 호지킨씨 임파종은 3예였다. 2. 악성 임파종의 발생부위는 위장이 28예(2예는 호지킨씨 임파종), 소장이 22예, 회맹부가 15예(1예는 호지킨씨 임파종), 대장이 6예였다. 3. 악성 임파종의 진단 당시 평균 연령은 45세로 위치별로는 소장이 35세, 대장이 57세이었다. 성별 분포는 1.9:1로 남자에 약간 호발하였다. 4. 입원 당시의 주소는 복부 동통이 가장 많았고, 그 외에 종괴 촉지, 토혈, 혈변, 소화불량, 설사, 체중 감소, 변비 등의 순이었으며, 병력기간은 수시간부터 12개월까지 광범위하지만 비교적 고르게 분포하였다. 5. 악성 임파종의 육안적 형태는 궤양형(53.5%)이 가장 많았으며, 용종형, 다결절형, 미만성 비후형의 순이었고, 종양의 크기는 대부분 10cm미만이었다(79.3%). 임파절 침범의 빈도는 종양의 침습깊이가 장막에 국한되었던 경우 44.4%에 비하여, 장막을 뚫은 경우 82.6%로서 의의있게 임파절 침범의 빈도가 높았다. 6. 비호지킨씨 임파종 68예를 Working Formulation에 의해 분류한 결과 intermediate grade가 50예로 가장 많았고, low grade가 5예, high grade가 13예였다. Rappaport분류법에 따라서는 전 예가 미만성이었고, 이 중 조직구형이 28예로 가장 많았다. Lukes-Collins분류법에 의해서는 60예가 형태학적으로 B세포형이었고, 3예는 T세포형이었으며, 4예가 순수 조직구형(genuine histiocytic type)이었고, 1예는 분류 불가능한 임파종이었다. 7. 총 55예에서 면역과산화효소염색을 시행하여 B세포 임파종으로 생각된 47예중 3 1예(65.9%)가 B세포 표면표적에 양성반응을 보였고, 이 중 23예(48.9%)에서 monoclonality를 나타냈으며 ,IgG를 분비하는 형이 많았다. 4예의 순수 조직구형의 종양세포는 lysozyme보다 α^^1 -antichymotrypsin에 민감하게 양성반응을 나타냈다. 순수 조직구형을 제외한 비호지킨씨 임파종 종괴내의 양성 조직구의 침윤 정도는 다양하게 나타났으며 환자의 추후관찰도 불가능하여 예후와의 특정한 결과는 얻을 수 없었다. [영문] Gatrointestinal(GI) tract is the most frequent site of extranodal malignant lymphoma, and primary GI lymphoma has been reported up to 13.7-26.7% of all lymphomas in Korean patients. However comprehensive studies on the histopathological and immunocytochemical features of primary gastrointestinal(GI) lymphomas are not reported yet in Korea. The present study is aimed to investigate the clinical and pathological features of GI lymphomas and the inmunocytochemical characteristics. The material consisted of 71 cases of primary GI lymphomas examined at the Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Youngdong Severance Hospital and Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine from January 1976 to December 1985. Clinical and pathological parameters assessed were age, sex, presenting symptoms, duration of the disease, size and shape of the mass, and correlation between the depth of the tumor invasion and lymph node involvement. Eaeh case was classified according to Working Formulation, Rappaport and Lukes-Collins classifications. Immunocytochemical study was done using kappa, lambda light chains and IgG, IgA, IgM heavy chains for B cell markers and lysozyme and alpha-1-anti-chymotrypsin for histiocytic markers. Results obtained were as follows : 1) Among 71 cases of primary gastrointestinal lymphomas, 68cases were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 3 were Hodskin's lymphoma. Surgical resection was done in 58 patients and surgical biopsy in 13. Pseudolymphoma was found in 8 cases. 2) The primary sites of the tumors were stomach, small intestine, ileocecal area and large intestine in a descending order of frequency. 3) The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 45 years. The tumor of the small intestine was generally detected in the younger age and that of the large intestine in the older age. The overall male to female ratio was 1.9:1, showing a slight male predominance. 4) Abdominal pain was the most common presenting symptom irrespective of the sites of the tumor. The others were palpable mass, hematemesis, melena, indigestion, weight loss, diarrhea, constipation and nausea. Duration of the symptoms were evenly distributed from hours to 12 months. 5) The size of the tumors was less than 10 on in the largest dimension in most of the cases (79.3%). The gross types of the GI lymphomas were ulcerative (27.6%) or ulcerofungating diffuse thickening in a descending order of frequency. The rate of Lymph node involvement was 44.4% in tumors confined to the serosa, while 82.6% in tumors with serosal penetrations. 6) Classification of 68 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas according to Working Formulation revealed 50 cases of intermediate grade, 5 cases of low grade(all small lymphocytic plasmacytoid types) and 13 oases of high grade(5 large cell immunoblastic, 3 lymphoblastic, 4 true histiocytic and 1 unclassified types). According to Rappaport classification all were diffuse types, among which diffuse histiocytic type was most common. According to Lukes-Collins classification, 60 cases were B cell types, 3 cases T cell types and 4 cases genuine histiooytic types. Most of the gastric and intestinal lymphomas belonged to the follicular center cell(small and large cleaved, large cleaved) types. 7) Immunoperoxidase stains were done in 55 cases of malignant lymphomas. Thirty one(65.9%) of 47 B cell lymphomas revealed a positivity for B cell markers. Twenty three(48.9%) of them showed a monoclonality, in which kappa/IgG pattern was most frequently demonstrated. Four cases of true histiocytic lymphomas were positive for alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and for lysozyme, the former was seemed to be a more sensitive marker for histiocytic differentiation . Pseudolymphomas revealed a polyclonal pattern. An attempt was made to evaluate the significante of the decree of reactive histiocytic infiltrates within the lymphoma in relation to the prognosis, but correlation could not be made because of the limitted cases.restrictio

Expenditure patterns of divorced single-mother families and two-parent families in South Korea

This study examines differences in expenditure patterns between divorced single-mother families and two-parent families in South Korea. Data were obtained from 353 families living in Seoul: 51 divorced single-mother families and 302 two-parent families. Expenditure patterns are considered as the budget share of each given expenditure in addition to the elasticities of those expenditures. The budget shares for food consumed at home, shelter, and education of divorced single-mother families are substantially higher than those of two-parent families. Income elasticities of expenditures of divorced single-mother families for education and for apparel and shoes are more elastic than for two-parent families, while food eaten at home and entertainment are less elastic. The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences in the patterns of consumption expenditures between divorced single-mother families and two-parent families. © 1997 Human Sciences Press, Inc