열처리 공정이 인스턴트 건면의 미세 구조적 특성에 미치는 영향

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :농업생명과학대학 식품공학과,2019. 8. 최영진.Instant air-dried noodles have been consumed more and more because of low-fat content. There are few studies on instant air-dried noodles so I did research on. Part 1 investigated how the heating process affected noodle microstructure and noodle properties. When the steam process was applied, the more porous internal structure was formed and the cooking loss was reduced. The super-heated steam process was forming the uneven internal structure and increased the cooking loss. In addition, if the boiling and steaming process were applied in Udon, the adhesiveness becomes very low and it became suitable for the stir-fried noodles. Instant air-dried noodle has difficulty in rehydration due to the tight internal structure. In part 2, the potato starch has been expected to solve this problem because of the excessive swelling capability of potato starch before forming the gluten network. However, this also prevents from forming noodle structure. Previous studies have attempted to solve this problem by changing the composition ratio of dough. Herein to solve this problem, we adjusted the temperature of dough resting for forming a gluten network without excessive swelling of potato starch. The doughs were rested at different temperatures (4°C, 25°C and 45°C) and then compared the characteristics of each dough and the microstructures of the noodle made with each dough. As a result, doughs rested at 25°C and 45°C were able to form noodle structure without swelling problems. Forming rate of the gluten network was 10 times faster at 45°C than 25°C. And it also showed finer and more stable microstructure. In addition, the rehydration time of instant air-dried potato noodles rested at 45°C was decreased by 30% compared to instant air-dried flour noodles. This finding can be useful for the development of noodles with fewer gluten contents.인스턴트 건면은 지방 함량이 적어 점점 소비량이 늘고 있지만 연구는 많이 진행되어 있지 않다. 따라서, 기초적으로 가열 공정에 따라 면의 특성이 어떻게 부여되는지 살펴보았다. 증숙 공정이 가해지거나 증숙과 함께 또 다른 열처리 공정이 추가되면 다공성의 내부 구조가 형성이 되며 조리 중 손실이 감소하였다. 과열수증기를 이용한 증숙은 불규칙한 내부 구조를 형성하였고, 조리 중 손실을 증가시켰다. 우동에서는 증숙 공정에 열탕 공정이 추가되면 면의 점착성이 낮아져 볶음면에 적합한 특징을 지니게 된다. 한편 인스턴트 건면은 건조과정중에 발생하는 단단한 구조 때문에 재수화에 어려움을 겪는다. 감자 전분은 호화 능력이 매우 뛰어나 이 단점을 극복할 것으로 기대되지만, 높은 호화 능력은 면 내부구조에 손상을 가해 면 형성이 힘들게 된다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 감자 전분 반죽의 숙성 과정에 온도를 변화시켜 (4°C, 25°C 및 45°C) 전분의 팽윤이 덜 일어나면서 면 내부 단백질 구조의 형성이 잘 일어날 것으로 기대하였다. 결과적으로, 25°C 및 45°C에서 숙성한 반죽은 면 형성이 잘 되었다. 단백질 네트워크의 형성 속도는 25°C에 비해 45°C에서 10배 더 빠르며, 잘 분포된 구조를 나타냈다. 이렇게 제작한 인스턴트 감자 건면의 재 수화 시간은 밀 건면에 비해 30% 감소하였다. 우리의 결과는 인스턴트 건면의 단점을 극복해 컵라면 제작에 적용 가능하며, 면의 글루텐 함량을 줄여 면을 만들 시 도움이 될 것이다.ABSTRACT.II CONTENTS.IV LIST OF FIGURESVII LIST OF TABLES .X I. INTRODUCTION.... 1 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3 2.1. Materials..... 3 2.2. Potato starch and wheat starch dough preparation. 4 2.3. Oscillatory measurements of potato starch dough 5 2.4. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of potato starch dough . 6 2.5. Preparation of instant air-dried noodle .. 8 2.6. Size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography 10 2.7. Scanning electron microscope . 12 2.8. Cooking property analysis of noodle samples.. 13 2.9. Texture analysis of noodle samples.. 14 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.. 15 3.1. Effect of heating process of non-fried noodles. . 15 3.1.1. The microstructural properties of instant air-dried noodles. 15 3.1.2. The microstructural properties of instant air-semi-dried noodles 23 3.1.3. The microstructural properties of Udon... 30 3.2. Effect of dough resting temperature on the microstructural properties of instant air-dried potato noodles.. 38 3.2.1. Potato dough appearance. 41 3.2.2. Rheological properties of potato dough... 43 3.2.3. Internal protein structures of potato dough during resting. 48 3.2.4. Cooking and texture properties of instant air-dried potato noodle 52 IV. CONCLUSIONS.. 58 V. REFERENCES.. 60 XI. 국문초록.. 62Maste

이온빔 조사를 활용한 고분자 표면 나노구조체의 형성 연구

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 재료공학부, 2022. 8. 장호원.최근 나노기술의 급격한 발달은 일상생활에서도 수많은 나노 소재가 활용될 수 있게 하였다. 나노미터 스케일의 패터닝이 활용되는 반도체, 디스플레이나 차량에 활용되는 나노코팅 필름, 미세먼지 등 유해물질을 거르기 위한 필터, 치료를 위한 단백질이나 유전물질 등에 이르기까지 재료, 기계, 전자, 생명과학에 이르는 넓은 범위에 활용되고 있다. 수많은 나노 소재 중 나노 구조체를 형성시킨 표면은 평평한 표면과는 다른 물리적인 특성을 가지게 되고, 이는 표면에 새로운 기능을 부여해줄 수 있다. 나노구조체가 형성된 표면은 표면에너지를 극대화시켜 친수를 초친수로, 발수를 초발수로 만들 수 있고, 넓은 비표면적을 활용하여 점착, 접착에 활용하거나 화학반응 속도를 증가시킬 수 있다. 또한, 빛의 산란, 회절, 플라즈몬 공명 현상을 발생시켜 저반사, 컬러링 등의 새로운 광학 특성을 부여할 수 있다. 나노구조체의 제작은 Lithography, Imprinting, 자가나노구조화 등의 Top-down 방법과 다양한 방법으로 나노 물질을 성장시키는 Bottom-up 방식으로 구분할 수 있다. Top-down 방식 중 Lithography와 Imprinting은 매우 정교한 패턴의 형성이 가능한 방법이지만, 패터닝을 위한 마스크가 필요하고 공정 가격이 매우 높은 편이다. 반도체나 플라즈몬 공명을 활용한 컬러링 소자와 같이 매우 정교하고 규칙적인 패턴이 필요한 응용처에는 매우 적합한 방법이지만, 대량생산이 중요한 저반사, 초친수/초발수, 촉매와 같은 분야에서는 리소그래피, 임프린팅과는 다른 생산 방법이 요구된다. 선형 이온빔은 10-3 Torr 정도의 진공에서 수 kV 급의 이온을 방출시켜 표면을 개질시키는 장치이다. 플라즈마 발생 장치의 일종으로써, 널리 사용되는 RF 타입의 플라즈마에 비해 이온 에너지 조절, 입사 각도 조절 등이 용이하고, 스퍼터와 작동하는 진공도 영역대가 유사하고, 길이의 확장이 용이하여 대량 생산에 유리한 장점이 있다. 선형 이온빔의 공정 조건에 따라 식각, 산화막/질화막의 생성, 표면에너지 변화, 표면형상 변화 등 표면에 다양한 물리적, 화학적인 특성 변화를 발생시킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 선형 이온빔을 활용하여 PEN, PDMS, PET와 같이 일상에서 활용되는 고분자 필름의 표면 형상을 제어하고, 이의 원인을 규명하였다. PEN에 이온빔을 조사하면 약 100 nm 전후의 지름과 높이를 가지는 나노딤플이 형성된다. 형성된 나노딤플은 PEN의 광학적 특성을 변화시킨다. PEN 표면 나노구조의 형성은 DKS 모델을 활용하면 표면 구조 형성이 잘 모사됨을 확인하였다. DKS 모델에 부합한다는 것은 PEN 표면에 존재하는 수 nm 이하의 아주 작은 Roughness에서 발생하는 위치에 따른 스퍼터링율의 차이가 나노딤플 형성의 원인이라는 의미이다. PDMS 표면에 이온빔을 조사하면 나노링클 구조가 만들어진다. XPS 표면 분석을 통해 표면에 PDMS의 SiO 결합이 SiO2 결합에 가까운 Hardskin 층으로 변화함을 확인하였다. 탄소 기반 Bond의 Dissociation Energy (Ed) 값과, SRIM을 통해 계산한 Nuclear Stopping ((dE/dx)nuclear)을 활용하여 깊이에 따른Displace per Atom (DPA) 값을 계산하였고, 이를 XPS Depth Profiling을 활용해 측정한 탄소 Bond의 변화와 비교하였다. DPA 값이 1.5 이상인 Bond인 H-CH2, C-Si 가 크게 변화함을 확인할 수 있었고, DPA 값의 계산을 통해 Bond의 분해를 간접적으로 예측할 수 있다는 결론을 내릴 수 있었다. 이온빔을 조사한 PET 표면은 나노헤어리 구조가 형성되었다. 형성한 나노헤어리 구조는 PET의 산란도를 크게 증가시킴을 확인하였다. 산란도는 나노구조체의 크기가 커질수록 증가하였다. 산란은 나노구조체의 크기와 파장에 큰 영향을 받는데, 형성한 나노구조체의 크기는 약 40~60 nm 의 크기를 가지고 있기 때문에 가시광 영역의 빛 (약 400~800 nm 영역)은 Rayleigh 산란 거동에 큰 영향을 받는다. Rayleigh 산란은 파장의 4제곱에 반비례하기 때문에 가시광선에서 Blue 쪽에 해당하는 파장이 Red 계열의 파장보다 훨씬 큰 산란도를 보이고, 이는 측정한 Haziness 결과와 잘 부합한다. 제작한 나노헤어리 기판을 활용하여 OLED를 제작하였다. OLED는 소자 내부에 갇힌 빛을 외부로 추출시켜주는 것이 효율 향상에 있어 매우 중요한 요소이다. 나노헤어리 PET 기판에 제작한 OLED는 일반 PET에 제작한 OLED에 비해 효율이 최대 30%까지 증가했음을 확인하였고, 이는 PET 표면의 나노헤어리 구조는 기판에 갇힌 빛을 외부로 추출시켜주는데 매우 효율적임을 의미한다. 코로나 바이러스 방역용 마스크, 공기청정기용 헤파 필터 등 1D 섬유의 집합으로 구성된 필터의 표면처리 기술의 개발은 매우 중요한 요소이다. 앞서 필름상 나노구조를 형성하는 이온빔을 필터 원단에 수행하게 되면, 수십 마이크로미터 두께의 PET 섬유가 Rayleigh-Plateau 불안정성에 의해 서로 뭉치는 현상이 발생한다. 이러한 Rayleigh-Plateau 불안정성이 발생하지 않게 하기 위해서는 필터 표면처리를 수행할 때 온도 변화를 억제해야 하며, 온도 변화량은 SRIM을 통해 계산한 Phonon의 양과 유사한 상관관계를 가질 수 있음을 확인하였다. 필터 섬유의 손상을 억제하면서 높은 밀착성을 얻을 수 있는 이온빔 표면처리 공정 조건을 개발하여 이를 필터 원단에 수행했다. 그 결과, 필터 섬유와 구리가 높은 밀착성을 가지게 되었다. 구리가 코팅된 필터를 코로나 바이러스 (SARS-CoV-2)와 4종류의 세균에 대해 항바이러스성과 항균성을 평가하였고, 그 결과 1시간 노출시 99% 이상의 바이러스와 세균이 사멸됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 고분자의 표면처리를 수행하여 표면 형상의 변화를 관찰하였고, SRIM계산을 통하여 형상 변화 거동과 원인을 예측할 수 있음을 밝혀냈다. SRIM 계산은 고분자 결합에 대한 변수가 계산에 깊이 반영되지 않아 계산 결과를 정량적으로 일치시킬 수는 없었으나, 정성적으로 예측이 가능함을 확인했다. 본 연구에서 수행한 고분자 소재인 PEN, PDMS, PET 뿐만 아니라 Polyimide (PI), Polyetetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polystyrene (PS) 등 다양한 고분자에도 적용하여 이온빔 조사시의 표면 변화거동을 미리 예측할 수 있을 것이다. 선형 이온빔은 롤투롤 공정 등 대량생산을 위한 확장에 유리하고, 비독성 가스인 산소와 아르곤을 중심으로 진행한 본 연구는 친환경이 강조되는 미래산업에 매우 필수적이다.Rapid nanotechnology development has recently enabled numerous nanomaterials to be used in daily life. It is being used in a wide range of materials, machinery, electronics, and life sciences, from semiconductors that utilize nanometer-scale patterning, nanocoating films used in displays or vehicles, filters to filter harmful substances such as fine dust, and proteins/genetic materials for treatment. Among the numerous nanomaterials, the surface with nanostructure has different physical properties from the flat surface, which can give the surface new functionality. The surface on which the nanostructure is formed can maximize surface energy to make hydrophilic to superhydrophilic and hydrophobic to superhydrophobic, and use a large specific surface area for adhesion and bonding, or increase the chemical reaction speed. In addition, new optical properties such as low reflection and coloring may be provided by generating light scattering, diffraction, and plasmon resonance. Fabrication methods of nanostructure can be divided into top-down methods such as lithography, imprinting, and self-nanostructure, and bottom-up methods for growing nanomaterials. Among the top-down methods, lithography and imprinting are methods that can form very sophisticated patterns, but masks for patterning are required, and process prices are very high. Therefore, they are suitable for applications that require very sophisticated and regular patterns, such as semiconductors and plasmonic resonance, but in fields such as low reflection, superhydrophilic/super water repellent, and catalysts, different production methods, which are fast and cheap, are required. A linear ion-beam is a device that modifies the surface by emitting several kV ions in a vacuum of about 10-3 Torr. As the kind of plasma generating source, ion energy control and incident angle control are more accessible than widely used RF-type plasma, and length is easily expanded, thereby being advantageous for mass production. Depending on the process conditions of the linear ion-beam, various physical and chemical characteristics on the surface, such as etching, generation of an oxide film/nitride film, surface energy change, and surface shape change, may occur. In this study, the surface shape of the polymer films used in everyday life, such as PEN, PDMS, and PET, were controlled using a linear ion beam, and the cause was investigated. When an ion beam is irradiated to PEN, a nano-dimple having a diameter and a height of about 100 nm is formed. The formed nano-dimple changes the optical properties of the PEN. It was confirmed that the formation of the PEN surface nanostructure was well simulated using the DKS model. Conforming to the DKS model means that the difference in sputtering rates depending on the location of microscopic roughness less than several nm on the surface of the PEN is the cause of nanodimple formation. When an ion beam is irradiated to the PDMS surface, a nano-wrinkle structure is created. Through XPS surface analysis, it was confirmed that the SiO bond of PDMS on the surface changed to the hardskin layer close to the SiO2 bond. Displace per atom (DPA) values according to depth were calculated using dissociation energy (Ed) of carbon-based bond and nuclear stopping ((dE/dx)nuclear) calculated by SRIM. To compare DPA and changes in carbon bonds measured by XPS depth profiling, H-CH2 and C-Si bonds with a DPA value of 1.5 or more changed significantly. It was concluded that the decomposition of the bonds could be predicted through the calculation of the DPA value. The PET surface irradiated with the ion beam has a nano-hairy structure. It was confirmed that the formed nano-hairy structure significantly increased the scattering of PET. The scattering degree increased as the size of the nanostructure increased. Scattering is greatly affected by the size and wavelength of nanostructures, and since the size of nanostructures formed is about 40 to 60 nm, light in the visible light region (about 400 to 800 nm) is greatly affected by Rayleigh scattering behavior. Since Rayleigh scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelength, the wavelength corresponding to the blue light of the visible light shows a much larger scattering degree than the wavelength of the red light, which is well fitted with the measured haziness results. OLED was manufactured using the nano-hairy substrate. In OLED, extracting light trapped inside the device to the outside is essential in improving efficiency. OLED manufactured on nano-hairy PET substrate had increased efficiency by up to 30% compared to OLED manufactured on flat PET, which means that nano-hairy structure on PET surface is very efficient in extracting light trapped in the substrate to the outside. The development of surface treatment technology for filters consisting of 1-dimensional fibers such as coronavirus prevention masks and HEPA filters for air purifiers is crucial. When an ion-beam with similar energy for fabrications of nano-hairy structure on PET film irradiates on PET fibers which have a thickness of several tens of micrometers, the fibers are agglomerated due to Rayleigh-Plateau instability. In order to prevent agglomeration, an increment of temperature during the treatment process should be suppressed. The amount of temperature change could have a similar correlation with the amount of phonon calculated through SRIM. Therefore, a filter fabric irradiated by temperature-controlled conditions could obtain high adhesion while suppressing fiber agglomerations. As a result, the filter fiber and copper had high adhesion. Copper-coated filters were evaluated for antiviral and antibacterial properties for coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and four types of bacteria, and as a result, more than 99% of viruses and bacteria were killed when exposed for 1 hour. Through this study, changes in surface shape were observed by performing surface treatment of the polymer, and it was found that the behavior and cause of the shape change can be predicted through SRIM calculation. SRIM calculations could not match the calculation results quantitatively because the variables for polymer bonds were not precisely reflected in the calculations, but they were confirmed to be qualitatively predictable. It will be possible to predict the surface change behavior during ion-beam irradiation by applying it to various polymers such as polyimide (PI), polyetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), and the like, as well as PEN, PDMS, and PET which are polymer materials conducted in this study. Linear ion beams are advantageous for expansion for mass production such as roll-to-roll processes, and this study, which focuses on oxygen and argon, which are non-toxic gases, is essential for future industries where eco-friendliness is emphasized.LIST OF FIGURES 1 LIST OF TABLES 6 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1.1. Nanostructures on Polymer Substrates 7 1.1.1. Polymer Nanostructures 7 1.2. Closed Drift-Type Anode Layer Linear Ion Beam Source 11 1.2.1. Introduction 11 1.2.2. Theoretical Background 11 1.3. Surface Nanostructures Produced by Ion beam 17 1.3.1. Nano-hairy Structures of Polymers 17 1.3.2. Nano-wrinkle PDMS Structure 18 1.3.3. Nano-dimple Structures of Semiconductor Materials 19 1.3.4. Interactions Between Ions and Matter 20 1.3.5. Computational Analysis 23 1.4. Purpose of This Research Study 26 1.5. Bibliography 27 CHAPTER 2. PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION OF NANO-DIMPLE STRUCTURES ON PEN SUBSTRATE 32 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. Materials and Methods 35 2.2.1. Materials 35 2.2.2. Ion Beam Treatment 35 2.2.3. Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy 35 2.2.4. Atomic Force Microscopy 37 2.2.5. Field-Emission Transmission Electron Microscopy and the Electron Energy Loss Spectrum 37 2.3. Results and Discussion 38 2.4. Conclusions 48 2.5. Bibliography 50 CHAPTER 3. FABRICATION OF A NANO-WRINKLED PDMS SUBSTRATE 53 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Methods 57 3.3. Results and Discussion 59 3.4 Conclusions 80 3.5 Bibliography 82 CHAPTER 4. NANO-HAIRY PET STRUCTURE FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF EXTERNAL LIGHT EXTRACTION EFFICIENCY OF OLEDS 87 4.1 Introduction 88 4.2 Experimental 91 4.2.1. Materials 91 4.2.2. Ion Beam Treatment 91 4.2.3. ITO Sputtering 91 4.2.4. OLED Fabrication 92 4.2.5. FESEM 94 4.2.6. AFM 94 4.2.7. Optical Properties 94 4.3 Results and Discussion 95 4.4 Conclusions 104 4.5 Bibliography 106 CHAPTER 5. IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE ADHESION OF PET FIBER AND COPPER FOR ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY WITHOUT NANO-STRUCTURING 108 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2. Materials and Methods 112 5.2.1. Materials 112 5.2.2. Ion Beam Treatment and Copper Sputtering Deposition 112 5.2.3. SRIM Calculations 114 5.2.4. Adhesion Test of Copper Deposited onto the Filter 114 5.2.5. Observing the Surfaces of the Filters and Tapes 115 5.2.6. Method for Evaluation of Antibacterial Performance 115 5.2.7. Method for Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Elimination Performance 116 5.3. Results and Discussion 118 5.3.1. Condition of the Filters After Ion Beam Treatment 118 5.3.2. Composition and Adhesion Properties of the Filters 121 5.3.3. Antibacterial Properties of the Copper-Coated Filter 130 5.3.4. Antiviral Properties of the Copper-Coated Filter 133 5.4. Conclusions 135 5.5. Bibliography 137 CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSIONS 142 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 146박

Design and Implementation of Sea Operation Monitoring System based on the ENC

Sea operation monitoring system is monitoring system for vessel automation system which is used from possible various kinds operation such as work of fiber cable laying between a nation, sea bottom work of laying electric wire for distant island or pipe line laying work of natural gas construction etc at sea. Sea operation monitoring system has getting detail data from manufacturing and calculating numerical value of data which is getting from various sensor that found input and environment setting, after than system decide that detail data output saving to DB or printing a printing machine and display data value to screen or output graph for realtime and also if input value pass over the normal value from a pointment sensor then create alarm sound to speaker. In the Server, display the GPS position information of electronic maritime chart from a reading ENC data, display relation data which overlaid information of relation Route file from operation. There are exchange information between client/server with wireless LAN which is PDA of client and wireless AP established from wireless network environment of server. In addition, there are raised to higher efficiency from be possible free movement at available radius. In this paper, there are improve competitive of vessel from that support for vessel automation, safety voyage, reduce a burden of sea operation to the minimum, prevent a accident which is embody monitoring system of relate sea operation under a based ENC at such as before conditions.제 1 장 서 론 1 1.1 연구의 배경 1 1.2 연구의 필요성 및 목표 2 제 2 장 전자해도의 개요 4 2.1 전자해도 표시 시스템 4 2.2 전자해도 12 제 3 장 시스템 분석 및 설계 21 3.1 전자해도 파서의 분석 21 3.2 전자해도 디스플레이의 설계 27 3.3 모니터링 서버의 설계 34 3.4 모니터링 클라이언트의 설계 47 3.5 모니터링 시스템의 알고리즘 50 제 4 장 시스템의 구현 및 실험 59 4.1 모니터링 서버의 구현 59 4.2 모니터링 클라이언트의 구현 73 제 5 장 결 론 78 참고문헌 7

구형성과 뒤틀림각에 기반한 단백질 구조 방법론 개발

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 협동과정 생물정보학전공, 2013. 2. 손현석.The structure of protein has intimate relationship with the function of protein. The structure of protein is experimentally determined through X-ray crystallography and NMR methods. However, X-ray crystallography is hard to obtain mobile protein structure and crystallization often causes practical problems. NMR structure is impossible in the observation of membranous or large proteins. Thus, theoretical methods for the determination of protein structures are highly concerned to circumvent practical problems. Homology, threading and ab initio modeling are the three typical approaches in protein structure modeling. ab initio modeling is often called as protein folding problem. The natural stable state of protein structure is believed to be the minimal energy state. The critical problem of protein folding research is the impossibility of the exhaustive search of possible conformations. Globularity of the protein structure was assessed in the pursuit of the universal structural constraint while approximated measurement name Gb-index was developed. Strong perfect globe-like character and the relationship between small size and the loss of globular structure was found among 7131 proteins which implies that living organisms have mechanisms to aid folding into the globular structure to reduce irreversible aggregation. This also implies the possible mechanisms of diseases caused by protein aggregation, including some forms of trinucleotide repeat expansion-mediated diseases. Torsion angle constraint mimics natural process of conformational change of proteins which lacks significant movement along covalent bonds and change in bond angles. This torsion angle system was applied to structure alignment to prove the validity as a structural representation. It was more effective to accurately anticipate homology among 1891 pairs of proteins of 62 different proteases and among 1770 pairs of 60 proteins of kinases and proteases with the string of φ and ψ dihedral angle array than famous 3D structural alignment tool TM-align. Secondary structure database and structure alignment web server was constructed from PDB and SCOP entries based on the simple classification scheme according to the backbone torsion angles. The database introduced here offers functions of secondary database searching, secondary structure calculation, and pair-wise protein structure comparison. Visualization during the process of the protein folding simulation is quite interesting regarding the fast apprehension of the states while previous algorithms such as molecular dynamics offers very few options of interference. Computational application named ProtTorter which visualizes three-dimensional conformation, calculates the potential energy, and supplies the user interface for backbone torsion angle manipulation was developed. Using this application, simple folding algorithm was newly investigated. Cotranslational and torsional folding path was utilized in the context of Levinthal paradox. The validity of the folding method was investigated using the test sets of small peptides. Positive result for the possibility of this method was obtained as the stable negative energy minimal structures and fast convergence. Application of torsional system of which validity was proved in the structure alignment assays and globular constraints which might infer solvent interactions by minimizing solvent accessible surface area might be worth for further studies based on the folding algorithm using ProtTorter application.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background of Protein Research 1 1.1.1 The Function and Structure of Protein 2 1.1.2 Protein Secondary Structure 3 1.1.3 Torsion Angle 4 1.1.4 Hydrophobic Effect 5 1.2 Experimental Structure Determination Methods 6 1.2.1 X-ray Crystallography 6 1.2.2 NMR Spectroscopy 6 1.2.3 Limitations of Experimental Methods 7 1.3 Protein Structure Prediction Methods 8 1.3.1 Homology or Comparative Modeling Method 9 1.3.2 Threading Method 10 1.3.3 ab initio Method 12 1.3.3.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulation Method 13 1.3.3.2 Levinthal Paradox 15 1.3.3.3 Lattice Model 15 1.3.3.4 Monte Carlo Method 17 1.3.4 Competition of Protein Structure Prediction Methods: CASP 19 1.4 Studies and Concerns of the Protein Folding Research 20 2 Analysis of Globular Nature of Proteins 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Materials and Methods 26 2.2.1 Data Sets 26 2.2.2 Globularity Measurement 27 2.3 Results and Discussion 28 2.4 Conclusion 32 3 Validity of Protein Structure Alignment Based on Backbone Torsion Angles 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Materials and Methods 43 3.2.1 Definition of φ and ψ Angles 43 3.2.2 Ramachandran Plot RMSD (RamRMSD) 44 3.2.3 Statistical Similarity Measurement with Weight Imposition 45 3.2.4 Alignment Algorithm 46 3.2.5 Parameter Settings for Alignments and Clustering 47 3.2.6 Performance-evaluating Quantities 48 3.2.7 Test Set Preparation 49 3.3 Results and Discussion 50 3.3.1 Sequence and Structure Trees of Different Groups of Proteases 50 3.3.2 Comparison of Backbone Torsion Angle-based Method and TM-align 52 3.3.3 Clustring Trees and Accuracy Analysis with Delineation Set of 30 Kinases and 30 Proteases 55 3.3.4 Computational Time and Complexity 58 3.4 Conclusion 59 4 Secondary Structure Information Repository from Backbone Torsion Angle 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Materials and Methods 72 4.3 Results 72 4.3.1 User Interface and Architecture 72 4.3.2 Computational Mechanisms 75 4.4 Discussion 79 5 Computational Application for Protein Folding Modeling Based on Backbone Torsion Angle and for Protein Structure Viewing 86 5.1 Introduction 86 5.2 Materials and Methods 90 5.2.1 Computational Framework 90 5.2.2 Model Energy Calculation 90 5.3 Results 93 5.3.1 User Interface 93 5.3.2 Protein Structure File Import 96 5.3.3 Protein Structure File Export 96 5.3.4 Parsing and Initialization of Structure File 96 5.3.5 Structural Representation 98 5.3.6 Modifying Graphical Representation of Structure 99 5.3.7 Protein Model Building 101 5.3.8 Model Modification 103 5.3.9 Model Energy Calculation 104 5.3.10 Local Energy Minima Calculation and Cotranslational Folding 107 5.4 Discussion 107 6 Protein Folding of Cotranslational Initial Structure with Torsional Levinthal Path 114 6.1 Introduction 114 6.2 Materials and Methods 120 6.2.1 Dataset 120 6.2.2 Cotranslational Folding of Initial Structure 121 6.2.3 Iterative Optimization of Initial Structure Following Torsional Folding Path 122 6.3 Results and Discussion 123 6.4 Conclusion 128 7 Summary 137Docto

A Study on Design Methodology by Simulationware in Contemporary Architecture

Highly developed technical innovation with computer popularization is changing our lives, stirring up our outlook on the world, and deeply rooted in our consciousness with an alternative plan that will realize dreams and ideal of human. Simultaneously, those new digital technical innovation menace the old paradigm of architectural circumstance, which can be explained with new buildings in quite different looks than existing. The adoption of digital technology came into our lives much close as most architects make drawings using CAD software. But, now Non-architectural softwares like 3D Digital modelings and simulation programs can be even in use. Now, concept of desinger could express using several tools that computer program supplies by inside the established architectural design process on computer or includes on computer, and furthermore becomes main concept itself of architectural design. That is, computer generate form of architecture to used on important element of a new spatial experiment in part by an only reappearance tool, and control the transformation and operate by design tools that expand many areas in the brain of designer. For example, simulationware, a contemporary digital tool, is shown such aspect that perspective projection of baroque age is not a reappearance tool as role changes as a method that have produced form and space. Thus, by change of a architectural design tool, reapearance expression medium is reaching in situation that is changing essence of architecture as well as design way or process preferably. This can find in design methodology of extreme and experimental digital vanguard under first name called digital architecture that of definite extent and meaning are not decided yet. Design methodology of digital vanguards in the progress being, architect does random manufacturing by depend on characteristics of simulationware, or create improvised and arbitrary form through basis property or instruction code of simulationware. It can see that this is thing to acquire logic of autonomous in design through Simulationware's intervention in general process. So, architects of digital age no longer refer external principle such as common datum point of traditional architecture composition and possibility of architecture to language, and is exposing only oneself that is trying to be peculiar and finds design methodologies of emancipatory. And, we can know that intervention in process of architect is slight than Simulationware on design methodology that form by substitute of parameter such as time, physical stress, user is created in algorithm of simulation itself or algorithm by hereditarian information of creature, and algorithm that architect establishes in beginning. In other words, It can see that architect progressed process rather than inflected Simulationware according to own trusted on entirely. because there are a lot of ways that complete through simulationware more than architect in form generation. This is to meaning about independence of control, Even if there is manufacturing of designer, the result is deduced in random and arbitrary form by particular rule and algorithm in Simulationware, It can see as status such as agent of position like designer or tendency that designer depends on to it. However, It could find new possibility that inventing form as architect bares own relationship plan as is scrupulous without relying on entirely to simulationware through design methodology that is connected from data to diagram, diagram to form. Like this, genuine value groping is forward left assignment by efficient tool of digital design media in ingenious idea from architect in construction design method, hereupon, It can see that have meaning in point that modern architecture should be generated continuously which discussion about digital technology with development of modern architecture theory in multiplicity viewpoint.제1장 서론 = 1 1.1 연구의 배경과 목적 = 1 1.2 연구의 대상 및 방법 = 3 1.3 연구의 흐름도 = 4 제2장 시뮬레이션웨어의 도입과 디자인 방법의 진화 = 6 2.1 건축가의 새로운 도구 = 6 2.2 디자인 방법의 변화와 시뮬레이션웨어의 위상 = 8 2.3 건축가의 상반된 태도 = 11 제3장 전통적 디자인 방법론과 도구의 의미 = 16 3.1 디자인 방법론과 디지털 도구의 개입 = 16 3.1.1 일반적 디자인 진행과정 = 16 3.2.1 ‘컴퓨터에-의한-건축’의 의미 = 18 3.2 투시도법과의 동형성 = 20 3.3 디자인 생성 수단으로서의 시뮬레이션웨어 = 27 3.3.1 2차원 CAD에서 NURBS 체계의 3D 소프트웨어로의 발달 = 27 3.3.2 건축 조형과 도구에 대한 인식의 변화 = 29 제4장 시뮬레이션웨어에 의한 건축 디자인 방법론의 위기 = 33 4.1 자의적ㆍ자기 지시적 디자인 방법 = 33 4.2 건축가와 시뮬레이션웨어의 ‘중합체’적 디자인 방법 = 39 4.3 의탁적 디자인 방법 = 52 4.3.1 파라미터의 시뮬레이션에 의한 형태 생성 = 52 4.3.2 디지털 형식의 알고리즘에 의한 자기 조직화적 형태 생성 = 62 4.3.3 타 주체에 의한 비결정적 디자인 = 65 4.4 소결 = 71 제5장 현대건축 디자인 방법론의 미래 = 72 5.1 인공지능에 기반한 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션의 태생적 한계 = 72 5.2 결과적 측면에서의 현대건축의 표상성 문제와 존재론적 위기 = 75 5.3 창의적 디자인 방법론과 효율적 도구로서의 가능성 = 82 제6장 결론 = 87 참고문헌 = 9

Open Reduction for the 5th Metacarpal Neck Fracture

Purpose: To evaluate the treatment results of open surgery in the 5th metacarpal neck fracture by retrospective analysis. Materials and Methods: From March 1996 to May 2004, 15 patients who underwent open surgery due to the 5th metacarpal neck fracture were retrospectively reviewed with radiographic and functional analysis. We used the visual analog satisfaction score (0~10) to assess the patient’s subjective satisfaction and the assessment categories including pain, limitation of motion, hand deformity, and function. Patients gave each assessment category 10 points as the best score, and we analyzed the results with a total of 40 points. For open reduction, posterolateral approach was used with the 5th extensor tendon retracted to the ulna or radial side, and then fracture site reduction was done. Results: There were malunion in 4 cases, rotational deformity in 2 cases, redisplacement after closed reduction in 6 cases, displaced intraarticular fracture in 2 cases, and open fracture in 1 case. Patient subjective satisfaction score was an average of 34.6 points (29~38 points). Average dorsal angulation was 50.2˚(41˚~ 72˚) in the preoperative oblique radiographs and 18.4˚(15˚~41˚) at the last follow up. Conclusion: Open surgery should be recommanded for the treatment of the 5th metacarpal neck fracture in cases of malunion, rotational deformity, unstable and redisplaced fracture, displaced intrarticular fracture, and displaced growth plate injury.ope

행정부와 입법부 공무원 비교 중심으로

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 행정대학원 공기업정책학과, 2020. 8. 전영한.최근 급격한 환경의 변화 속에서 행정을 보다 나은 방향으로 개선하기 위한 정부혁신이 강조되고 있다. 정부부문의 개혁은 시대를 막론하고 요구되는 과제이기 때문에 정부기능의 재조정과 조직관리의 효율화를 위해 새로운 제도와 관리기법들이 도입되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 제도와 관리기법들이 우리의 행정현실을 고려않은 무분별하게 도입되고 정부의 조직문화와 부합하지 않음에도 적용된 새로운 제도나 관리기법들의 성패에 대해서는 국내외를 막론하고 많은 논란이 있다. 중앙 행정부처에 대한 조직문화 연구는 다수가 있으나 최근 변화되는 환경속에 노출된 조직의 문화유형 연구가 부족하고, 국가정책의 결정과정에서 입법부가 차지하는 역할은 점차적으로 커짐에도 입법활동을 지원하는 국회 소속기관의 조직문화에 대한 연구도 부족한 실정이며, 관련된 소수의 연구도 국회 소속기관 중 일부만으로 한정하는 한계가 있었다. 또한 경쟁가치모형에 따른 조직문화 유형이 직무태도에 미치는 영향을, 중앙 행정부처와 국회 소속기관을 비교하면서 연구한 논문은 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 문재인정부 들어서 지속적으로 추진해온 정부혁신 노력이 반영된 행정조직의 조직문화를 정확하게 진단할 필요가 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 크게 두 가지가 된다. 하나는 행정부의 조직문화와 입법부의 조직문화를 비교하는 것이고, 다른 하나는 조직문화가 행정부 와 입법부 공무원의 직무태도에 미치는 영향을 비교하는 것이다. 이러한 연구결과는 각 조직의 관리자들에게 향후 조직관리에 있어 일정한 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 상기 연구목적 달성을 위해 실증분석을 실시하였으며 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 행정조직 유형별 공무원들이 인식하는 지배적인 조직문화에 대해서는 행정부의 경우는 합리문화와 위계문화를, 입법부의 경우에는 위계문화를 각각 지배적인 조직문화로 인식하고, 위계문화의 경우에는 두 행정조직 유형간 위계문화 인식에 차이가 없었다 둘째, 행정조직 유형별 조직문화가 직무태도에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 행정부 공무원의 경우에는 집단문화와 발전문화뿐만이 아니라 합리문화와 위계문화 또한 공무원들의 직무만족 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 또한 집단문화, 발전문화 뿐만이 아니라 합리문화와 위계문화 또한 공무원들의 조직몰입 향상에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 입법부 공무원의 경우에는 집단문화와 위계문화만이 해당 공무원의 직무만족 및 조직몰입에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다 셋째, 위계문화를 조직원들의 직무만족과 조직몰입, 즉 직무태도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 인식하는 입법부 공무원의 경우에 조절효과를 분석한 결과, 위계문화가 행정부 공무원에 비해 입법부 공무원에게 직무만족의 인식에 조절효과를 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 연구결과가 가지는 시사점은 다음과 같다. 우리나라 정부조직이 조직성과 향상을 위하여 신공공관리(New Public Management: NPM)이념을 받아들여, 작은 정부와 시장경쟁을 지향하고 민영화, 구조조정, 성과급 보수제, 목표관리제(MBO: Management by Objectives), 연봉제, 균형성과표(BSC: Balanced Score Card)와 같은 다양한 민간관리기법들을 적용하는 등 제도와 시스템의 변화를 행정조직간 조직문화 차이에 대한 연구없이 무분별하게 적용하고 있는 실정이다. 46개의 정부 중앙부처와 4개의 국회소속기관 모두를 대상으로 분석하여 기존의 연구에 비해 연구결과의 일반화 가능성이 높은 본 연구결과를 토대로 정부 중앙부처와 국회소속 기관의 공무원들의 직무태도 향상에 각기 다른, 적합한 전략을 수립하여 제시할 수 있다는 점에서 현실적으로 유용성을 지닌 연구라고 할 수 있다.Amid recent drastic changes in the environment, government innovation to improve administration in a better direction has been emphasized. Since reform of the government sector is a task required regardless of the times, new systems and management techniques are being introduced to readjust government functions and streamline organizational management. However, there is a lot of controversy both at home and abroad about the success or failure of these systems and management techniques, which are indiscriminately introduced without considering our administrative reality and do not conform to the organizational culture of the government. Despite the recent lack of research on organizational culture in the central administration, and the role of the legislature in the process of determining national policies has gradually grown, there is also a lack of research on organizational culture in the National Assembly's institutions that support legislative activities, and a small number of related studies have been limited to only a few of the National Assembly's affiliated organizations. In addition, there is no paper that has been studied comparing the central administration and the National Assembly's agencies with the impact of organizational culture type on job attitudes according to the competitive value model. Therefore, through this study, it needs to accurately diagnose the administrative organization's corporate culture that reflects efforts which Moon Jae-in administration continues to innovate the government. There are two main objectives of this study. One is to compare the organizational culture of the administration with that of the legislature, and the other is to compare the job attitude of the administration officials with that of the legislature officials. These findings are believed to provide managers of each organization with certain implications for future organizational management. The empirical analysis was conducted to achieve the above research objectives, and the results of the research are summarized as follows. First, regarding the dominant organizational culture perceivced by public officials by type of administrative organization, the rational culture and hierarchical culture were recognized as the dominant organizational culture in the case of the administration, and the hierarchical culture in the case of the legislature, there was no difference in the perception of hierarchical culture between the two types of administrative organizations Second, regarding the influence of organizational culture on attitude by type of administrative organization, it was found that not only development culture and rational culture, but also rational culture and hierarchical culture had a positive impact on the improvement of job satisfaction of public officials in administration, and that hierarchical culture, as well as collective culture, development culture and rational culture, also had a significant impact on the improvement of public officials' organizational involvement. And in the case of public officials in the legislature, only the collective culture and hierarchical culture have a positive effect on the job satisfaction and organizational involvement of the relevant public officials. Third, as a result of analyzing the adjustment effect in the case of a legislative official who perceived hierarchical culture as having a positive effect on the job satisfaction and organizational involvement of members of the organization, it was analyzed that hierarchical culture had an adjustment effect on the perception of job satisfaction to a legislative official compared to an administrative official. The implications of these findings are as follows. In order to improve organizational performance, Korean government organizations adopt the concept of new public management (NPM) and pursue market competition and small governments, and apply various private management techniques such as privatization, restructuring, performance-based remuneration, target management system (MBO), annual salary system, and balance sheet (BSC) to the organization of public officials in the National Assembly without any research on differences in organizational culture between administrative organizations. Based on the results of this study, which is more likely to generalize the results of the research than the previous research, it can be said to be of practical use in that it can establish and present different strategies for improving the attitude of government central and parliamentary officials.제 1 장 서론 1 제 1 절 연구의 목적과 필요성 1 제 2 절 연구의 대상 및 범위 3 제 3 절 연구의 방법 4 제 2 장 이론적 논의와 선행연구 검토 6 제 1 절 조직문화에 대한 논의 6 1. 조직문화의 개념 6 2. 조직문화의 유형 8 제 2 절 직무태도에 대한 논의 12 1. 직무태도의 개념 12 2. 직무만족 논의 13 3. 조직몰입 논의 14 제 3 절 조직문화와 직무태도의 이론 및 선행연구 15 1. 조직문화와 직무태도의 이론적 논의 15 2. 중앙행정기관 조직문화에 관한 선행연구 18 5. 입법부(국회소속기관) 조직문화 선행연구 20 제 4 절 선행연구 검토에 따른 가설 설정 21 제 3 장 연구설계 및 분석방법 26 제 1 절 연구모형 26 제 2 절 분석방법 27 1. 분석자료 27 2. 측정도구의 구성 28 3. 분석방법 33 제 4 장 분석결과 34 제 1 절 조사자료의 일반현황 34 제 2 절 변수의 기술통계 분석 39 제 3 절 상관관계 분석 41 제 4 절 가설검증 43 제 5 장 결론 59 제 1 절 연구결과 종합 59 제 2 절 연구결과의 정책적 함의 62 제 3 절 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구방향 63Maste

첨단기술산업에서 인수합병 후 혁신에 대한 연구: 주의 기반 관점을 중심으로

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 경영학과 경영학전공, 2015. 8. 조승아.경영진의 주의가 기업의 행동에 미치는 중요한 요인이라고 인식되었음에도 불구하고, 경영진의 주의가 인수합병 후 혁신에 끼치는 영향에 대한 연구는 부족하였다. 본 논문은 경영진의 기업가적 지향성, 미래 지향성, 변화 지향성이 인수합병 후 혁신에 미치는 효과에 대해 연구한다. 또한 본 연구는 기업 크기 차이의 조절효과와 전략적 보완성의 조절효과를 연구함으로써, 인수합병 후 혁신에 영향을 끼칠 수 있는 적합한 조직적?환경적 조건을 찾아보고, 주의 기반 관점의 설명을 보완하고자 한다. 첨단기술산업에서 177개의 인수합병의 표본을 추출하여 분석한 결과, 대부분의 가설이 지지됨을 확인하였다. 나아가 주의 기반 관점에 근거하여 이론적, 실증적인 기여를 제공할 수 있었다.Despite the growing recognition of managerial attention as one of critical factors that drive firm behavior, its influence on the post-acquisition innovativeness has been neglected. In this study, we examine the effects of entrepreneurial focus, future focus, and change focus on post-acquisition innovativeness. Also, we investigate the moderating role of firm size disparity and that of strategic complementarity in order to find the optimal organizational and environmental fit that influences post-acquisition innovativeness and to complete the explanations of attention-based view (ABV). Drawing from the sample of 177 M&A deals in high-tech industry, we have found out that most of our hypotheses were supported. In addition, theoretical and empirical contributions for attention-based view were provided.I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 III. THEORY 11 IV. HYPOTHESES 17 4.1. Entrepreneurial Focus of the Acquiring Firm 18 4.2. Future Focus of the Acquiring Firm 20 4.3. Change Focus of the Acquiring Firm 21 4.4. Moderating Role of Firm Size Disparity 24 4.5. Moderating Role of Strategic Complementarity 28 V. METHODS 32 5.1. Sample 32 5.2. Measurements 33 5.2.1. Dependent Variable 33 5.2.2. Explanatory Variables 33 5.2.3. Control Variables 34 5.3. Analysis 35 VI. RESULTS 38 VII. DISCUSSION 49 7.1. Theoretical and Managerial Implications 51 7.2. Limitations and Future Research 53 VIII. CONCLUSION 55 REFERENCES 56 국문초록 64Maste

Expression of Ubiquitin and Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule in the Muscles of Spastic Cerebral Palsy Patients

Purpose: This study was performed to examine the histopathologic changes of muscles and the expression patterns of ubiquitin and N-CAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) in accordance with cerebral palsy patient’s spasticity. Materials and Methods: We studied thirteen specimens from seven patients with spastic cerebral palsy, five patients suspected to have neuromuscular diseases, and one normal person. We performed the routine histologic procedures, the reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunostaining. Results: There were no disease-specific abnormalities related with the degree of spasticity on histopathologic evaluation. However, in the cerebral palsy patients, the degree of spasticity seems to have positive correlations with the expression of ubiquitin gene and negative correlations with the expression of N-CAM gene. On the other hand, in the immunostaining procedures, the reactions to ubiquitin protein were all negative and reactions to N-CAM protein were strongly positive only in two hereditary motor sensory neuropathy patients. Conclusion: The results of our study seem to be caused by multiple mechanisms. If more studies about the changes after the transcription of ubiquitin and N-CAM genes are performed, these results can be applied to the research and treatment of cerebral palsy on molecular biologic aspects.ope

Fragment Excision for the Treatment of Hamate Hook Nonunion

Purpose: To evaluate the treatment results of fragment excision of the hamate hook nonunion. Materials and Methods: Nine patients operated for hamate hook nonunion were reviewed retrospectively, and were clinically assessed for pain, range of motion, tingling sensation, and grip strength postoperatively. Results: The initial symptoms were pain (3 cases), tingling sensation (3 cases), 5th DIP joint flexion LOM (2 cases), and pain and accompanying LOM in 5th DIP joint flexion (1 case). The causes of injuries seemed to be mainly associated with sports activities. Time from initial symptom to diagnosis was averaged 15 months (2 months-5 years), and confirmative image was plain x-ray (one case), carpal tunnel view (six cases), and CT scan (two cases). All patients underwent fragment excision, and in three patients with accompanying carpal tunnel syndrome, transverse carpal ligament release was performed accordingly. In three other patients complicated with 5th FDP rupture, tenorrhaphy was performed in two cases, and tendon transfer was performed in the other case. Eight patients showed excellent clinical results one year postoperatively, but one patient complained of transient tingling sensation on the 4th and 5th fingers. Conclusion: Hamate hook excision after nonunion showed excellent clinical results in one year postoperative follow-up.ope