16 research outputs found

    Risk factors of colistin safety according to administration routes: Intravenous and aerosolized colistin

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: Nephrotoxicity of intravenous (IV) colistin has impeded its clinical use; aerosolized (AS) colistin may be an alternative, but safety data are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and risk factors associated with IV and AS colistin administration. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in a tertiary referral hospital. Data were collected before and after colistin administration between October 2012 and April 2016. Exclusion criteria were as follows: age less than 18 years, previous colistin administration, concurrent use of IV and AS colistin, dialysis before colistin use, and colistin use for less than 3 days. We compared AKI incidence following administration of IV versus AS colistin and analyzed risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity. RESULTS: A total of 464 patients were enrolled (n = 311, IV group; n = 153, AS group). Incidence of AKI was significantly higher in the IV group (IV vs AS, 20.26% vs 7.84%, p-value < 0.001). Duration of colistin use (OR 1.033, 95% CI 1.009-1.058, p-value 0.008) and presence of chronic kidney disease (OR 2.710, 95% CI 1.348-5.448, p-value 0.005) were associated with nephrotoxicity. There were no significant risk factors associated with AS colistin. CONCLUSIONS: Although AS colistin was not associated with any significant risk factors for nephrotoxicity, duration of colistin use and baseline kidney function may affect AS colistin-associated nephrotoxicity.ope

    (The)Zeta function of the even reverse shift

    No full text
    Thesis(Master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€,2005.Maste

    ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋„์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์œ ํ˜•์ด ์žฅ์• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ, 2013. 8. ๊น€๊ธฐํ•œ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ(๋ณด๋„ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด๋ฐ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ์ •์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์—์„œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ง€, ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ดˆ์ ์ •๋„, ์žฅ์• ์ดˆ์ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ง€์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ์ •์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ณ€์ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์„ ๊ทธ ํ•˜์œ„์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์žฅ์• ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์„ ์ถœํ•œ ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ 3๊ฐœ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ดˆ์  ๋งž์ถ˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์žฅ์• ์— ์ดˆ์  ๋งž์ถ˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ 257๋ถ€ ์ค‘ ์‘๋‹ต๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์‹คํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” 19๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 238๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข…๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์€ SPSS 18.0๊ณผ AMOS 18.0 ํ†ต๊ณ„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„(CFA)๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹(SEM) ๋ชจํ˜•๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ดˆ์  ๋งž์ถ˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์ง€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์€ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์žฅ์• ์— ์ดˆ์  ๋งž์ท„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ง€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†’์€ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋“ค์€ ์ง€์ง€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์žฅ์• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ํฐ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ I. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1) ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํŠน์ง• 1 2) ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณด๋„๊ด€ํ–‰ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 2 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  4 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 1. ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„๊ณผ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋„ 5 1) ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„์—์„œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด๋ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 5 2) ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด๋ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 7 3) ์žฅ์• ์ธ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณด๋„ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ 10 2. ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ 15 1) ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ : ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ 15 2) ํŽธ๊ฒฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ • 18 3. ์–ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋„ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด ์žฅ์• ์ธ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 22 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™”(Social Categorization) ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ธ์ง€์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์ • 22 2) ์—ฐ๋ฏผ(Empathy)์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์ • 25 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค 28 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 30 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 30 2. ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘ 31 3. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ธก์ • 32 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 34 1) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 34 2) ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ 34 3) ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ฒ€์ฆ 34 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 36 1. ์˜ˆ๋น„๋ถ„์„ 36 1) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 36 2) ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ถ„์„ 37 3) ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ 37 2. ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ 39 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 39 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 40 โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ 42 1. ์žฅ์• ์ธ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณด๋„ํ–‰ํƒœ์™€ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ • 42 2. ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ •๋„ 43 1) ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ 44 2) ์—ฐ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ 44 โ…ฅ.๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 45 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  45 2. ์ œ์–ธ 47 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 50 Abstract 91Maste
    corecore