29 research outputs found

    The effects of climate change on the breeding ecology and phenological asynchrony of the Varied Tit (Sittiparus varius) in Korea

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(์‚ฐ๋ฆผํ™˜๊ฒฝํ•™์ „๊ณต),2020. 2. ์ด์šฐ์‹ .๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ต๋ž€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ณค์ถฉ ๋จน์ด์›์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ •๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ณค์ถฉ ๋จน์ด์›์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด‘์—ญ์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ƒˆ(Parus major)์™€ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด(Sittiparus varius)๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘์—ญ์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์— ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ž๋™ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๊ธฐ์˜จ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ƒํƒœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ํŒŒ์•…, ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์›๋„ ์›์ฃผ์‹œ ๋ฐฑ์šด์‚ฐ, ์ „๋ผ๋‚จ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ก€๊ตฐ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์‚ฐ, ์ „๋ผ๋‚จ๋„ ๊ด‘์–‘์‹œ ๋ฐฑ์šด์‚ฐ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 12๊ฐœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์— ์ธ๊ณต์ƒˆ์ง‘ 576๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ•์ƒˆ์™€ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฆฌ์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 2015๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€, ์›์ฃผ์‹œ ๋ฐฑ์šด์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด‘์–‘์‹œ ๋ฐฑ์šด์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 2016๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ž๋™ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 2016๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 12๊ฐœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์†Œํ˜• ์˜จ๋„๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์ƒˆ์ง‘๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜จ๋„์™€ ๋ฐ•์ƒˆ์™€ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์ƒˆ์ง‘ ๋ฒˆ์‹์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ™”์ผ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๊ธฐ์˜จ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ๋ฒˆ์‹์ƒํƒœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ตฌ๋ก€๊ตฐ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ๋„ 300m, 900m, 1,300m์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ 3๊ฐœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์—์„œ 2015๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ธ๊ณต์ƒˆ์ง‘ ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ, ํ•œ๋ฐฐ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ˆ˜, ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹คํŒจ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ์ „ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์˜ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, 2016๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 12๊ฐœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ 3์›” ๊ธฐ์˜จ(3์›” 10 โ€“ 21์ผ)๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ(ํ•™์Šต์ž๋ฃŒ)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์‚ฐ ๊ณ ๋„ 300m, 900m ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ 3์›” ๊ธฐ์˜จ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ(๊ฒ€์ฆ์ž๋ฃŒ)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 4.5์™€ 8.5 ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 2100๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์˜ํ–ฅ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์™„ํ™”(mitigation) ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๊ณ ๋„๋ณ„ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์™€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋จน์ด์›์ธ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ์ผ์น˜๋„์™€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ๋ฒˆ์‹์ƒํƒœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ํŒŒ์•…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋ผ๋‚จ๋„ ๊ด‘์–‘ ๋ฐฑ์šด์‚ฐ์˜ 4๊ฐœ ๊ณ ๋„(200m, 400m, 800m, 1,000m)์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ 5๊ฐœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฅ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋„๋ณ„ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์–‘์ƒ(์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰, ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„)๊ณผ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ์ผ์น˜๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ์ผ์น˜๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ๋จน์ด์› ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๊ณค์ถฉ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋จน์ด์›๊ณผ ์œ ์กฐ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐ ์งˆ์†Œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋น„(ฮด13C, ฮด15N)๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋ณ„ ๋จน์ด์› ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 13์ผ๋ น ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฒ™ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ์ฒด์ค‘์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฐ•์ƒˆ์™€ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ AUC (Area Under the Curve)๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ 0.9์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์‹์ƒํ™ฉ ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ™”์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท  ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ(RMSE: Root Mean Square Error)๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ƒˆ 2.44 โ€“ 4.94์ผ, ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด 1.31 โ€“ 3.03์ผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ๋ฐ•์ƒˆ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ถ”์ •์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’๊ณ , ์ข…๊ฐ„ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ถ”์ •์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„์—๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐ•์ƒˆ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด‘์—ญ์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์— ์˜จ๋„๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ž๋™ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ธ์  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜(human error)๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ „๋ผ๋‚จ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ก€๊ตฐ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์‚ฐ ๊ณ ๋„ 300m, 900m, 1,300m ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ์ „ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์˜ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ €์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ์€ ์„ธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šน์€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ €์ง€๋Œ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ์ „ ๊ธฐ์˜จ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•œ๋ฐฐ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹คํŒจ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ๋น„์œจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ์•…ํ™”๋Š” ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ๋ฒˆ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ง€ํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” 3์›” ์ผํ‰๊ท ๊ธฐ์˜จ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ณผ ์ผ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ด ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5.21์ผ, 5.60์ผ๋กœ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ 3์›” ๊ธฐ์˜จ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ๊ฐ„ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(RCP 8.5), 2090๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค 10์ผ ๋นจ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์™„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 2100๋…„ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ 540ppm๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ถ•ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(RCP 4.5), 2090๋…„๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค 4์ผ ์•ž๋‹น๊ฒจ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ RCP 8.5 ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ„๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณ ์œ„๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌํ™”๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๊ณ ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์œ ์ถฉ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Šฆ์–ด์ ธ, ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šน์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ณ ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋น„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ๋จน์ด์› ๋น„์œจ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ณ ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์กฐ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ฮด13C๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ ๋น„์œจ์€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ”๋šœ๊ธฐ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ชฉ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์ด ๋Šฆ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ์€ ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋จน์ด๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์กฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์กฐ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ฮด15N๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์š” ๋จน์ด์›์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฉ”๋šœ๊ธฐ๋ชฉ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ€์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ฐ€์„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋šœ๊ธฐ๋ชฉ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ธ‰์ดํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋น„ ๋ฐ ๋จน์ด์› ๋น„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋จน์ด์˜ ์ด์šฉ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œ์ผœ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ์ „ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•œ๋ฐฐ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹คํŒจ๋น„์œจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ์•…ํ™”๋Š” ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋„๋ณ„ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šน์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ž๋‹น๊ฒจ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ 10์—ฌ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šน์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์™€ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ์€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์™„ํ™”์ •๋„์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ž๋‹น๊ฒจ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ„๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ ์‹ฌํ™”๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์œ„๋„ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ์„ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์š” ๋จน์ด์›์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‹ฌํ™”๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„ ์ €ํ•˜, ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ ํฌ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์žŽ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ €๊ฐ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œ์ผœ, ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋งˆ๋ จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ์ ์‘๋„์™€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ๋™ํƒœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ํŒŒ์•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์™€ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ์ผ์น˜์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.Climate change can alter and disrupt the phenological interaction between organisms from various trophic levels in ecosystems. In temperate forests, breeding populations of forest birds are particularly susceptible to climate change because their reproductive timing and the peak abundance of arthropod prey must be tightly synchronized. Phenological asynchrony between forest birds and arthropod prey due to climate change can therefore lead to a decline in the population of forest birds and negatively affect the functional associations the function of the forest ecosystem. In Korea, there is no broad-scale, long-term monitoring system to determine the effect of climate change on the breeding phenology of forest birds. Few studies have focused on quantitative analysis of the effect of climate change on the breeding ecology and phenological synchrony of forest birds. This study was aimed at developing automated monitoring system of the timing of breeding in the Great (Parus major) and Varied Tits (Sittiparus varius), investigating the effect of climate change on the breeding ecology of Varied Tits and phenological synchrony between Varied Tits and arthropod prey, and predicting shifts in the breeding phenology of Varied Tits. A nestbox survey was conducted to record breeding data of Great and Varied Tits in 576 nestboxes on Mt. Baegun in Wonju (four study plots), Mt. Jiri in Gurye (three study plots), and Mt. Baekwoon in Gwangyang (five study plots). The ambient temperature was also measured at all 12 study plots using a temperature/relative humidity data logger. The field survey was conducted between 2015 and 2018 on Mt. Jiri and between 2016 and 2018 on Mt. Baegun and Mt. Baekwoon. The breeding stages classification models were developed through machine learning using the breeding data and the nestbox temperature recorded by a small temperature data logger (TDL) from 2016 to 2018, thereby creating an automated monitoring system for the breeding timing of the two bird species. The first egg-laying dates and hatching dates were estimated through the classification models and, compared with the dates recorded from nestbox surveys. The annual trends of pre-breeding temperature, egg-laying dates, clutch size, and proportion of failed nests of Varied Tits at three study plots located at 300m, 900m, and 1,300m on Mt. Jiri were analyzed using the long-term nestbox monitoring data (2006 โ€“ 2013) and the breeding data from nestbox survey (2015 โ€“ 2018). The predictive model for the egg-laying dates was developed by using the egg-laying dates and ambient temperature in March at the 12 study plots from 2016 to 2018 as training data. Also, validation of the model was conducted by comparing observed and predicted egg-laying dates using data from 300m and 900m study plots on Mt. Jiri from 2008 to 2015 as the test data. The egg-laying dates were predicted until 2100 based on the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 climate change scenarios to investigate how they were affected by climate change and the regional differences observed when climate change mitigation was applied. Further investigation was also conducted on the phenological synchrony between Varied Tits and Lepidoptera larvae along with elevation gradient, and its effects on the breeding ecology of Varied Tits. This was performed using records of the temporal pattern of availability of Lepidoptera larvae (peak date, peak biomass, and peak duration), and the peak date of growth of nestling Varied Tits at five study plots (200m, 400m, 800m, 1,000m) on Mt. Baekwoon (Gwangyang). The proportion of potential prey species in the diets of nestlings was estimated by using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio (ฮด13C and ฮด15N) in the whole blood of nestlings and potential prey. The body condition index was then calculated using the weight and tarsus length of nestlings to investigate the effect of phenological asynchrony on the proportion of diets and body condition of nestlings. The accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) of breeding stage classification models were over 0.9, indicating that the performance of the classification model was excellent. In addition, the root mean square error (RMSE) for the estimation of egg-laying dates and hatching dates was 2.44 โ€“ 4.94 days for Great Tits and 1.31 โ€“ 3.03 days for Varied Tits, which suggested high accuracy in the estimation of breeding timing for both species. The automated monitoring of breeding timing using TDL may therefore be adapted to the broad-scale and long-term monitoring to decrease human error, reduce the cost for field surveys, and standardize the monitoring methods. The rise of pre-breeding temperature was strong in the higher-elevation plots at 900m and 1,300m on Mt. Jiri, but relatively stable in the low-elevation plot on Mt. Jiri over the last decade. Although the mean egg-laying dates shifted more in plots experiencing a greater increase in the pre-breeding temperature, the shift was subtle during the study period. Although there was a difference in the annual trend of pre-breeding temperature and egg-laying dates, there was no evidence of a decrease in clutch size or an increase in the proportion of failed nests. Overall mean of daily mean temperature and daily maximum temperature in March were selected as predictor variables in the predictive model of egg-laying dates of Varied Tits. The RMSE of prediction in the training and test data was 5.60 and 5.21 days, respectively. The observed egg-laying dates of the test data highly correlated with those estimated using the predictive model and temperature in March. Prediction based on the RCP climate change scenario showed that egg-laying dates would be advanced by more than 10 days compared to the present if no mitigation is undertaken (RCP 8.5). On the other hand, under the intermediate mitigation (RCP 4.5), the egg-laying dates were predicted to advance by about 4 days compared to the present. In addition, under the baseline scenario with no mitigation, the egg-laying dates will occur earlier in the higher elevation and latitude regions of South Korea, where the temperature will increase faster. The peak date of growth of the nestling Varied Tits and biomass of Lepidoptera larvae at the five study plots on Mt. Baekwoon in Gwangyang were delayed along the elevation gradient. However, with advancing peak dates of biomass of Lepidoptera larvae, the peak date of growth of the nestlings occurred later, indicating that the phenological asynchrony could increase along with rising temperature. Analysis of stable isotope in the blood of nestlings and potential prey showed that the values of ฮด13C of blood of nestlings increased with elevation gradient. Estimation of the proportion of potential prey through stable isotope mixing model indicated that such an increase in the values of ฮด13C were related to decreasing proportions of Lepidoptera larvae and increasing proportion of Araneae and Orthoptera. On the other hand, the values of ฮด15N in the blood of nestlings decreased over the breeding season. Estimating the proportion of potential prey showed a decrease in the proportion of Orthoptera in the nestlings of late breeding pairs. The body condition of nestlings decreased as phenological asynchrony increased but did not significantly change along with the change in the values of ฮด13C and ฮด15N of blood of nestlings and the estimated proportion of potential prey. Consequently, the results indicated that the phenological asynchrony could increase along with a rise in temperature, which could lead to the decrease in body condition of nestlings. This study showed that the advancement of egg-laying dates in Varied Tits was negligible at high elevation plots on Mt. Jiri, where the pre-breeding temperature rose significantly in the past decade, without significant decrease in breeding parameters (clutch size, proportion of failed nest). In comparison with the growth of nestlings along elevation gradient, the peak date of biomass of Lepidoptera larvae and growth of nestlings along with elevation gradients indicated that as peak date of biomass of Lepidoptera larvae advanced with the rise of temperature and, the phenological asynchrony increased, which negatively affected the body condition of nestlings. The inferred increase in phenological asynchrony might have led to the decrease in the body condition of nestlings at higher elevation regions on Mt. Jiri over the past decades. Predicted egg-laying dates of Varied Tits for the coming decades indicated that reproductive phenology would advance under both climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5), and the egg-laying dates would occur earlier in the regions with higher elevation and latitude in South Korea where the temperature would increase faster. Therefore, warming temperature due to climate change may cause an increase in phenological asynchrony, and hence negatively affect the body condition of nestlings of Varied Tit. Such effects may be more severe in the breeding population at higher elevations and latitudes. Phenological asynchrony between forest songbirds and arthropod prey can negatively affect the functions of songbirds such as the top-down control of the density and interactions of leaf-eating Lepidoptera larvae. This can subsequently result in the disruption of structure, function, and services of the forest ecosystem. Therefore, the monitoring of the phenological synchrony between birds and prey should be conducted in order to assess vulnerability and develop a conservation and management strategy for forest birds and ecosystem. Studies on phenological-asynchrony-related decreases in body condition of nestlings and its effects on the population dynamics of birds are also warranted. Additionally, this study showed the regional differences in the annual trend of pre-breeding temperature in the past decade and the predicted shift of egg-laying dates during the 21st century. Broad-scale and long-term monitoring of phenology of forest songbirds should therefore be conducted to evaluate the effect of climate change on the forest songbirds in Korea.์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  โ… . ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 2 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 9 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ 1. ์ž๋™ ๊ธฐ๋ก์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง 13 2. ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 16 3. ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์˜ˆ์ธก 19 4. ๊ณค์ถฉ ๋จน์ด์›๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ 21 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ข… 25 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ 28 3. ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 39 ์ œ 2์žฅ ์˜จ๋„๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ•์ƒˆ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ž๋™ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง โ… . ์„œ๋ก  45 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ 49 2. ์ธ๊ณต์ƒˆ์ง‘ ๋ฒˆ์‹์กฐ์‚ฌ 50 3. ์ธ๊ณต์ƒˆ์ง‘ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜จ๋„ ์ธก์ • 51 4. ๋ฐ•์ƒˆ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ž๋™ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ˆœ์„œ 52 5. ์ธ๊ณต์ƒˆ์ง‘ ๋ฒˆ์‹์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ƒํ™ฉ ํŒŒ์•… 53 6. ์ƒˆ์ง‘๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ถœ 55 7. ๋ฒˆ์‹์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 61 8. ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 70 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1. ๋ฒˆ์‹์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 71 2. ๋ฐ•์ƒˆ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ถ”์ • ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 82 3. ์ข…๊ฐ„ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ถ”์ • ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๋น„๊ต 91 โ…ฃ. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 97 ์ œ 3์žฅ ๊ณ ๋„๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ๋ฐ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ๋ฒˆ์‹์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™” โ… . ์„œ๋ก  102 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ 106 2. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ๋ฒˆ์‹์ง€ํ‘œ 107 3. ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ž๋ฃŒ 111 4. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 114 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1. ๊ณ ๋„๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ 117 2. ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ์ „ ๊ธฐ์˜จ๊ณผ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ํ‰๊ท  ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ 120 3. ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ์ „ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์˜ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 124 4. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ๋ฒˆ์‹์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 128 โ…ฃ. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 134 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์˜ˆ์ธก โ… . ์„œ๋ก  139 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ 143 2. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ 144 3. ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ถœ 146 4. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 148 5. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์˜ˆ์ธก 151 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1. ๊ณ ๋„๋ณ„ 3์›” ๊ธฐ์˜จ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ 153 2. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 157 3. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฒ€์ฆ 161 4. ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ผ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์˜ˆ์ธก 163 โ…ฃ. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 168 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด์™€ ๋จน์ด์›์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ โ… . ์„œ๋ก  174 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ 178 2. ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์–‘์ƒ 179 3. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ์ผ์น˜๋„ 182 4. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋จน์ด์› ๋น„์œจ ๋ถ„์„ 183 5. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„ 186 6. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 187 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1. ๊ณ ๋„๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์˜จ, ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ ์œ ์ถฉ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์–‘์ƒ 190 2. ๊ณ ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ์ผ์น˜๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 195 3. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ž ์žฌ ๋จน์ด์›์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋น„ 198 4. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋น„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 201 5. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ๋จน์ด์› ๋น„์œจ ๋ณ€ํ™” 207 6. ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ ๋จน์ด์› ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„ 216 7. ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ์ผ์น˜๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณค์ค„๋ฐ•์ด ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์†Œ ์ „ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 221 โ…ฃ. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 225 ์ œ 6์žฅ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  โ… . ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 233 โ…ก. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  238 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 241 Abstract 275Docto

    ๊ธฐํ˜ผ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์˜์กด์„ฑ(state dependence) ๋ณ€ํ™”

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ์ด์ฒ ์ธ.์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ „์ผ์ œ-์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ-๋ฏธ์ทจ์—… ๊ทผ๋กœํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ„์˜ ์›ํ™œํ•œ ์ด๋™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ 20-30๋Œ€ ๊ธฐํ˜ผ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ ๋“ฑ ๊ทผ๋กœํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋™์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ์จ ์ƒํƒœ์˜์กด์„ฑ(state dependence)์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™ํƒœ์ ๋‹คํ•ญ๋กœ์ง“๋ชจํ˜•(dynamic multinomial logit model) ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ์™€ ์ „์ผ์ œ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ ๊ทผ๋กœํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์˜์กด์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ผ์ œ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ ๋ฐ ์ „์ผ์ œ ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์ผ์ œ์™€ ๋ฏธ์ทจ์—… ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋กœํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋™์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ(bridge)์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ „์ผ์ œ ์™ธ์— ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”, ์ „์ผ์ œ์™€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์  ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ค์ • 7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ทผ๋กœํ˜•ํƒœ ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜• 7 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ด€์ธก์ด์งˆ์„ฑ(Unobserved Heterogeneity)์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋™ํƒœ์  ๋‹คํ•ญ๋กœ์ง“๋ชจํ˜• 8 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 13 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 18 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ•ฉ๋™๋‹คํ•ญ๋กœ์ง“๋ชจํ˜• ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 18 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ด€์ธก์ด์งˆ์„ฑ(Unobserved Heterogeneity)์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋™ํƒœ์  ๋‹คํ•ญ๋กœ์ง“๋ชจํ˜• ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 20 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ทผ๋กœํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์˜์กด์„ฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  26 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  30 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 33 Abstract 37Maste

    Design and Fabrication of Glass Fresnel Microlens for Optical Scanner

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 8. ๊น€์šฉ๊ถŒ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌ ์žฌํ๋ฆ„ ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ด‘ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ์šฉ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ž‘์—… ์—†์ด ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋™๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์˜ ์–‡๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์ง• ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฉฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ด‘ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตฌ๋ฉด๋ Œ์ฆˆ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ์ดˆ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์งง๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ž์œ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ•™๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋™์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1.4 ใŽœ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท  ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ๋Š” 36 ใŽš๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผ ๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฉด๋ Œ์ฆˆ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด 24 %์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์™€ 42.4%์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™”์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์˜ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์™€ ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ folded-beam ์Šคํ”„๋ง์— ์ง€์ง€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์••์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ด‘ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ์˜ ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1.292 kHz์ด๋ฉฐ Q๊ฐ’์€ 107.7๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 17.5 V ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ์ „์••๊ณผ 17.5 V ์ง„ํญ์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ยฑ50 ใŽ› ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํฐ ํšก ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ณ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์Šค์บ”์˜ ์‹œ์—ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ยฑ1.20ยฐ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐํ–ฅ ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆ„์ด 1 ใŽœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ด‘ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ฉด์  ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™”์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ ๋ฆฌ ์—ด ์žฌํ๋ฆ„ ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ 3 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  5 1.4 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ค๊ณ„ 6 2.1 ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ์„ค๊ณ„ 6 2.2 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ์„ค๊ณ„ 13 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ œ์ž‘ 19 3.1 ์ „์ฒด ๊ณต์ • ๊ณผ์ • 19 3.2 ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 3.3 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 31 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ธก์ • 34 4.1 PCB ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ 34 4.2 ๋™์  ์‘๋‹ต ์ธก์ • 35 4.3 ๋‚ด์—ด์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 40 4.4 ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ธก์ • 42 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  44 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 45 Abstract 47Maste

    A Study on the Estimation of Non-Ideal Blasthole Pressure of Bulk Blend Explosives

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 8. ์ „์„์›.ํ™”์•ฝ์˜ ํญ๋ฐœํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์•”๋ฐ˜ ํŒŒ์‡„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์™„์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ด ๋ฐœํŒŒ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋„์ž…๋˜์–ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜€๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํญ๋ฐœํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ด์ƒํญ๊ต‰๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐ€ํ๋„, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋„ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ํ™”์•ฝ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ™”์•ฝ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜, ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ •, ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋ฒŒํฌํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•”๋ฐ˜ํŒŒ๊ดด์— ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์ด์ƒ ํญ๋ฐœํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”์•ฝ์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐœํŒŒ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํญ๋ฐœ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์‘์šฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํญ๋ฐœ์†๋„๋Š” ํญ๊ต‰ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๊ตฌ์—ญ(DDZ, Detonation Driving Zone)๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ณ , ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉํ™”์•ฝ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํญ๊ต‰ ์ง„ํ–‰๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ์ด ํญ๋ฐœ์†๋„๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒŒํฌํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์˜ ๋น„์ด์ƒ ํญ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํญ๋ฐœ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฒŒํฌํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„, ์žฅ์•ฝ์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์™ธ๋ฒฝ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์†์ •๋„ ๋“ฑ์ด ํญ๋ฐœํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ˜„์žฅ์‹œํ—˜ ์ธก์ • ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒŒํฌํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์˜ ๋น„์ด์ƒ ํญ๋ฐœ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํญ๋ฐœ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒํฌํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ธก์ •๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ์™”๋˜ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฒŒํฌํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์˜ ๋น„์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ƒ์•”๋ฐ˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชฉ์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœํŒŒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํญ์•ฝ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„์™€ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜๋ฐœํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ์†๋„์™€ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •์‹์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์ž‘์—…ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šคํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์™„โ€ค์ˆ˜์ • ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„, ๋ฐœํŒŒ์„ค๊ณ„๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์•”๋ฐ˜์กฐ๊ฑด, ์ž‘์—…์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชฉ์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœํŒŒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.๋ชฉ์ฐจ List of Figures ............................... โ…ณ List of Tables ............................... โ…ต 1. ์„œ๋ก  ............................... 1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ............................... 2 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  ............................... 3 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ............................... 4 2. ๊ธฐ์กด๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ............................... 6 2.1 ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ ............................... 6 2.1.1 ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ ์ด๋ก  ............................... 6 2.1.2 ๊ณ ์ฒด๋งค์งˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ ............................... 7 2.1.3 ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ์†๋„์™€ ์ž…์ž์†๋„ ............................... 8 2.2 ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ ............................... 9 2.2.1 ๋งค์งˆ๋‚ด์˜ ์‘๋ ฅํŒŒ ............................... 10 2.2.2 ์‘๋ ฅํŒŒ์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ์†๋„ ............................... 11 2.2.3 ์‘๋ ฅํŒŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ............................... 11 2.3 ํญ๊ต‰์ด๋ก  ............................... 12 2.3.1 ํญ๊ต‰ํŒŒ ............................... 12 2.3.2 ํญ๊ต‰ํŒŒ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ............................... 13 2.3.3 ํญ๊ต‰์•• ............................... 14 2.3.4 C-J๋ฉด ์••๋ ฅ ............................... 14 2.3.5 ์ด์ƒ ํญ๊ต‰ ............................... 16 2.3.6 ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉํ™”์•ฝ์˜ ํญ๊ต‰ํŠน์„ฑ ............................... 17 2.4 ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ ............................... 18 2.4.1 ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ ............................... 18 2.4.2 ์ด์ƒ ํญ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ ............................... 18 2.4.3 ๋น„์ด์ƒ ํญ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ ............................... 20 2.4.4 ํญ๊ต‰์ด๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋™์••๋ ฅ ............................... 22 2.4.5 ๋™์ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ์˜ ๋น„์ด์ƒ ํญ๋ฐœ ............................... 23 2.5 ํญ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์Šค ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ............................... 26 2.5.1 ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ............................... 26 2.5.2 ๊ฐ€์Šค ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ............................... 27 3. ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์˜ ํญ๋ฐœํ˜„์ƒ ............................... 31 3.1 ๋ฒŒํฌํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ ............................... 31 3.1.1 ์ž„๊ณ„๋ฐ€๋„ ............................... 33 3.1.2 ํญ์•ฝ์˜ ์˜ˆ๊ฐํ™” ............................... 33 3.1.3 ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„ ............................... 35 3.1.4 ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ............................... 36 3.2 ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ์†๋„ ............................... 39 3.2.1 ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์‹œํ—˜ ............................... 39 3.2.2 ํ˜„์žฅ์‹œํ—˜ ............................... 44 3.3 ํญ๋ฐœ์†๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ธ์ž ............................... 48 3.3.1 ์žฅ์•ฝ๊ฒฝ ............................... 49 3.3.2 ์žฅ์•ฝ๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ ............................... 51 3.3.3 ์žฅ์•ฝ๋ฐ€๋„ ............................... 54 3.3.4 ์žฅ์•ฝ๋ฐ€๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ ............................... 55 3.3.5 ๊ตฌ์†์ •๋„ ............................... 58 3.3.6 ๊ตฌ์†์ •๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ ............................... 59 3.4 ํญ๋ฐœ์†๋„์™€ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ ............................... 63 3.4.1 ์œ„๊ณ ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ์ƒํƒœ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ............................... 63 3.3.2 Win-CalQ ์ฝ”๋“œ ............................... 68 3.5 ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์˜ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ ............................... 72 3.4.1 ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธก์ • ............................... 72 3.4.2 ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์˜ ๋™์••๋ ฅ ............................... 76 3.4.3 ํ˜ผํ•ฉํญ์•ฝ์˜ ์ •์••๋ ฅ ............................... 77 4. ๋น„์ด์ƒ ํญ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ •์‹ ............................... 80 4.1 ๋น„์ด์ƒ ํญ๋ฐœ ์ •๋„ ............................... 80 4.2 ๋น„์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ •์‹ ............................... 82 4.2.1 ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ๋™์••๋ ฅ ............................... 82 4.2.2 ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์ •์••๋ ฅ ............................... 84 4.2.2 ๋น„์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ •์‹ ............................... 85 4.2.4 ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ ๋น„๊ต ............................... 85 4.3 ๋น„์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœํŒŒ๊ณต ์••๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ •์‹์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ ............................... 88 4.3.1 ์•”๋ฐ˜๊ฐ•๋„ ํŒ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€ ............................... 88 4.3.2 ์ถ”์ •์‹์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ............................... 89 4.3.3 ์ถ”์ •์‹์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์‹œํ—˜ ............................... 90 4.3.4 ๊ฒ€์ฆ์‹œํ—˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ...............................101 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ...............................102 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ...............................105 Appendix A. ์šฉ์–ด์ •๋ฆฌ ...............................111 Appendix B. ํ˜„์žฅ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๋กํ‘œ ...............................113 Abstract ...............................168Docto

    ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ(Platalea minor) ์œ ์กฐ ๋จน์ด์›์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(์‚ฐ๋ฆผํ™˜๊ฒฝํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2014. 2. ์ด์šฐ์‹ .์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์ข…์ธ ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ(Platalea minor)์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฒˆ์‹์ง€๋กœ์„œ ์ข… ๋ณด์ „์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฒˆ์‹ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ์ฑ„์‹ ์Šต์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ˜„ํ™ฉ, ์œก์ถ”๊ธฐ ๋จน์ด์ž์›์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๋ณด์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 3์›”์—์„œ 7์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์ง€๋„, ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์•”, ๋‚จ๋™์œ ์ˆ˜์ง€, ์น ์‚ฐ๋„์˜ ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ ๋ฒˆ์‹ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์ฒซ์งธ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊นƒ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„(10์ผ๋ น ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ถ€๋ถ„)๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ชฝ ๊นƒํŒ(22์ผ๋ น ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ถ€๋ถ„)์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๊นƒํ„ธ์—์„œ ํƒ„์†Œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ(ฮด13C)์™€ ์งˆ์†Œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ(ฮด15N)๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์กฐ ๋จน์ด์›์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํƒ„์†Œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ์˜ ์ด์› ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋จน์ด ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋จน์ด ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ง€๋„ 149์Œ, ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์•” 40์Œ, ๋‚จ๋™์œ ์ˆ˜์ง€ 93์Œ, ์น ์‚ฐ๋„ 27์Œ ๋“ฑ, ์ด 309์Œ์˜ ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ฮด13C๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ๋Š” ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์‹์ง€์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์Šต์ง€์™€ ๊ฐฏ๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฑ„์‹์ง€๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์Šต์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ง€๋„์—์„œ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋จน์ด์›์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 22์ผ๋ น์— ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊นƒํ„ธ์˜ ฮด13C๊ฐ€ 10์ผ๋ น์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋จน์ด์˜ ๊ธ‰์ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ ์ฐจ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋จน์ด์› ์ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ“ ๋ถ€ํ™”ํ•œ ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ์—ผ์„  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒˆ์‹ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์Šต์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ฮด15N๋Š” ์น ์‚ฐ๋„, ๋‚จ๋™์œ ์ˆ˜์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์•”, ๊ตฌ์ง€๋„ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์น ์‚ฐ๋„์˜ ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ์†Œ์˜ค์—ผ์›์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ๋จน์ด์›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ตฌ์ง€๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋จน์ด์›์„ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์งˆ์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ ์€ ์ฑ„์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ง€๋„, ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์•”, ๋‚จ๋™์œ ์ˆ˜์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ์น ์‚ฐ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ฮด15N๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œก์ถ” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์น ์‚ฐ๋„์—์„œ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์˜ ์œ ์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋†’์€ ์˜์–‘๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋จน์ด์›์˜ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋จน์ด์› ฮด15N์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋จน์ด์›์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์งˆ์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์ธ ๊ตฌ์ง€๋„, ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์•”, ๋‚จ๋™์œ ์ˆ˜์ง€, ์น ์‚ฐ๋„๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ 22.67% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ ๋ณด์ „์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ง€์ž„์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์„ค์ •, ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ, ์˜ค์—ผ ํ†ต์ œ, ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์ธ์‹ ์ฆ์ง„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฒˆ์‹์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์Šต์ง€์™€ ๊ฐฏ๋ฒŒ ์ฑ„์‹์ง€์˜ ์ ์‘์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ 6 1. ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 2. ๊ณ ์—ผ๋ถ„์˜ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 8 3. ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋จน์ด์› ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 11 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ 13 1. ๊ตฌ์ง€๋„ 13 2. ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์•” 14 3. ๋‚จ๋™์œ ์ˆ˜์ง€ 15 4. ์น ์‚ฐ๋„ 16 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 1. ๋ฒˆ์‹ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 19 2. ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ ์œ ์กฐ ๊นƒํ„ธ ์ฑ„์ง‘ 21 3. ๊นƒํ„ธ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ ๋ถ„์„ 24 4. ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋จน์ด์› ๋น„์œจ ์ถ”์ • 26 5. ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 28 โ…ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 1. ๋ฒˆ์‹ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 29 2. ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ ๋ถ„์„ 31 2.1 ํƒ„์†Œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 33 2.2 ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋จน์ด์› ๋น„์œจ ์ถ”์ • 35 2.3 ์งˆ์†Œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 37 โ…ฅ. ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ 40 1. ๋ฒˆ์‹ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 40 2. ์ €์–ด์ƒˆ ์œ ์กฐ์˜ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋จน์ด์› ๋น„์œจ 42 3. ์งˆ์†Œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋น„์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 45 โ…ฆ. ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 48 โ…ง. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  53 โ…จ. ์ธ์šฉ๋ฌธํ—Œ 55Maste

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