27 research outputs found

    Clinical Research Design and Biostatistical Methods

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    Purpose: To proceed effectively with clinical research requires an understanding of the fundamental principles of study design and biostatistical methods. In this article, we identified and summarized basic clinical research designs and some of the key biostatistical methods that have been commonly used in clinical research. Materials and Methods: In an observational study, cross-sectional, case- control and Cohort designs were illustrated and compared. In a clinical trial study, parallel group design and cross-over designs were described according to their characteristics. Also, the biostatistical methods for their usages classified and summarized. Results: Understanding and evaluating research design are part of the process researchers must use to determine both the quality and usefulness of their research. Adequate applications to biostatistical methods are need; i.e., descriptive statistics, Studentยดs t-test, ANOVA, nonparametrics, categorical data analysis, correlation and regression, and survival analysis. Conclusions: Research findings are used by clinical researcher to guide their practice and reduce their uncertainty in clinical decision making. However, to understand how to interpret research results, it is important to be able to understand basic statistical concepts and types of study design. Clinicians should also appropriately choose the biostatistical methods to suit their purposes.ope

    ํƒœ์•„๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ-๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์˜์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[์˜๋ฌธ] [ํ•œ๊ธ€] Feyrter๊ฐ€ 1938๋…„ ์ธ์ฒด ํ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ โ€œclear cellโ€์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์— ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜ ์—ฌ ํŽ˜์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ํ˜ธํก์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋„์˜ ์ƒํ”ผ์—์„œ ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€์˜ Kultchitsky cell๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์— ํŠนํžˆ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ฐœ์”ฉ ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ (neuroendocrine cell, NE์„ธํฌ) ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์”ฉ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉด์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค(neuroep ithelial bodies, NEB). NE์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ˜น์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ‘์„ธํฌ์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” paracrine๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ NEB์—๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ฆ‰์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€๊ณผ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„์„ธํฌ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ฐฐ์•„์„ธํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•™์„ค๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ €์„ธ ํฌ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•™์„ค๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์•„์ง ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํƒœ์•„์˜ ํ์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ถœํ˜„๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ ์ƒ‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์›์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒœ๋ น 6์ฃผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 37์ฃผ ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฐํƒœ์•„ 48์˜ˆ์˜ ํ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„์„ธํฌ์— ๊ด€ ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ํƒœ๋ น 10์ฃผ๊ฒฝ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, neurone specific enolase๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ  ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ €, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  bombesin์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒํ”ผ๋‚ด์—๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์ €๋ง‰์— ์ ‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ํ๊ฐ„์—ฝ์กฐ์ง์—๋Š” neurone specific enolase์–‘์„ฑ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ง์€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ bombesin์„ ํ•จ ์œ ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„๊ณผ๋ฆฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 4. ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์„ธ๊ด€๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ํํฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ์—๋งŒ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํํฌ ๋ฐ ํํฌ๊ด€์—๋Š” ์—† ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€, ์„ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„์ง€ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. The Pattern and Significance of Bronchopulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells according to the Developmental Stage of Human Lung Mea Young Chung Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Prof. Yoo Bock Lee, M.D. and Chan Il Park, M.D.) Since Feyrter first suggested an endocrine role for the โ€œclear cellโ€ of the lung(1938), investigators have sought to identify hormones or their precursors in pulmonary epithelial cells. Cells, which morphologically resemble the Kultchitsky cells of the gut, appearing singly(neuroendocrine cell, NE cell) and in large clusters(neuroepithelial bodies, NEB), are found in developing airways, being most numerous at the bronchiolar level. It has been postulated that solitary NE cell and NEB have a paracrine function, implying that they transmit signals to neighboring cells directly rather than through neural connections or through the vascular circulation. NEB have been postulated to have a chemoreceptor function as well. The majority of neuroendocrine cells in the body is believed to be neural crest origin. However, the origin of neuroendocrine cells in alimentary and respiratory tracts is controversial. The present study was undertaken to investigate timing and site of initial appearance and subsequent changes of the bronchopulmonary neuroendocrin cells, and to seek their origin and possible role. In this study, light microscopic, electron microscopic and immunocytochemical examinations were carried on 48 embryos and fetuses of 6 to 37 weeks of gestation to evaluate the development of lung, particularly on the neuroendocrine cells, and the following results were obtained. 1. Neuroendocrine cells appeared first at 10 weeks of gestation; NSE-containg cells were demonstrated early in fetal life but bombesin-contains cells late in glandular phase. 2. Neuroendocrine cells, which were localized only within intraepithelial pulmonary conducting airway, were located along the basement membrane. 3. In pulmonary mesenchymal tissue, there was NSE positive nerve tissue but no bombesin-containing cell, and no neuroendocrine granule-containing cells by electron microscopic study. 4. Neuroendocrine cells appeared most numerous in canalicular phase when there was most tractive branching of the conducting airways. 5. In alveolar phase, a few of neuroendocrine cells were localized only at conducting airway and they were not seen in alveoli and alveoli ducts. In summary, it is concluded that pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are derived from entoderm together with bronchi and bronchioles and the neuroendocrine cells are thought to be related to branching of the conducting airways and/or to hypoxic state.restrictio

    ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ํ‰๊ฐ€

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    Dept. of Graduate Program in Biostatistics and Computing/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๊ตฐ์ง‘๋ถ„์„์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์„œ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทผ์ ‘์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฃนํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—†์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด EM ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜, Maximum a Posteriori ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Gibbssampler์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ Bayesian Information Criteria์™€ Laplace MetropolisCriteria๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ ์šฉ์‹œ์ผœ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋˜ํ•œ, ์˜ค๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์œจ๋„ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ Modified Fisher's Discriminant Criteria๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The cluster analysis has been a popular method for the statisticalclassification. In particular, some high-dimensional medical datahave been confronted with such classification problem. The classicalcluster analysis, however, has the theoretical shortcoming, becausethe inference to determine the number of clusters does not have anytheoretical backgrounds. To estimate the number of clusters, thisdissertation explores the cluster analysis through EM algorithm,Maximum a Posteriori and Gibbs sampler. In addition, we investigatesome appropriate assessment tools such as Baysian Informationcriteria, Laplace Metropolis criteria and the modified Fisher'sdiscriminant criteria in order to determine the number of clusters.ope

    (A) study of the liver biopsies in infancy and childhood

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Silvermann์นจ์ด ๊ฐ„์ƒ๊ฒ€์— ์ด์šฉ๋œ ํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ„์นจ์ƒ๊ฒ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ„ํ—˜๋ฅ ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์ธ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ง„์ „๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฒ€์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฅ ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„ ์†Œ์•„์˜ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์นจ์ƒ๊ฒ€์˜ ์ด์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์†Œ์•„์˜ ๊ฐ„์ƒ๊ฒ€์กฐ์ง์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทนํžˆ ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ €์ž๋Š” 1976๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1980๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ์„ธ์˜๋ฃŒ์›์— ์ž…์›ํ•œ ํ™˜์•„์—์„œ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ƒ๊ฒ€์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์กฐ์งํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž„์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์กฐ์ง ์ด 105๋ก€ ์ค‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 94๋ก€์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๊ฒ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋‚จ๋…€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋นˆ๋„์˜ ๋น„๋Š” 1.8:1 ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์กฐ์งํ•™์ ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์„ฑ๊ฐ„์—ผ์ด 38.3%, ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ๋‹ด๋„ํ์ƒ‰์ฆ์ด 15.9%๋กœ์„œ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ฆ 4.3 %, ์ „์ด์•” 3.2%, ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ณ€์„ฑ 12.8%, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ฐ„์žฅ์งˆํ™˜ 19.1% ๋ฐ ์ •์ƒ ๊ฐ„์กฐ์ง์ด 6.4%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์„ฑ๊ฐ„์—ผ์€ 36๋ก€๋กœ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๋‚จ๋…€๋น„๋Š” 2.3:1์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ฐ„์—ผ 3๋ก€, ๋งŒ์„ฑํ™œ๋™๊ฐ„์—ผ 3๋ก€, ๋งŒ์„ฑ๋น„ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ๊ฐ„์—ผ 7์˜ˆ. ๋‹ด๋„ํ์‡„์„ฑ๊ฐ„์—ผ 1๋ก€, neonatal hepatitis 8๋ก€ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ๊ฐ„์—ผ (nonspecific reactive hepatitis) 14๋ก€๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ๋‹ด๋„ํ์ƒ‰์ฆ์€ 15๋ก€๋กœ์„œ ๋‚จ์•„์— 7๋ก€, ์—ฌ์•„์— 8๋ก€์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‚ด๋‹ด๋„ํ์ƒ‰์ด 2๋ก€, ๊ฐ„์™ธ๋‹ด๋„ํ์ƒ‰์ด 13๋ก€์˜€๋‹ค. 5. ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ฆ 4๋ก€๋Š” macronodular cirrhosis 2๋ก€์™€ bilary cirrhosis 2๋ก€์˜€๊ณ , ์•…์„ฑ์ข…์–‘ 3๋ก€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ metastatic neuroblastoma์˜€๋‹ค. 6. ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ณ€์„ฑ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ 12๋ก€์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 8๋ก€๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ Reye์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ฐ„์žฅ์งˆํ™˜ 18๋ก€์—๋Š” 6๋ก€์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ดด์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ทธ์™ธ์— ๊ฐ„์šธํ˜ˆ, ๊ฐ„๋†์–‘๋“ฑ ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7. HBsAg ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ 34๋ก€์ค‘ ์–‘์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ 11๋ก€๋กœ์„œ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ฐ„์—ผ 3๋ก€, ๋งŒ์„ฑํ™œ๋™์„ฑ๊ฐ„์—ผ 2๋ก€, ๋งŒ์„ฑ๋น„ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ๊ฐ„์—ผ 4๋ก€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ฆ 2๋ก€์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, neonatal hepatitis์™€ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ๋‹ด๋„ํ์ƒ‰์ฆ์€ ์ „์˜ˆ์—์„œ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ์ƒ๊ฒ€์กฐ์ง์ด ํŒ๋…์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ 94๋ก€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ž„์ƒ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์กฐ์งํ•™์ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ 57๋ก€๋กœ 60.6%์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] To investigate the liver diseases affecting infancy and childhood and to make a clinico-pathologic correlation, a total of 105 liver biopsies were examined and following results were obtained. 1. Of the 105 liver biopsies, 94 cases were available for the study, and the male to female ratio of liver biopsies in infancy and childhood was 1.8 : 1. 2. Of the 94 available cases, 36 were of diffuse hepatitis, 15 congenital biliary atregia, 4 liver cirrhosis and 3 were of malignant neoplasm. The liver biopsy showed only fatty metamorphosis in 12 cases (12.8%) and the remainings were of other rare liver diseases(19.1%) 1or of normal liver tissue(6.4%). 3. Diffuse hepatitis affected male 2.3 times more commonly than female, and comprised of 3 acute viral hepatitis, 3 chronic active hepatitis, 7 chronic persistent hepatitis, 1 cholangitis, 8 neonatal hepatitis and 14 nonspecific reactive hepatitis 4. Congenital biliary atresia affected male and female in about equal frequency, and 13 of the 15 cases were extrahepatic. 5. Two of the 4 liver cirrhosis were macronodular, and primary and 2ndary biliary cirrhosis were encountered one in each. 6. Of the 12 cases of fatty metamorphosis, 8 were regarded clinically as Reye's syndrome. 7. Among 34 cases in which the serum HBsAg was teated, 11 were positive, namely all of 3 acute viral hepatitis, 2 chronic active hepatitis, 4 chronic persistent hepatitis and all of 2 macronodular cirrhosis. In neonatal hepatitis and congenital biliary atresia it was exclusively negative. 8. The clinical diagnosis was compatible with the biopsy diagnosis in 60.6% of 94 cases.restrictio

    Gender Difference of Insulin Resistance in Obese Children and Adolescents

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    Purpose: It is known that insulin resistance is important because it may precede the development of Diabetes Mellitus. We evaluated the gender difference of insulin resistance in obese children & adolescents. Methods: 92 obese children and 187 adolescents (age:5-16 y, >95th percentile of the body mass index [BMI] for age and sex) were included in this study. The abdominal fat, abdominal circumference, and intraabdominal fat depth (IAFD), plasma fasting insulin, leptin, adiponectin, lipid profiles and high sensitive-C reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured, and a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test with insulin measurement were performed. Results: The plasma total cholesterol, leptin, fasting insulin & HOMA-IR levels of obese females were higher than those of obese males. The sex, waist circumference, IAFD & adiponectin levels were strongly correlated with HOMA-IR by multiple linear regression analysis (P<0.05). Conclusion: Adolescent females may have specific fat distribution and were expressed to have higher leptin and relatively lower adiponectin concentration compared to adolescent males, developing higher insulin resistance, even though having lesser abdominal fat and waist size. Further investigation is required to verify the gender difference of insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents.ope
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