27 research outputs found
Clinical Research Design and Biostatistical Methods
Purpose: To proceed effectively with clinical research requires an understanding of the fundamental principles of study design and biostatistical methods. In this article, we identified and summarized basic clinical research designs and some of the key biostatistical methods that have been commonly used in clinical research.
Materials and Methods: In an observational study, cross-sectional, case- control and Cohort designs were illustrated and compared. In a clinical trial study, parallel group design and cross-over designs were described according to their characteristics. Also, the biostatistical methods for their usages classified and summarized.
Results: Understanding and evaluating research design are part of the process researchers must use to determine both the quality and usefulness of their research. Adequate applications to biostatistical methods are need; i.e., descriptive statistics, Studentยดs t-test, ANOVA, nonparametrics, categorical data analysis, correlation and regression, and survival analysis.
Conclusions: Research findings are used by clinical researcher to guide their practice and reduce their uncertainty in clinical decision making. However, to understand how to interpret research results, it is important to be able to understand basic statistical concepts and types of study design. Clinicians should also appropriately choose the biostatistical methods to suit their purposes.ope
ํ์๋ฐ๋ฌ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ-๊ธฐ๊ด์ง ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น ์ธํฌ์ ๋ณ๋๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์์์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
์ํ๊ณผ/๋ฐ์ฌ[์๋ฌธ]
[ํ๊ธ]
Feyrter๊ฐ 1938๋
์ธ์ฒด ํ์กฐ์ง์์ โclear cellโ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ธํฌ๋ค์ ๋ด๋ถ๋น๊ธฐ
๋ฅ์ด ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์์ฌํ ์ดํ, ํ์๋ค์ ์ ์ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์ญ์ธํฌํํ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ
์ฌ ํ์ํผ์ธํฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ด๋ถ๋น๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ธํฌ์ ๊ทธ ๋ถ๋น๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ ํธํก์ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ง์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๊ธฐ๋์ ์ํผ์์ ์์ฅ๊ด์ Kultchitsky cell๊ณผ
์ ์ฌํ ์ธํฌ๋ค์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์๋๋ฐ ์ด ์ธํฌ๋ค์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ง์ ํนํ ๋ง์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๊ฐ์ฉ ํฉ์ด์ ธ ์๊ธฐ
๋ ํ๊ณ (neuroendocrine cell, NE์ธํฌ) ๋ช๊ฐ์ฉ ์ง๋จ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉด์ ์กด์ฌํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค(neuroep
ithelial bodies, NEB). NE์ธํฌ๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ ํน์ ํ๊ด์ ํตํ์ง ์๊ณ ์ ํธ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ์ธํฌ์ ์ง์
์ ๋ฌํ๋ paracrine๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ธ์๋ NEB์๋ ํํ์์ฉ์ฒด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ
์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น์ธํฌ๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ฆ์์ ์ ๋ํ์ง๋ง ์์ฅ๊ด๊ณผ ํธํก๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น์ธํฌ
์ ๋ํ์ฌ๋ ์ธ๋ฐฐ์์ธํฌ๋ผ๋ ๋ณ๋์ ์ธํฌ์์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๋ค๋ ํ์ค๊ณผ ๋ด๋ฐฐ์ฝ์ฑ ๋ฏธ๋ถํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ
ํฌ์์ ์ ๋ํ๋ค๋ ํ์ค๋ฑ์ด ์์ด ์์ง ๋ช
ํํ๊ฒ ๋ฐํ์ ธ ์์ง ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ฐฐํ์์ ํ์์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น์ธํฌ์ ์ถํ์๊ธฐ์ ์ถํ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ๊ฒ
์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ํ์ ๊ธฐ์์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ํ๋ น 6์ฃผ๋ถํฐ 37์ฃผ
๊น์ง์ ๋ฐฐํ์ 48์์ ํ๋ฐ์๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฐ ์ ์ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น์ธํฌ์ ๊ด
ํ ๋ฉด์ญ์ธํฌํํ์ ๊ฒ์์ ์ํํ์ฌ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.
1. ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น์ธํฌ๋ ํ๋ น 10์ฃผ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฒ์ ์ถํํ๋ฉฐ, neurone specific enolase๋ฅผ ํจ์
ํ ์ธํฌ๊ฐ ๋จผ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ bombesin์ ํจ์ ํ ์ธํฌ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ง๋ถํฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค.
2. ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น์ธํฌ๋ค์ ์ ๋ฌ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ํผ๋ด์๋ง ์กด์ฌํ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ง์ ์ ํ์ฌ ์์๋ค.
3. ํ๊ฐ์ฝ์กฐ์ง์๋ neurone specific enolase์์ฑ์ธ ์ ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ง์ ์์ผ๋ bombesin์ ํจ
์ ํ ์ธํฌ์ ์ ์ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น๊ณผ๋ฆฝ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ธํฌ๋ ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์์๋ค.
4. ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น์ธํฌ๋ ์ ๋ฌ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ํ๋ฐํ ์ธ๊ด๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค.
5. ํํฌ๊ธฐ์์๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น์ธํฌ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฌ๊ธฐ๋ก์๋ง ์์ ์กด์ฌํ๊ณ ํํฌ ๋ฐ ํํฌ๊ด์๋ ์
์๋ค.
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข
ํฉํ๋ฉด ํ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น์ธํฌ๋ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ง, ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ง์ ํจ๊ป ๋ด๋ฐฐ์ฝ์์
์ ๋ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ด๋ถ๋น์ธํฌ๋ ์ ๋ฌ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๋ถ์งํ๋์ด๋ ์ ์ฐ์์ํ์ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก
์๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
The Pattern and Significance of Bronchopulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells according to
the Developmental Stage of Human Lung
Mea Young Chung
Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University
(Directed by Prof. Yoo Bock Lee, M.D. and Chan Il Park, M.D.)
Since Feyrter first suggested an endocrine role for the โclear cellโ of the
lung(1938), investigators have sought to identify hormones or their precursors in
pulmonary epithelial cells. Cells, which morphologically resemble the Kultchitsky
cells of the gut, appearing singly(neuroendocrine cell, NE cell) and in large
clusters(neuroepithelial bodies, NEB), are found in developing airways, being most
numerous at the bronchiolar level.
It has been postulated that solitary NE cell and NEB have a paracrine function,
implying that they transmit signals to neighboring cells directly rather than
through neural connections or through the vascular circulation. NEB have been
postulated to have a chemoreceptor function as well.
The majority of neuroendocrine cells in the body is believed to be neural crest
origin. However, the origin of neuroendocrine cells in alimentary and respiratory
tracts is controversial.
The present study was undertaken to investigate timing and site of initial
appearance and subsequent changes of the bronchopulmonary neuroendocrin cells, and
to seek their origin and possible role.
In this study, light microscopic, electron microscopic and immunocytochemical
examinations were carried on 48 embryos and fetuses of 6 to 37 weeks of gestation
to evaluate the development of lung, particularly on the neuroendocrine cells, and
the following results were obtained.
1. Neuroendocrine cells appeared first at 10 weeks of gestation; NSE-containg
cells were demonstrated early in fetal life but bombesin-contains cells late in
glandular phase.
2. Neuroendocrine cells, which were localized only within intraepithelial
pulmonary conducting airway, were located along the basement membrane.
3. In pulmonary mesenchymal tissue, there was NSE positive nerve tissue but no
bombesin-containing cell, and no neuroendocrine granule-containing cells by
electron microscopic study.
4. Neuroendocrine cells appeared most numerous in canalicular phase when there
was most tractive branching of the conducting airways.
5. In alveolar phase, a few of neuroendocrine cells were localized only at
conducting airway and they were not seen in alveoli and alveoli ducts.
In summary, it is concluded that pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are derived from
entoderm together with bronchi and bronchioles and the neuroendocrine cells are
thought to be related to branching of the conducting airways and/or to hypoxic
state.restrictio
ํต๊ณ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ํ๊ฐ
Dept. of Graduate Program in Biostatistics and Computing/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]๊ตฐ์ง๋ถ์์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์๋ ค์ง ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ ์์ด์๋ถ๋ฅ๋ถ์์ ํ ์ ์์ ๋ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทผ์ ์ฑ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฃนํ ์ํค๋๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ค. ํนํ ์ํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ด ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค.๊ณ ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์ง๋ถ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ง์ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ฃผ๊ด์ ์ธ ์
์ฅ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์ถ๋ก ํ์ฌ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋๋ถํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ ๊ตฐ์ง๋ถ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์์๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด EM ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ, Maximum a Posteriori ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ Gibbssampler์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น๊ต๋ถ์ํ๊ณ , ๋ง๋ถ์ฌ ๊ตฐ์ง์ ์๋ฅผํ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก Bayesian Information Criteria์ Laplace MetropolisCriteria๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ฉ์์ผ ๋น๊ตํด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ถ์ ํ๊ตฐ์ง์ ์์ ์ค์ ๊ตฐ์ง์ ์๊ฐ ์ผ์นํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ด์๋ค.๋ํ, ์ค๋ถ๋ฅ์จ๋ ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์ฌ ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๊ตฐ์ง์ ์๋ฅผํ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก Modified Fisher's Discriminant Criteria๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]The cluster analysis has been a popular method for the statisticalclassification. In particular, some high-dimensional medical datahave been confronted with such classification problem. The classicalcluster analysis, however, has the theoretical shortcoming, becausethe inference to determine the number of clusters does not have anytheoretical backgrounds. To estimate the number of clusters, thisdissertation explores the cluster analysis through EM algorithm,Maximum a Posteriori and Gibbs sampler. In addition, we investigatesome appropriate assessment tools such as Baysian Informationcriteria, Laplace Metropolis criteria and the modified Fisher'sdiscriminant criteria in order to determine the number of clusters.ope
(A) study of the liver biopsies in infancy and childhood
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
Silvermann์นจ์ด ๊ฐ์๊ฒ์ ์ด์ฉ๋ ํ๋ถํฐ ์ต๊ทผ์ ๋ณต๊ฐ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๋์ ๊ฐ์นจ์๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ํ๋ฅ ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ํ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋ง์ฑ์งํ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ๊ตญ์์ ์ธ ์งํ์ ์ง๋จ๊น์ง๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ง์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์๊ฒ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ๊ณผ ์ง๋จ๋ฅ ์ ํฅ์์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ฏธ์์ ์์์ ๊ฐ์งํ์ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์นจ์๊ฒ์ ์ด์ฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์์๋ ์์ง ์์์ ๊ฐ์๊ฒ์กฐ์ง์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ทนํ ๋ฏธํกํ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ์ ์๋ 1976๋
๋ถํฐ 1980๋
๊น์ง 5๋
๊ฐ ์ฐ์ธ์๋ฃ์์ ์
์ํ ํ์์์ ์ง๋จ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ ๊ฐ์๊ฒ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ณ๋ฆฌ์กฐ์งํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ๊ณ ์์ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ์ฌ์๊ฒฌ์ ์ข
ํฉํ์ฌ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.
1. ๊ฒ์ํ ๊ฐ์กฐ์ง ์ด 105๋ก ์ค ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋์์ด ๋์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ถฉ๋ถํ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ธํ 94๋ก์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๊ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ ์งํ์ ๋จ๋
๋ฐ์๋น๋์ ๋น๋ 1.8:1 ์ด์๋ค.
2. ๋ณ๋ฆฌ์กฐ์งํ์ ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ฑ๊ฐ์ผ์ด 38.3%, ์ ์ฒ์ฑ ๋ด๋ํ์์ฆ์ด 15.9%๋ก์ ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ์ด์์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณ์ฆ 4.3 %, ์ ์ด์ 3.2%, ์ง๋ฐฉ๋ณ์ฑ 12.8%, ๊ธฐํ ๊ฐ์ฅ์งํ 19.1% ๋ฐ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์กฐ์ง์ด 6.4%์ด์๋ค.
3. ๋ฏธ๋ง์ฑ๊ฐ์ผ์ 36๋ก๋ก ๋ง์ฑ ๋จ๋
๋น๋ 2.3:1์ด์๊ณ ๊ธ์ฑ๊ฐ์ผ 3๋ก, ๋ง์ฑํ๋๊ฐ์ผ 3๋ก, ๋ง์ฑ๋นํ๋์ฑ๊ฐ์ผ 7์. ๋ด๋ํ์์ฑ๊ฐ์ผ 1๋ก, neonatal hepatitis 8๋ก ๋ฐ ํน์ด์ฑ ๋ฐ์์ฑ๊ฐ์ผ (nonspecific reactive hepatitis) 14๋ก๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋์๋ค.
4. ์ ์ฒ์ฑ ๋ด๋ํ์์ฆ์ 15๋ก๋ก์ ๋จ์์ 7๋ก, ์ฌ์์ 8๋ก์๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ด๋ด๋ํ์์ด 2๋ก, ๊ฐ์ธ๋ด๋ํ์์ด 13๋ก์๋ค.
5. ๊ฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณ์ฆ 4๋ก๋ macronodular cirrhosis 2๋ก์ bilary cirrhosis 2๋ก์๊ณ , ์
์ฑ์ข
์ 3๋ก๋ ๋ชจ๋ metastatic neuroblastoma์๋ค.
6. ์ง๋ฐฉ๋ณ์ฑ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒ์ 12๋ก์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค 8๋ก๋ ์์์ ์ผ๋ก Reye์ฆํ๊ตฐ์ด์๋ค.
๊ธฐํ ๊ฐ์ฅ์งํ 18๋ก์๋ 6๋ก์ ๊ฐ๊ดด์ฌ์ ๊ทธ์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ธํ, ๊ฐ๋์๋ฑ ํฌ๊ทํ ์งํ๋ค์ด ํฌํจ๋์๋ค.
7. HBsAg ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ 34๋ก์ค ์์ฑ์ด์๋ ๊ฒ์ 11๋ก๋ก์ ๊ธ์ฑ๊ฐ์ผ 3๋ก, ๋ง์ฑํ๋์ฑ๊ฐ์ผ 2๋ก, ๋ง์ฑ๋นํ๋์ฑ๊ฐ์ผ 4๋ก ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ฆ 2๋ก์์ผ๋ฉฐ, neonatal hepatitis์ ์ ์ฒ์ฑ ๋ด๋ํ์์ฆ์ ์ ์์์ ์์ฑ์ด์๋ค.
5. ์๊ฒ์กฐ์ง์ด ํ๋
์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ์๋ 94๋ก์ ์์ด์ ์์์ง๋จ๊ณผ ๋ณ๋ฆฌ์กฐ์งํ์ ์ง๋จ์ด ์ผ์นํ์๋ ๊ฒ์ 57๋ก๋ก 60.6%์๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
To investigate the liver diseases affecting infancy and childhood and to make a clinico-pathologic correlation, a total of 105 liver biopsies were examined and following results were obtained.
1. Of the 105 liver biopsies, 94 cases were available for the study, and the male to female ratio of liver biopsies in infancy and childhood was 1.8 : 1.
2. Of the 94 available cases, 36 were of diffuse hepatitis, 15 congenital biliary atregia, 4 liver cirrhosis and 3 were of malignant neoplasm. The liver biopsy showed only fatty metamorphosis in 12 cases (12.8%) and the remainings were of
other rare liver diseases(19.1%) 1or of normal liver tissue(6.4%).
3. Diffuse hepatitis affected male 2.3 times more commonly than female, and comprised of 3 acute viral hepatitis, 3 chronic active hepatitis, 7 chronic persistent hepatitis, 1 cholangitis, 8 neonatal hepatitis and 14 nonspecific reactive hepatitis
4. Congenital biliary atresia affected male and female in about equal frequency, and 13 of the 15 cases were extrahepatic.
5. Two of the 4 liver cirrhosis were macronodular, and primary and 2ndary biliary cirrhosis were encountered one in each.
6. Of the 12 cases of fatty metamorphosis, 8 were regarded clinically as Reye's syndrome.
7. Among 34 cases in which the serum HBsAg was teated, 11 were positive, namely all of 3 acute viral hepatitis, 2 chronic active hepatitis, 4 chronic persistent hepatitis and all of 2 macronodular cirrhosis. In neonatal hepatitis and congenital
biliary atresia it was exclusively negative.
8. The clinical diagnosis was compatible with the biopsy diagnosis in 60.6% of 94 cases.restrictio
Gender Difference of Insulin Resistance in Obese Children and Adolescents
Purpose: It is known that insulin resistance is important because it may precede the development of Diabetes Mellitus. We evaluated the gender difference of insulin resistance in obese children & adolescents.
Methods: 92 obese children and 187 adolescents (age:5-16 y, >95th percentile of the body mass index [BMI] for age and sex) were included in this study. The abdominal fat, abdominal circumference, and intraabdominal fat depth (IAFD), plasma fasting insulin, leptin, adiponectin, lipid profiles and high sensitive-C reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured, and a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test with insulin measurement were performed.
Results: The plasma total cholesterol, leptin, fasting insulin & HOMA-IR levels of obese females were higher than those of obese males. The sex, waist circumference, IAFD & adiponectin levels were strongly correlated with HOMA-IR by multiple linear regression analysis (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Adolescent females may have specific fat distribution and were expressed to have higher leptin and relatively lower adiponectin concentration compared to adolescent males, developing higher insulin resistance, even though having lesser abdominal fat and waist size. Further investigation is required to verify the gender difference of insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents.ope