자원의 저주의 조건: 석탄과 석유의 산업 구조와 무역 패턴의 비교를 통하여

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 국제대학원 : 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2014. 8. 이근.본 논문은 서로 다른 종류의 자연자원이 국가의 경제발전에 어떤 영향을 가지는지를 정치경제적 관점에서 연구하였다. 기존 자원의 저주(Resource curse) 현상에 대한 많은 연구가 있어왔지만, 이들은 자원에 기반한 효과적인 경제발전의 사례를 설명하지 못하는 점에서 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 자원의존국가들의 다양한 경제발전의 역학관계와 결과를 이해하기 위한 새로운 틀을 마련하고자 하였다. 특히, 본 연구는 Schwartz의 후기발전모델 (Schwartzs model of late development)에 차용, Schwartz의 자원기반 발전모델(Extended Schwartzs model of resource-led development)을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구는 먼저 인간 생활의 필수적 에너지원인 석탄과 석유의 기본적 특징을 세 가지 측면 (지리적 집중도, 유동성과 운송수단, 자원추출과 생산에 요구되는 기술력의 정도)에서 비교한다. 나아가 이렇듯 서로 다른 성격의 자원이 두 가지 측면에서 자원의 저주 (Resource curse)와 자원의 저주의 부재(Non-existence of resource curse)라는 상반된 결과로 이어지는 것을 밝히고자 하였다. 이 때, 두 가지 연결고리를 구체화하는 것이 중요한데, 먼저 자원을 사용한 경제발전은 무역패턴과 산업구조적 측면에서 구별된다. 이러한 차이는 나아가 국가와 사회, 외부 요소 간 상호작용에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다. 본 연구는 미국과 사우디아라비아를 비교, 각각 석탄과 석유를 이용한 경제발전 경로의 대표적 사례로써 연구하였다. 또한 경제, 역사, 정치 등 다양한 분야의 연구를 비교 연구에 적용함으로써 어떻게 국내 정치경제의 역학 및 국내와 국제 정치경제의 상호 관계가 한 국가의 경제발전 경로에 영향을 미치는지 설명하고자 하였다. 이러한 과정을 통해 본 논문은 기존 자원 연구와 차별되는 새로운 정치경제적 분석틀을 제공하고, 자원기반 경제발전의 다양한 과정을 체계적으로 분석하는 데 기여하고자 하였다.The primary concern of the thesis is to identify heterogeneous impacts of different types of natural resources on economic development of countries. Although there have been extensive researches conducted on the phenomenon of resource curse, it is shown that they remain incomplete in failing to explain cases of resource-led economic developments found in historical perspective. Acknowledging this shortcoming, this research proposes the extended Schwartzs model of resource-led development on the basis of Schwartzs model of late development, as a new framework to understand divergent outcomes of economic development between resource-dependent countries. First of all, this new extended model is applied to compare different characteristics of coal and oil, in terms of the geographic concentration, fluidity and means of transport, and the level of technology. Second, in more detail, it proceeds to examine two linkages connecting these distinctive characteristics of natural resources and their lead up to different consequences between existence and absence of resource curse. Here, two linkages are sequential in that the first linkage of how different types of natural resources result in distinctive trade patterns and industrial structure is what influences the second linkage of interactions between state and society vis-à-vis external factors of influence. Here, two case analyses cover the case of the U.S. with its reliance on large coal reserves and production in comparison with the case of Saudi Arabia with its role as a powerful oil producer. Moreover, by incorporating different principles such as economy, history, and politics altogether in comparative perspective, this research highlights the importance of domestic politics where many different motives and interests of domestic actors are in constant contest as well as its relations to external sources of influence. By distinguishing coal and oil and in particular by drawing a new political economy framework into the analysis, this research departs from conventional takes on resource curse, better situated to capture the comprehensive picture of the varying courses of resource-led economic development.Acknowledgements Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures I. Introduction 1 II. Review on Previous Studies 3 2.1. Resource Curse 3 2.2. Resource Blessing 12 2.3. Theoretical approaches to economic development 15 2.3.1. Comparative Advantages and Trade 17 2.3.2. Industrialisation and late development 20 2.4. Types of natural resources 24 2.5. Research Question 26 2.5.1. Shortcomings of previous studies 26 2.5.2. Research Question 27 III. Analytical Framework 29 3.1. Schwartzs Model of Late Development 29 3.2. Extended Schwartzs model of resource-led development 36 3.3. Proposition 43 3.4. Methodology 46 IV. Analysis I- Coal and the U.S. 49 4.1. Overview 49 4.2. Basic characteristics of coal 52 4.3. Trade patterns and Industrial structure 57 4.4. Extended Schwartzs model of resource-led development 61 V. Analysis II- Oil and Saudi Arabia 68 5.1. Overview 68 5.2. Basic characteristics of oil 5.3. Trade patterns and industrial structure 73 5.4. Extended Schwartzs model of resource-led development 77 VI. Conclusion 85 References Appendix I - Coal Production in the Leading Coal-Producing Countries of the World Appendix II - GDP by Industry (U.S.) Appendix III - GDP by Industry (Saudi Arabia) Abstract (Korean)Maste

나노 산화티타늄과 나노 산화아연이 토마토와 강낭콩의 생장과 항산화 반응에 미치는 영향

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 생명과학부, 2012. 8. 이은주.Abstract Although representative environmental pollution research institutions, the USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) and the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), have been doing research in many fields, research concerning the effects of nanoparticles on plants is still rare. In this study, I studied the effects of nanoparticles nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO on the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants. The effects of two types of nanoparticles (nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO) on seed germination and root growth of two higher plant species, the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants were investigated. The concentration range of the nanoparticles spanned from 0 to 5000 mg/L. In order to account for agglomeration and precipitation, a filter paper in a petri dish with distilled water (DW) was used. At all concentration levels, both nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO did not significantly affect the seed germination of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants. However, significant inhibition of root length appeared in the treatment of nano-ZnO on the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plant except at the highest concentration level of nano-ZnO. The same nanoparticle, nano-ZnO, significantly hampered the root length of the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plant at high concentration levels (1000, 2500 and 5000 mg/L). The plant seeds’ uptake of the nanoparticles was also analyzed. In regard to nano-TiO2, after an exposure of 48 hours (mg/kg), it was observed that when the concentration of nano-TiO2 on the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds increased, the uptake of nano-TiO2 by the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds increased in a linear relationship although it was not significantly different. In addition, the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds, at 100 mg/L, nano-TiO2 was not detected and at other higher nano-TiO2 concentrations it was detected. In the uptake analysis of nano-ZnO by the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds, after an exposure of 48 hours (mg/kg), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds also showed a significantly increased nano-ZnO uptake when the concentration of nano-ZnO on kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds increased. In addition to seeds, nanoparticle uptake by the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings after an exposure of 15 days (mg/kg) was also measured. Although the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings didn’t show significant differences with concentration levels of nano-TiO2, the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings showed significantly increased nano-TiO2 uptake at the highest concentration level (5000 mg/L). In nano-ZnO uptake by the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings, after an exposure of 15 days (mg/kg), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings showed significantly increased nano-ZnO uptake at the highest level (5000 mg/L) and in the case of the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings, the uptake of nano-ZnO significantly increased with increased concentration levels. To determine the size of the nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO in solution, after 14 days the hydrodynamic diameter of the nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO uptake in a petri dish was measured. A FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope) was used to measure the diameter. For solutions which showed a particle diameter over 1000 nm, an Axio Zeiss Imager A1 with a differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope was used. In the case of nano-TiO2, the particle’s hydrodynamic diameter at the highest concentration significantly showed the largest diameter. In the case of nano-ZnO, the hydrodynamic diameter of nano-ZnO significantly increased with increased concentration levels. Also, after 7 days in a petri dish, according to the hydrodynamic diameter of the nano-TiO2 uptake, the hydrodynamic diameter of nano-TiO2 at the highest nano-TiO2 concentration significantly showed the largest diameter. Mature tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants only showed the significant difference by nano-TiO2 at the highest Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in the highest (1000 mg/L) treatment. Also, mature tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants and mature kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants showed no significant differences by concentration levels of nano-ZnO. The chlorophyll contents of mature tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants after either nano-TiO2 or nano-ZnO exposure of 7 days (mg/L) showed no significant differences with different concentrations of nanoparticles (nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO). And chlorophyll contents of mature kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants after a nano-ZnO exposure of 7 days (mg/L) also showed no significant differences with different concentrations of nanoparticles (nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO). After an exposure of 5 weeks (mg/L), nano-TiO2 uptake by the mature tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants was measured dividing plant parts by root, stem, leaf and fruit. At the root, leaf, fruit parts, there were no significant differences with different nano-TiO2 concentration levels. However, at the stem part, when nano-TiO2 concentration levels increased, the nano-TiO2 uptake of the mature tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants decreased inversely. Also, after an exposure of 5 weeks (mg/L), the nano-ZnO uptake of the mature tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants was measured and only the mature tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants showed significant differences. When the concentration of nano-ZnO increased, the uptake of nano-ZnO by the mature tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants also increased. To confirm the results of the hydrodynamic diameter of the nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO uptake, Pchem (Physical chemistry) datas (hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential) were measured by ELS. In the case of nano-TiO2 in DW, when the concentration of nano-TiO2 increased, the hydrodynamic diameter of nano-TiO2 decreased. Nano-TiO2 in a Hoagland solution showed an increased hydrodynamic diameter of nano-TiO2 when the concentration of nano-TiO2 increased. Then, we also measured the hydrodynamic diameter of nano-ZnO in DW. When the concentration level of nano-ZnO increased, the hydrodynamic diameter of nano-ZnO decreased. Key words: nano-TiO2 , nano-ZnO, Lycopersicon esculentum, Phaseolus vulgaris, antioxidant enzyme activities, PchemList of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................... ⅰ List of Contents............................................................................................................... ⅳ List of Figures................................................................................................................. ⅵ List of Tables.................................................................................................................. ⅶ Ⅰ. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1 Ⅱ. Method......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Preparation of Particles and Cultures.................................................................. 4 2.1.1. Germination Research...................................................................................... 4 2.1.2. Root Elongation Research................................................................................ 7 2.1.3. Pot Research..................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Analyzing methods................................................................................................ 9 2.2.1. Measurement of Antioxidant enzyme activity................................................. 9 2.2.2. Measurement of Chlorophyll contents ......................................................... 10 2.2.3. ICP analysis.................................................................................................... 10 2.2.4. FE-SEM and Image J analysis....................................................................... 11 2.2.5. Pchem analysis............................................................................................... 11 2.3. Statistical analyses............................................................................................. 11 Ⅲ. Results............................................................................................................... 12 3.1. Seed germination rate of nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO treated tomato (L. esculentum) and kidney bean (P. vulgaris)....................................................... 12 3.2.1. nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO uptake by tomato (L. esculentum) and kidney bean (P. vulgaris) seeds........................................................................................... 15 3.2.2. Effect of nano-ZnO on the increase rate of kidney bean (P. vulgaris)’s seed biomass .......................................................................................................... 19 3.3. Root elongation rate of nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO treated tomato (L. esculentum) and kidney bean (P. vulgaris)...................................................... 21 3.4.1. nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO uptake by tomato (L. esculentum) and kidney bean (P. vulgaris) seedlings................................................................................... 24 3.4.2. Effect of nano-TiO2 on the seedling biomass of tomato (L. esculentum).... 26 3.5. Hydrodynamic diameter of nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO uptake in a petri dish. 28 3.6. Chlorophyll contents of mature tomato (L. esculentum) and kidney bean (P. vulgaris) after nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO exposure of 7 days (mg/L)............. 31 3.7. Antioxidant enzyme activity of tomato (L. esculentum) and kidney bean (P. vulgaris) by nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO.............................................................. 33 3.7.1. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC)............................................................... 33 3.7.2. Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD)........................................................ 35 3.8.1. nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO uptake by mature tomato (L. esculentum) and mature kidney bean (P. vulgaris).................................................................... 37 3.8.2. Effect of nano-ZnO on the height of mature kidney bean (P. vulgaris)... 39 3.9. Pchem results of nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO................................................. 41 3.9.1. Pchem results (Hydrodynamic diameter) of A) nano-TiO2 in DW and B) nano- TiO2 in Hoagland solution............................................................ 41 3.9.2. Pchem results of A) nano-ZnO (Hydrodynamic diameter) in DW and B) nano-ZnO (Zeta Potential) in DW............................................................. 43 Ⅳ. Discussion............................................................................................................... 45 Ⅴ. References.............................................................................................................. 50Maste