23 research outputs found

    Tryptanthrin Suppresses the Activation of the LPS-Treated BV2 Microglial Cell Line via Nrf2/HO-1 Antioxidant Signaling

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    Microglia are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) and play essential roles in neuronal homeostasis and neuroinflammatory pathologies. Recently, microglia have been shown to contribute decisively to neuropathologic processes after ischemic stroke. Furthermore, natural compounds have been reported to attenuate inflammation and pathologies associated with neuroinflammation. Tryptanthrin (indolo[2,1-b]quinazoline-6,12-dione) is a phytoalkaloid with known anti-inflammatory effects in cells. In present study, the authors confirmed middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) injury triggers the activation of microglia in brain tissue, and investigated whether tryptanthrin influences the function of mouse murine BV2 microglia under LPS-induced inflammatory conditions in vitro. It was found tryptanthrin protected BV2 microglia cells against LPS-induced inflammation and inhibited the induction of M1 phenotype microglia under inflammatory conditions. In addition, tryptanthrin reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglia cells via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling and NF-ฮบB signaling. The authors suggest that tryptanthrin might alleviate the progress of neuropathologies by controlling microglial functions under neuroinflammatory conditions.ope

    Development of video-based educational materials for kidney-transplant patients

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    Introduction: Treatment adherence has been evaluated as a major predictor of long-term outcome, and education has been suggested to improve adherence. Considering the characteristics of adult learners, it is necessary to implement educational programs that meet the needs of transplant patients. Multimedia education may be well-suited for this. This study aims to develop video education materials in accordance with transplant patients' self-care needs. Methods: This study includes a literature review and patient interviews aimed at developing video education materials for the self-care needs of patients who underwent renal transplant surgery at a university hospital in Seoul. Ten patients were interviewed about the desired educational content, accessibility, and other preferences. After verifying the validity of the data, the video scenarios were produced and satisfaction surveys were conducted. Results: Eleven self-care education items were identified through interviews with 10 kidney transplant patients. The expert validation of video-based educational content result was high (mean CVI = 0.94). The mean score of the patients' satisfaction evaluation of the completed 7-minute video instructional materials was also high (4.55 on a 5-point Likert scale). Conclusion: Findings indicate that the video education materials will meet the needs of adult learners and mitigate the limitations of the existing education programs by increasing interest and motivation and may contribute to increased treatment adherence and ultimately, positively effect self-care for new transplant patients.ope

    PKA Inhibitor H89 (N-[2-p-bromocinnamylamino-ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide) Attenuates Synaptic Dysfunction and Neuronal Cell Death following Ischemic Injury

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    The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which activates prosurvival signaling proteins, has been implicated in the expression of long-term potentiation and hippocampal long-term memory. It has come to light that H89 commonly known as the PKA inhibitor have diverse roles in the nervous system that are unrelated to its role as a PKA inhibitor. We have investigated the role of H89 in ischemic and reperfusion injury. First, we examined the expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and synaptophysin in mouse brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion injury. Next, we examined the role of H89 pretreatment on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), PSD95, MAP2, and the apoptosis regulators Bcl2 and cleaved caspase-3 in cultured neuroblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia and reperfusion injury. In addition, we investigated the alteration of AKT activation in H89 pretreated neuroblastoma cells under hypoxia and reperfusion injury. The data suggest that H89 may contribute to brain recovery after ischemic stroke by regulating neuronal death and proteins related to synaptic plasticity.ope

    Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is linked to neural stem cell differentiation after ischemic brain injury

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    Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been suggested as a groundbreaking solution for stroke patients because they have the potential for self-renewal and differentiation into neurons. The differentiation of NSCs into neurons is integral for increasing the therapeutic efficiency of NSCs during inflammation. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is preferentially activated by oxidative stress and inflammation, which is the fundamental pathology of brain damage in stroke. ASK1 may be involved in the early inflammation response after stroke and may be related to the differentiation of NSCs because of the relationship between ASK1 and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Therefore, we investigated whether ASK1 is linked to the differentiation of NSCs under the context of inflammation. On the basis of the results of a microarray analysis, we performed the following experiments: western blot analysis to confirm ASK1, DCX, MAP2, phospho-p38 expression; fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay to estimate cell death; and immunocytochemistry to visualize and confirm the differentiation of cells in brain tissue. Neurosphere size and cell survival were highly maintained in ASK1-suppressed, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated brains compared with only LPS-treated brains. The number of positive cells for MAP2, a neuronal marker, was lower in the ASK1-suppressed group than in the control group. According to our microarray data, phospho-p38 expression was inversely linked to ASK1 suppression, and our immunohistochemistry data showed that slight upregulation of ASK1 by LPS promoted the differentiation of endogenous, neuronal stem cells into neurons, but highly increased ASK1 levels after cerebral ischemic damage led to high levels of cell death. We conclude that ASK1 is regulated in response to the early inflammation phase and regulates the differentiation of NSCs after inflammatory-inducing events, such as ischemic stroke.ope

    Administration of Low-Dose Dexmedetomidine Did Not Affect Acute Inflammatory Response after Cytoreductive Surgery Combined with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

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    During cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), attenuation of inflammatory responses that increase susceptibility to postoperative complications, morbidity, and mortality is important. We aimed to evaluate whether intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion impacted inflammatory response in patients undergoing CRS with HIPEC. Fifty-six patients scheduled for CRS with HIPEC were randomly assigned to the control (n = 28) and dexmedetomidine (n = 28) groups. The primary endpoint was the effect of dexmedetomidine on the interleukin-6 (IL-6) level measured at pre-operation (Pre-OP), before HIPEC initiation (Pre-HIPEC), immediately after HIPEC; after the end of the operation; and on postoperative day (POD) 1. In both groups, the IL-6 levels from Pre-HIPEC until POD 1 and the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels on PODs 1, 2, and 3 were significantly higher than the Pre-OP values (all Bonferroni corrected, p < 0.001). However, total differences in IL-6 and CRP levels, based on the mean area under the curve, were not detected between the two groups. The continuous intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.4 ฮผg/kg/h) in patients undergoing CRS with HIPEC did not significantly lower the inflammatory indices. Further dose investigative studies are needed to find the dexmedetomidine dose that provides anti-inflammatory and sympatholytic effects during HIPEC.ope

    An Analysis of Piri solo <Chants of Rain>

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์Œ์•…๋Œ€ํ•™ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ, 2021.8. ๊น€๊ฒฝ์•„.The study analyzed Thomas Osborne's piri solo , commissioned and premiered in 2013, and the results were as follows: First, was Thomas Osborne's first piri solo, based on the medieval church chant, โ€œRorate Caeli.โ€ Using the unique tone and technique of the piri, it was intended to create the feeling of chant. Second, the song consists of a total of 13 periodes, intro and A๏ฝžL, with a total of 252 bars. There are no key signatures on all parts, and the appearance notes allows to infer modes by periode. The entire song is composed of Dorian and Aeolian modes, which are influenced by the original song. Third, it has the characteristics of repeating and transforming a particular melody within each large periode. Similar melody lines appear in paragraphs A and B, and paragraphs J and K. Especially at the beginning and the end of the song, the melody of the chant is emphasized. Major melody types consist of eโ™ญ-f introduction melody(ใ‰ melody type), g-eโ™ญ-dโ™ญmelody(ใ‰กmelody type), Bโ™ญ-f-aโ™ญf-aโ™ญmelody(ใ‰ขmelody type) and bโ™ญ-f'-a'โ™ญmelody(ใ‰ฃmelody type). Among them, ใ‰ melody type is also a major melody in the original chants. Fourth, the rhythm also features similar patterns repeated within the large periodes. Similar rhythms appear when similar melodies are repeated within a periode. And during repetition, variations occur in which the rhythms are magnified or reduced or split into short rhythms. Frequent rhythms include hemiola, three-divided rhythm pattern, and a syncopation. Fifth, dynamics and vibrato(nong-eum) appear in conjunction with melody line, emphasizing the feeling of music coming from melody line. It also uses tremolos, portamentos, and bi-cheong to reveal the piri's tone and special technique. The theatrical device presented by the composer expresses the diminuendo, where the music moves away from the eyes and ears at the same time. Thus, incorporates two different cultures into the work by being based on Gregorian chants in mode and melody, and utilizing their own piri in tone and playing techniques. Through this study, I hope those who want to play "Chants of Rain" can understand more deeply, and that the fusion of various cultures will create more new piri solos.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2013๋…„์— ์œ„์ด‰ ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์—ฐ๋œ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์˜ค์Šค๋ณธ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ ๋…์ฃผ๊ณก์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์€ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์˜ค์Šค๋ณธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ ๋…์ฃผ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์„ธ ๊ตํšŒ ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์ธ โ€œRorate Caeliโ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ณก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์Œ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ณธ ๊ณก์€ ์ด 252๋งˆ๋””๋กœ Intro์™€ A๏ฝžL์˜ ์ด 13๋‹จ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์กฐํ‘œ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ถœํ˜„์Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฝ๋ณ„ ์„ ๋ฒ•์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณก ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์—์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์›๊ณก์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ฐ ๋Œ€๋‹จ๋ฝ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ์„ ์œจ์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. A๋‹จ๋ฝ๊ณผ B๋‹จ๋ฝ, J๋‹จ๋ฝ๊ณผ K๋‹จ๋ฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์„ ์œจ ์ง„ํ–‰์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ๊ณก์˜ ์•ž๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ ์œจ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์„ ์œจํ˜•์€ eโ™ญ-f๋„์ž…์„ ์œจ(ใ‰ ์„ ์œจํ˜•), g-eโ™ญ- dโ™ญ์„ ์œจ(ใ‰ก์„ ์œจํ˜•), Bโ™ญ-f-aโ™ญ-f-aโ™ญ์„ ์œจ(ใ‰ข์„ ์œจํ˜•), bโ™ญ-f'-a'โ™ญ์„ ์œจ(ใ‰ฃ์„ ์œจํ˜•)์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ใ‰ ์„ ์œจํ˜•์€ ์›๊ณก ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ ์œจ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹จ๋ฝ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฝ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์„ ์œจ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋  ๋•Œ ์œ ์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž” ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์€ ํ—ค๋ฏธ์˜ฌ๋ผ, 3๋ถ„ํ•  ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ผด, ๋‹น๊น€์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ์…ˆ์—ฌ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๋†์Œ์€ ์„ ์œจ ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์„ ์œจ ์ง„ํ–‰์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠธ๋ ˆ๋ชฐ๋กœ, ํฌ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฉ˜ํ† , ๋น„์ฒญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์Œ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ํŠน์ˆ˜์ฃผ๋ฒ•์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ทน์  ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…์ด ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๊ท€์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋””๋ฏธ๋ˆ„์—”๋„๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์€ ์„ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์„ ์œจ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์Œ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์—ฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋…น์—ฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ณก์„ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ ๋…์ฃผ๊ณก์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  5 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 12 II. ๋ณธ๋ก  13 1. ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ์š” 13 1) ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆํ™œ๋™ 13 2) ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ์š” 21 2. ์•…๊ณก ๋ถ„์„ 23 1) ์•…๊ณก ๊ตฌ์กฐ 24 2) ์„ ์œจ ๋ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ๋ถ„์„ 29 3. ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฒ• ๋ถ„์„ 80 1) ์…ˆ์—ฌ๋ฆผ 80 2) ๋†์Œ 98 3) ํŠธ๋ ˆ๋ชฐ๋กœ 102 4) ํฌ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฉ˜ํ†  105 5) ๋น„์ฒญ 107 6) ์—ฐ๊ทน์  ์žฅ์น˜ 111 III. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  114 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 116 Abstract 118 ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ 121 ์œ„์ด‰ ์ดˆ์—ฐ์ž์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ 124 ์•…๋ณด 128์„

    (A) study on the Ha Geun-chan`s novels

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ(ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต),2009.8.Maste

    ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2013. 8. ๊น€์ข…์šฑ.ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ฑ์ธ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ ์ƒ์• ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ๊ต์œก์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ–์—์„œ์˜ ๊ต์œก ์—ญ์‹œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌดํ˜•์‹ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ TV๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ TV ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์˜์‹๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์  ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ต์œก์  ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” TV๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์†Œ์–‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํ˜•์‹ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์งˆ์  ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์‚ฌํšŒ์ โ€ง์ฒ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ, ์ƒํƒœํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ง„๋ณด์™€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ƒ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ƒํƒœํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 80๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 90๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒํƒœ์  ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋“ค๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์—๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์—†๋Š” ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ž์›์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์ด ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์›์ ˆ์•ฝ์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ์ƒํƒœ์  ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์˜์  ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ด์šฉํ•ด๋„ ๋  ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ํ–‰๋™ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ์ผ๊ด€์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์—๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์งˆ์  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐํš ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ • ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์  ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์œ„์›์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์— ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์†Œ์–‘์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ ๋†’์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฌดํ˜•์‹ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์™€ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ฑ์ธ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ ์ƒ์• ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ๊ต์œก์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ–์—์„œ์˜ ๊ต์œก ์—ญ์‹œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌดํ˜•์‹ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ TV๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ TV ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์˜์‹๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์  ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ต์œก์  ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” TV๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์†Œ์–‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํ˜•์‹ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์งˆ์  ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์‚ฌํšŒ์ โ€ง์ฒ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ, ์ƒํƒœํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ง„๋ณด์™€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ƒ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ƒํƒœํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 80๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 90๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒํƒœ์  ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋“ค๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์—๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์—†๋Š” ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ž์›์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์ด ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์›์ ˆ์•ฝ์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ์ƒํƒœ์  ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์˜์  ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ด์šฉํ•ด๋„ ๋  ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ํ–‰๋™ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ์ผ๊ด€์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์—๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์งˆ์  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐํš ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ • ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์  ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์œ„์›์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์— ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์†Œ์–‘์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ ๋†’์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฌดํ˜•์‹ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์™€ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 4 4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ  6 1. ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 6 2. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 8 3. ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 10 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์˜์ƒ๋งค์ฒด์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก 12 1. ์˜์ƒ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 12 2. ์˜์ƒ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก ๊ต์ˆ˜โ€คํ•™์Šต๋งค์ฒด๋กœ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 14 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ก  16 1. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ก ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 16 2. ๊ธฐ์ˆ /์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ก  18 3. ์ƒํƒœ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ก  23 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  29 1. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  29 2. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  30 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ • ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ 32 1. ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 32 2. ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ถ”์ถœ 33 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋‹จ์œ„์™€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์„ค์ • 34 1. ๋ถ„์„ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์„ค์ • 34 2. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์„ค์ • 34 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ • 41 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 43 1. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 43 2. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 44 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 46 1. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 46 2. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 47 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 49 1. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€ 49 2. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€ 53 3. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ƒํƒœ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€ 60 4. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์ต๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ƒํƒœํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€ 65 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 68 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  72 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ œ์–ธ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 74 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 77 ๋ถ€๋ก 83 Abstract 84Maste

    ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ Apoptosis signal- regulating kinase1 (ASK1)์˜ ์—ญํ• 

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    Dept. of Medical Science/๋ฐ•์‚ฌStroke is a worldwide social and economical issue. Ischemic stroke accounts for 85 percent of stroke in patients with disability and complications such as dementia and paralysis. Despite intensive efforts in rescuing stroke patients and increasing the treatment time window, clinical therapy is still limited. Along with advanced established methods, we also need to develop novel therapeutic targets for treating ischemic stroke. In cerebral ischemia, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still a question of debate due to its complex pathology. Cerebral ischemia is the most challenging disease with diverse biochemical and molecular pathophysiology. Calcium overload, ion imbalance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory signals are the main sources of cellular breakdown, which lead to cell death after interruption of circulation.Under pathological condition like ischemia, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase1 (ASK1) is an early responder of oxidative stress and has a pivotal role in intracellular signaling pathways of apoptosis, inflammation, and cell differentiation. ASK1 is a member of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) family. ASK1 activates mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, which play important roles in intracellular signaling even after various insults from extracellular to intracellular stimuli including oxidative stress, osmolality changes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and immune response. Previous studies have shown that after cerebral ischemia, ASK1 causes neuronal cell death and oxidative stress-induced ASK1 leads to apoptosis. Previous studies demonstrate that silencing ASK1 by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides resistance to neuronal cell death and inhibition of ASK1 provides a neuroprotective role in renal and myocardial ischemia. Given this, we believe that inhibition of ASK1 could be a novel therapeutic approach to neuroprotection after an ischemic stroke.For designing an effective therapeutic strategy, it is necessary that we analyze ischemic environments after cerebral ischemia in the deletion of ASK1. Identification of novel single gene, gene network or molecular pathway helps reveal the underlying complex mechanisms. However, very little is known about gene expression pattern of the brain in response to cerebral ischemia in the absence of ASK1. In the hope of identifying new molecular and cellular connections involved in cerebral ischemia, we used DNA microarray of about 7000 mouse genes after silencing ASK1.Together, we need different approaches to different cell types because cells have various roles and resistances thresholds for an injury. This study focused on the astrocytes, which are known for supporting neurons and are involved in ion homeostasis in the brain. Activated (reactive) astrocytes play an essential role in determining the tissue response to ischemia. Formation of glial scar functions as reducing the damage by inhibiting the spread of the ischemic boundary. However, this barrier can block neuronal outgrowth that is required for restoration of damaged tissue. Therefore, regulation of astrocyte activation is important after cerebral ischemia. Although several studies have demonstrated the participation of astrocytes in glial scar formation, the mediators of this process has not been fully elucidated yet. Based on microarray analysis and previous studies, we hypothesized that ASK1 is the main mediator of reactive astrocytes and glial scar formation. To examine this hypothesis in cerebral ischemia models, we conducted experiments both in vivo and in vitro.Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to blockade of the middle cerebral artery for 1 hour, followed by reperfusion whereas cultured astrocytes were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). It proved ASK1, induced by ischemic injury, was expressed in astrocytes and that upon silencing ASK1, astrocyte-associated genes and the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were down-regulated seen with microarray. During the acute phase (8 hours), ablation of ASK1 resulted in decreased GFAP. During the sub-acute phase (7 days), GFAP-positive cells were decreased in the si-ASK1+MCAO group as compared to either the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group or the si-con+MCAO group. During the chronic phase (30 days) after cerebral ischemia, si-ASK1+MCAO group had reduced glial scar formation and a well-conserved neuronal structure, compared with the MCAO group. Mice with reduced glial scar formation in the si-ASK1+MCAO group, had advanced functional outcomes, compared with the MCAO and si-con+MCAO groups. Moreover, ASK1 was expressed in astrocytes after OGD. Deletion of ASK1 results in improperly formed GFAP transcripts, which affected by p38 pathway and GFAP transcription factors, such as Smad1/5/8, Stat3, and p300/CBP. Repression of ASK1 retarded astrocytes migration rate in the cell scratch assay. Moreover, proper dendritic extension was inhibited in the neurons, cultured with astrocyte conditioned medium (ACM) of the OGD and si-con+OGD groups, more than ACM of the normal and si-ASK1+OGD groups.These data suggest that ASK1 may play important roles in cerebral ischemia, and through DNA microarray, we selected several novel genes that might play important roles in cerebral ischemia. Inhibition ASK1 contributes to reduced glial scar formation which leads to better functional recovery. Based on these results, ASK1 may provide a potential therapeutic insight for treatment after an ischemic stroke.restrictio

    Pathological role of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 in human diseases and its potential as a therapeutic target for cognitive disorders

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    Cognitive disorders are among the leading causes of health and social issues, as well as socioeconomic burden. Cognitive dysfunction associated with diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, diabetes, and stroke can lead to dementia. Despite extensive efforts, strategies for the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction are scarce. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) participates in diverse biological pathological processes, such as cell death, survival, and differentiation, and it has been suggested as a therapeutic target in various diseases. However, the role of ASK1 in cognitive dysfunction has not been clearly examined yet. In addition, only a few studies have reported a possible relationship between ASK1 signaling and cognitive deficits. In this review, we summarized experimental evidences regarding the association between ASK1 and the pathogenesis of various diseases. Furthermore, we reviewed preclinical studies supporting the possibility that ASK1 regulation is a promising target for the prevention/treatment of cognitive disorders. Nevertheless, future studies are necessary to investigate the role of ASK1 in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunctions, for the translation of preclinical information into clinical application.restrictio
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