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    ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ๊ฒธ์†์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํƒ์ƒ‰

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ๊น€๋ช…์–ธ.Humility is a universal construct that can appear in every culture, but the way in which it is perceived and manifested can vary depending on the culture. The influence of cultural differences on perceptions of humility has largely been neglected. Even studies conducted in the Eastern countries adopted the same definition and methodology as the Western studies did, which could have resulted in inaccurate conclusions. Thus, this study aimed to explore that there are clear cultural differences in perception of humility. Furthermore, Humility has received increasing attention in organisational studies in recent years. There is the growing realisation that humility of leaders is critical, affecting many organisational outcomes such as organisational learning (Vera & Rodriguez-Lopez, 2004), empowering climate (Ou et al., 2014), job satisfaction and work engagement (Owens, Johnson, & Mitchell, 2013). However, despite the abundance of investigation of leader humility, until recently little attention has paid to follower humility. Hence, to overcome these gap of previous studies, this study explores both leader and follower humility across cultures. Study 1 developed a scale incorporating the Eastern view into Western humility scale and then investigated cultural differences by collecting and analysing the data from full-time employees in South Korea and the United States. Firstly, the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the factor structures were different across cultures, yielding a six-factor model for Western sample and a seven-factor model for Eastern sample. The additional analyses on the cross-cultural contrasts between means supported that American employees thought the Western view of humility more important, whilst Korean employees perceived the Eastern view of humility more important, and the differences were significant. Lastly, the supplement analyses revealed that the relative importance of the dimensions of humility in determining overall humility was different across cultures (i.e., West vs East) as well as the direction of assessment (i.e., assessing a leaders humility vs assessing a followers humility). Further, study 2 used the scenario method to examine how humility is perceived differently according to cultures in more specific organisational contexts, which offer a richer explanation. Study 2 revealed that the research findings were consistent with Study 1, even in the experimental design. The findings from the current study contribute to a deeper understanding of humility as well as shed lights on the importance of cultural difference in humility research. Finally, the study concludes with theoretical and practical implications, limitations of the current study and future research directions.์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ๋Œ€๋‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ฒธ์†์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒธ์†์„ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์กฐ์ง์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ๊ฒธ์†์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฒธ์†์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์†Œ์†ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฒธ์†์„ ์ •์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์„œ์–‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ (An accurate view of self), ์ฆ‰ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„, ๋ถ€์กฑํ•จ, ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒธ์†์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค (Owens et al., 2013Davis et al., 2011). ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™์–‘๊ถŒ์—์„œ '๊ฒธ์†์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.' (์ตœ์ƒ์ง„, ๊น€์‹œ์—…, ๊น€์€๋ฏธ, ๊น€๊ธฐ๋ฒ”, 2000). ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๊ฒธ์†์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฌธํ™” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ๊ฒธ์† ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฒธ์†์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒธ์†ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ถ•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตฌ๊ธ€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ ์‹ ์ž…์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ฑ„์šฉ ์‹œ ๊ฒธ์†์„ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์กฐ์ง๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ๊ฒธ์†์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฒธ์†ํ•œ ์„ ๋ฐฐ (๋ฆฌ๋” ๋˜๋Š” ์œ—์‚ฌ๋žŒ)๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒธ์†ํ•œ ํ›„๋ฐฐ (๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์•„๋žซ์‚ฌ๋žŒ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒธ์†์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„œ์–‘์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒธ์† ์ฒ™๋„์— ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒธ์†์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋”ํ•ด ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ฒธ์† ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒธ์† ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋™ยท์„œ์–‘์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ฒธ์†์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ (Dimension)์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง์žฅ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํƒ์ƒ‰์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ 7 ์š”์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ 6 ์š”์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ตœ์ข… 30๋ฌธํ•ญ์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท  ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ง์žฅ์ธ์€ ๋™์–‘์  ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๊ฒธ์†์„, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ง์žฅ์ธ์€ ์„œ์–‘์  ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๊ฒธ์†์„ ๋” ์ค‘์š”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‰์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ธฐ์—…์กฐ์ง ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ ๊ฒธ์†์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง์žฅ์ธ์ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋„ ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒธ์†์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋น„๊ต๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ๊ฒธ์†์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ฌ์ธต์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฒธ์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™ยท์„œ์–‘์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ๊ฒธ์†์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.ABSTRACT i INTRODUCTION 1 CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND 3 Cultural Differences of Humility 3 The Concept of Humility 5 The Dimensions of Humility 8 STUDY 1 12 Research Objectives 12 Method 12 Results 20 I. Scale Development 20 II. The Cross-Cultural Contrasts between Means 30 III. Supplement Regression Analysis 37 Discussion 43 STUDY 2 45 Research Objectives 45 Method 45 Results 50 Discussion 66 GENERAL DISCUSSION 68 Theoretical and Practical Implications 68 Limitations and Future Research Directions 69 CONCLUSION 71 REFERENCES 72 APPENDICES 78 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 105Maste

    A study on mediating effect of internal and external networks and creative efficacy in the relationship of individual entrepreneurship and organizational commitment

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