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    Differential effects of hyponatremia-inducing medication usage on the risk of severe hyponatremia in older adults

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์ด์ฃผ์—ฐ.์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ 135 mEq/L ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๋ฉฐ, 125 mEq/L ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์€ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์€ ์›์ธ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ˜ผ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ฆ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„ํŠน์ด์  ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆํ™˜๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ๋ณ„์ง„๋‹จ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์ฆ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ ํ™˜์ž์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์€ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ์ด์ƒ ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ณต์šฉ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ๋Š” ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฒฝ์ฆ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ๋„ ๋…ธ์‡ , ๋‚™์ƒ, ์žฌ์ž…์›์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด, ์กฐ์ •๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž์ธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ(hyponatremia-inducing medication, HIM) ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ™˜์ž-๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ thiazide๊ณ„ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ์™€ ํ•ญ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์ œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŠน์ • ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ตฐ์— ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ(๊ตฐ)์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ์€ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์ง„๋‹จ ํ™˜์ž์˜ 70%์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ HIM์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์˜๋Š” HIM์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ HIM์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋„ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ HIM์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ HIM์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฌ๋ฐœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์‹ฌ์‚ฌํ‰๊ฐ€์› ๊ณ ๋ นํ™˜์ž๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ๋…ธ์ธ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ง„๋‹จ ์ดํ›„ HIM์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ธ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ, ๋ณ‘์šฉ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋“ฑ HIM์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ณ‘์šฉ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์€ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์›์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 3% NaCl ๋˜๋Š” tolvaptan์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ค‘์ฆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ๋…ธ์ธ์—์„œ HIM ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” HIRA-APS 2013โ€’2017์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ๋‚ด ํ™˜์ž-๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ, ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์—์„œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœ์†Œ 30์ผ ์ดํ›„ 3% NaCl ๋˜๋Š” tolvaptan์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋ฐ›์€ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, CCI ์ ์ˆ˜(Charlson comorbidity index score) ๋ฐ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์ž…์ ์ผ๋กœ ๋งค์นญํ•œ(1:20) ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HIM ๋ชฉ๋ก์€ Beers Criteria์™€ 4๊ฑด์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ใ€ŽDrug-Induced Diseases: Prevention, detection, and managementใ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ๊ณผ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ATC ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋…ธ์ถœ์€ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์ผ ์ด์ „ 1๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ˆ„์ ์ผ์ˆ˜ 10์ผ ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ HIM์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‚ฌํ›„ ๋ถ„์„(post-hoc analysis)์œผ๋กœ thiazide๊ณ„ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ HIM๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ 60์ผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 20์ผ๊ณผ 40์ผ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์„์€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, CCI ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ •๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ ๋ณด์ • ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋น„(adjusted odds ratio, aOR)์™€ 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„(confidence interval, CI)์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ํ™˜์ž 5,752,714๋ช… ์ค‘ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 40,027๋ช…(0.70%)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด 30์ผ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 32,717๋ช…์˜ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์—์„œ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์ด ์žฌ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 913๋ช…(2.8%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, CCI ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ๋ณด์ •๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, HIM์˜ ๋‹จ๋… ์‚ฌ์šฉ(aOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.15-1.57) ๋ฐ 2์ข… ์ด์ƒ HIM ์‚ฌ์šฉ(aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.22-1.78)์ด ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ(๊ตฐ) ์ค‘ PPIs (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.30-1.76), thiazide๊ณ„ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ(aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.25-1.82), TCAs (aOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.03-1.81)์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Thiazide๊ณ„ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ HIM์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์€ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ 69% ๋†’์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ(๊ตฐ)๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” thiazide๊ณ„ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ์™€ PPIs์™€์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์ด 2.33๋ฐฐ(95% CI 1.74-3.12), thiazide๊ณ„ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ์™€ SSRIs์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์€ 2.22๋ฐฐ(95% CI 1.32-3.74) ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ธ HIM์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” HIRA-APS 2015โ€’2019๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ™˜์ž-๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ, ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์›ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 3% NaCl ๋˜๋Š” tolvaptan์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋กœ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹นํ•ด์—ฐ๋„ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 3% NaCl๊ณผ tolvaptan ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ์—†๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ณ‘๋‚ด์—ญ์—์„œ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์ง„๋‹จ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๋ณดํ—˜์ข…๋ณ„, CCI ์ ์ˆ˜, frailty ์ ์ˆ˜, ์ง€ํ‘œ์ผ ๋ฐ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๊ด€๋ จ 22๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ๋งค์นญ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ 1:10 ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋งค์นญํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ธ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ HIM ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ํ•ญ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์ œ(carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine ํฌํ•จ)์™€ tramadol์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ฑ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ thiazide๊ณ„ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ, desmopressin ๋ฐ ํ•ญ์ด๋‡จํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆ๋ถ„๋น„์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ(syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion, SIADH) ์œ ๋ฐœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ[ํ•ญ์•”์ œ, ํ•ญ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์ œ, ํ•ญ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์ œ, ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ฑ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ, ํ”„๋กœํ†คํŽŒํ”„์–ต์ œ์ œ(proton pump inhibitors, PPIs), ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ-๋…ธ๋ฅด์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ์žฌํก์ˆ˜์–ต์ œ์ œ(serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs), ์„ ํƒ์  ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ์žฌํก์ˆ˜์–ต์ œ์ œ(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs), ์‚ผํ™˜๊ณ„ ํ•ญ์šฐ์šธ์ œ(tricyclic antidepressants, TCAs) ๋ฐ mirtazapine]๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ผ ์ด์ „ 28์ผ(M1๊ธฐ๊ฐ„)๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋…ธ์ถœ์€ M1๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— 3์ผ ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ HIM์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•ฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋“  HIM์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ HIM์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HIM์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํŒจํ„ด์— ์žˆ์–ด, ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ M1๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์— 3์ผ ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง€ํ‘œ์ผ ์ด์ „ 28์ผ-56์ผ(M0๊ธฐ๊ฐ„)์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์—†๋Š” HIM์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ M0๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ M1๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ HIM์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋น„ ๋ฐ ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘์šฉ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ M1๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ์ตœ์†Œ 1์ผ ์ด์ƒ 2๊ฐœ์˜ HIM์„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ HIM ๋ณ‘์šฉ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ HIM์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, HIM์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ 11๊ฐœ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ(๊ตฐ) ์ค‘ mirtazapine์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๋น„์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ HIM ๋‹จ๋… ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ 1.91๋ฐฐ(95% CI 1.79-2.03), 2์ข…์˜ HIM ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ 2.63๋ฐฐ(95% CI 2.45-2.82), 3์ข… ์ด์ƒ์˜ HIM ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ 3.27๋ฐฐ(95% CI 3.08-3.47)๋กœ HIM ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ HIM์€ ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด mirtazapine์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  HIM์€ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ desmopressin ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๋น„์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ 9.69๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 3.81๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” HIM์œผ๋กœ๋Š” SSRIs (aOR 2.98, 95% CI 2.39-3.70), thiazide๊ณ„ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ(aOR 2.37, 95% CI 2.04-2.76), ํ•ญ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์•ฝ๋ฌผ(aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.65-2.58), ํ•ญ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์ œ(aOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.50) ๋ฐ PPIs (aOR 1.22, 95% CI 1.11-1.35)์˜ ์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. SNRIs, mirtazapine ๋ฐ TCAs์˜ ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๋น„์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ฑ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ 1.19๋ฐฐ(95% CI 1.12-1.27), ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ 1.40๋ฐฐ(95% CI 1.32-1.49) ๋น„์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 0.85๋ฐฐ(95% CI 0.79-0.92) ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ HIM ๋ณ‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ desmopressin๊ณผ thiazide๊ณ„ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‹จ๋…์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ 5.63๋ฐฐ(95% CI 4.39-7.22)๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , desmopressin-SIADH ์œ ๋ฐœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์ด 3.54๋ฐฐ(95% CI 2.99-4.20), SIADH ์œ ๋ฐœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ thiazide๊ณ„ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์ด 2.08๋ฐฐ(95% CI 1.95-2.21) ๋ฐ SIADH ์œ ๋ฐœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ 1.52๋ฐฐ(95% CI 1.43-1.62) ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹จ๋… ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ HIM๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, desmopressin๊ณผ thiazide๊ณ„ ์ด๋‡จ์ œ ์ด์™ธ์— desmopressin-๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ฑ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋Š” 3.93๋ฐฐ(95% CI 3.25-4.75), desmopressin-ํ•ญ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์•ฝ๋ฌผ์€ 3.88๋ฐฐ(95% CI 2.39-6.32), desmopressin-SSRIs๋Š” 3.77๋ฐฐ(95% CI 2.47-5.76), desmopressin-PPIs๋Š” 3.64๋ฐฐ(95% CI 2.94-4.52), desmopressin-SNRIs๋Š” 3.25๋ฐฐ(95% CI 1.78-5.93) ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‹จ๋…์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ HIM์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์ฐจ๋“ฑ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๊ณ , ์ด๋ฏธ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ HIM์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” HIM ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด ๋ฐ HIM ๊ณ„์—ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ HIM ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์ œ๊ณ ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋…ธ์ธ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ HIM์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด, ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ์„ ๋ณ„์  ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์–ด, ๋…ธ์ธ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ HIM ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์—ด๋ณ„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•ด๋‹น ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์š”๋ฒ• ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Hyponatremia is a consequence of excess extracellular water relative to sodium. It is defined as a serum sodium concentration below 135 mEq/L, and a serum sodium level less than 125 mEq/L is considered severe. Older adults are at particularly high risk. However, as symptoms of hyponatremia, including fatigue, confusion, and weakness, are non-specific, and patients with hyponatremia are frequently asymptomatic, this condition can often be mistaken for other diseases and is accordingly underestimated in clinical practice. Nevertheless, it can lead to life-threatening symptoms, including seizures and coma, and death caused by brain edema. Even in asymptomatic patients, hyponatremia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including an increased risk of frailty, falls, readmission, and mortality. Numerous medications, such as diuretics, psychotropics, antiepileptics, antineoplastic agents, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), have been reported to cause hyponatremia. Therefore, the identification and minimization of hyponatremia-inducing medication (HIM) usage, one of the modifiable risk factors, might be one of the effective strategies to prevent hyponatremia. The previous history of hyponatremia was shown to be an independent risk factor for the recurrence of hyponatremia in patients with depression who were treated with HIM. However, physicians may often overlook the medications that may cause hyponatremia due to their lack of awareness about drug-induced hyponatremia. Limited studies have evaluated the impact of HIM usage on the recurrence of the condition in patients diagnosed with hyponatremia. Generally, the effects of treatment duration using HIMs with different mechanisms of inducing hyponatremia have not been well documented. Most studies evaluated the association between HIMs and hyponatremia regardless of whether HIM was newly started, used persistently, or concurrently multiple-used. We aimed to investigate the impact of HIMs on the recurrence of symptomatic or severe hyponatremia in older adults who were already diagnosed with hyponatremia and to evaluate the differential risk of severe hyponatremia associated with the concurrent use of HIMs or newly started HIMs in the older adults, using a population-based database. [Part 1] Association between HIM usage and recurrent severe hyponatremia This study was a nested case-control study based on data obtained from a representative annual Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-Adult Patient Sample (HIRA-APS) database 2013-2017. We identified patients aged over 65 years with hyponatremia as those hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of hyponatremia (E87.1, E22.2) and patients with recurrence of symptomatic or severe hyponatremia who had received tolvaptan or 3% NaCl. A 1:20 propensity score matched control with the age, gender, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score was constructed. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to investigate the association between HIM use and the recurrence of symptomatic or severe hyponatremia after adjusting for covariates. After adjusting for comorbid conditions, an increased likelihood of recurrence of symptomatic or severe hyponatremia was observed to be associated with the use of any [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15-1.57], two or more HIMs (aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.22-1.78); in particular, the use of thiazide diuretics (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.25-1.82), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs, aOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.03-1.81), and PPIs (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.30-1.76) showed significance. The post hoc analysis showed that combinations of any HIMs with thiazide diuretics were significantly associated with the recurrence of symptomatic or severe hyponatremia (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.34-2.14); combinations of other individual HIMs except selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) showed significant associations. The sensitivity analyses showed similar results. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first population-based study on the association of HIM use with the recurrence of symptomatic or severe hyponatremia in patients previously diagnosed with hyponatremia. In conclusion, we showed that the use of HIMs, including PPIs, and especially in combination with thiazide diuretics, increases the risk for recurrent symptomatic or severe hyponatremia in older adults previously diagnosed with hyponatremia, regardless of etiology. [Part 2] Differential risk of severe hyponatremia based on the HIM usage We conducted a case-control study using a HIRA-APS 2015-2019. We identified patients aged over 65 years with severe hyponatremia as those hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of hyponatremia (E87.1, E22.2) or who had received tolvaptan or 3% NaCl. A 1:10 propensity score matched control with the age, gender, health insurance type, CCI score, frailty score, index date, and comorbid disease was constructed. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the association of newly started or concurrently used HIMs comprising 11 medication/classes with severe hyponatremia after covariate adjustment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of severe hyponatremia increased as the number of HIMs (reference non-use): single HIM (aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.79โ€“2.03], two HIMs (aOR 2.63, 95% CI 2.45โ€“2.82), three or more HIMs (aOR 3.27, 95% CI 3.08โ€“3.47). All classes of HIM uses, excluding mirtazapine, were significantly associated with severe hyponatremia. In all classes of HIMs, newly started HIMs increased the likelihood of severe hyponatremia compared to non-use, and in nine classes of HIMs, compared to that with the persistently used HIM. The highest increase was observed in newly started desmopressin, for which there were 9.69- and 3.81-fold increased risks compared with non-use and persistently used. Following desmopressin, newly started selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, aOR 2.98, 95% CI 2.39-3.70), SNRIs (aOR 2.89, 95% CI 2.17โ€’3.86), thiazide diuretics (aOR 2.37, 95% CI 2.04-2.76), antipsychotics (aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.65-2.58), and mirtazapine (aOR 2.00, 95% CI 1.10โ€’3.63) were found to increase the risk by a factor of 2 or more compared to that with persistent use. However, newly started opioids were associated with a lower risk than with persistently used (aOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.79โ€’0.92), although both newly started (aOR 1.319 95% CI 1.12โ€’1.27) and persistently used (aOR 1.40, 95% 1.32โ€’1.49) opioids were associated with an increased risk compared to that with non-use. Additionally, compared to non-use, we detected no increase in the risk of severe hyponatremia associated with the persistent use of SNRIs, mirtazapine, and TCAs. Concurrent use of HIMs increased the risk of severe hyponatremia compared with single-used HIM separately as follows thiazide diuretics and desmopressin (aOR 5.63, 95% CI 4.39โ€’7.22), desmopressin and SIADH-causing medications (aOR 3.54, 95% CI 2.99โ€’4.20), thiazide diuretics and SIADH-causing medications (aOR 2.08, 95% CI 1.95โ€’2.21), and combinations among SIADH-causing medications (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.43โ€’1.62). With respect to the combination with individual HIMs, SIADH-causing medications, desmopressin-opioids increased the risk by 3.9-fold, followed by desmopressin-antipsychotics (3.9-fold), desmopressin-SSRIs (3.8-fold), desmopressin-PPIs (3.6-fold), desmopressin-SNRIs (3.2-fold), antipsychotics-opioids (2.8-fold), and antipsychotics-PPIs (2.7-fold), and desmopressin-TCAs (2.7-fold). These findings thus indicate that the concurrent use of medications that induce hyponatremia via different mechanisms has a more pronounced synergistic effect than the concurrent use of HIMs with similar action modes. This was the first population-based study that comprehensively evaluated the differential risk of severe hyponatremia according to HIM usage. The differential risk identified in this study might provide valuable evidence from the perspective medication reviews undertaken to identify patients with a higher risk of developing hyponatremia when starting or adding a new medication. Furthermore, the findings from this study might contribute to raising awareness regarding medication-related hyponatremia in older adults. In conclusion, we showed that newly started HIMs were associated with an increased risk of severe hyponatremia in older adults compared to persistently used, and concurrent use of HIMs was associated with a higher risk of severe hyponatremia than single HIM usage.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ 1 1.1.1. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์ธ 1 1.1.2. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ 5 1.1.3. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ  7 1.2. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ 9 1.3. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ 12 1.4. HIM๊ณผ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 16 1.5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  21 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 2.1. HIM๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ[Part1] 22 2.1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์› 22 2.1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 24 2.1.3. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ 27 2.1.4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 30 2.1.5. ๊ต๋ž€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 31 2.1.6. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 33 2.2. HIM๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ[Part 2] 35 2.2.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์› 35 2.2.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 36 2.2.3. ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ 38 2.2.4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 41 2.2.5. ๊ต๋ž€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 43 2.2.6. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 44 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 46 3.1. HIM๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ[Part1] 46 3.1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 46 3.1.2. HIM๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 50 3.2. HIM๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ[Part2] 58 3.2.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 58 3.2.2. HIM๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 63 3.2.3. ์‹ ๊ทœ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์‚ฌ์šฉ HIM๊ณผ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 68 3.2.4. HIM ๋ณ‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ ์ €๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 82 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ 91 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  101 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 103 Abstract 118๋ฐ•

    Social Policy for the elderly in Japan: Issues and Prospects

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    This study examines the social policy issues relating to the imminent arrival of the aged society in Japan. Firstly, the problems of the elderly, arising inevitably as the end result of the demographic transition, are examined from the demographic-health aspects and the socioeconomic characteristics of the Japanese elderly population. Secondly, the development of major welfare services for the Japanese elderly is discussed in the fields of income maintnenance programs, health and medical services, home based welfare programs, community based welfare programs, institutional care services, and cultural, recreational, educational, and vocational service programs. Recognizing that the Japanese society has long prepared the social welfare guidelines which differ from the European model, we put an emphasis on the policy guideline of welfare improvement for the elderly: (1) improvement of welfare service programs; (2) coordination of health, medical, and welfare services; (3) fostering of sound growth of private sector enterprises; and (4) expansion of health and welfare personnel
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