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    μœ λ°©μ’…μ–‘λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ λŒ€μ‹μ„Έν¬μ™€ μ•” μ„Έν¬μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ— μ˜ν•œ μΈν”ŒλΌλ§ˆμ’€μ˜ ν™œμ„±ν™”

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ•½ν•™λŒ€ν•™ μ•½ν•™κ³Ό,2020. 2. μ„œμ˜μ€€.μ’…μ–‘λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ€ 암세포, 내피세포, μ„¬μœ μ•„μ„Έν¬, κ³¨μˆ˜μœ λž˜μ„Έν¬, μ•”-μ—°κ΄€ μ„¬μœ μ•„μ„Έν¬, 면역세포 λ“± λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ„Έν¬λ“€λ‘œ 이루어져 있고, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ’…μ–‘λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½ λ‚΄μ—μ„œμ˜ μ΄μ§ˆμ„±(heterogeneity)은 쒅양이 κ°–λŠ” νŠΉμ§• 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ΄λ‹€. 그쀑 높은 λΉ„μœ¨μ˜ 염증성 세포와 염증 맀개 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ˜ μ‘΄μž¬μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 염증성 μ’…μ–‘λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ€ λ§Žμ€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 암이 κ°€μ§€λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΉμ§• 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ΄λ©°, 이듀이 λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” 사이토카인(cytokine), ν‚€λͺ¨μΉ΄μΈ(chemokine), μ„±μž₯인자(growth factor) 등을 ν†΅ν•œ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ€ μ’…μ–‘μ˜ 증식 및 λ°œλ‹¬, 전이에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆλ‹€. μΈν”ŒλΌλ§ˆμ’€(inflammasome)은 κ±°λŒ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ³΅ν•©μ²΄λ‘œμ„œ μ™ΈλΆ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ λ³‘μ›κ· μ˜ 감염에 μ˜ν•œ pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), ν˜Ήμ€ μ†μƒλœ μ‘°μ§μ΄λ‚˜ 세포듀이 λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)κ³Ό 같은 λΉ„ 미생물 μ„±λΆ„μ˜ μžκ·Ήμ— μ˜ν•΄ IL-1Ξ²λ₯Ό λΆ„λΉ„ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ—Όμ¦λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ΄‰μ§„μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€. IL-1Ξ²λŠ” κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ „ 염증성 사이토카인 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ 감염 λΆ€μœ„λ‘œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 염증성 세포듀을 λΆˆλŸ¬λ“€μ—¬ μ„ μ²œλ©΄μ—­λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ¦ν­μ‹œν‚΄μœΌλ‘œμ¨, 생체 항상성 μœ μ§€μ™€ λ°©μ–΄κΈ°μ „μœΌλ‘œ ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œλ‹€. λ©΄μ—­λ°˜μ‘μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ μΈν”ŒλΌλ§ˆμ’€κ³Ό IL-1Ξ²κ°€ 가진 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ μ—­ν• λ‘œ 인해, λΉ„ 특이적인 λ°œν˜„μ˜ μΈν”ŒλΌλ§ˆμ’€κ³Ό IL-1Ξ²λŠ” 암을 λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ©΄μ—­κ΄€λ ¨ μ§ˆν™˜κ³Ό λ°€μ ‘ν•œ 관련이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ³΄κ³ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λΉ„ 특이적인 λ°œν˜„μ˜ μΈν”ŒλΌλ§ˆμ’€κ³Ό IL-1Ξ²κ°€ 유방 μ’…μ–‘μ˜ λ°œλ‹¬ 및 증식, 전이에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯ 및 κ·Έ 역할에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 아직 λ…Όλž€μ΄ 있으며, 유방 μ’…μ–‘ λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ λΉ„ 특이적인 μΈν”ŒλΌλ§ˆμ’€κ³Ό IL-1β의 λ°œν˜„ κΈ°μž‘μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 아직 연ꡬ가 λ―ΈλΉ„ν•œ 싀정이닀. λ”°λΌμ„œ, λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” IL-1Ξ²κ°€ μœ λ°©μ•”μ˜ 증식 및 전이에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯κ³Ό 유방 μ’…μ–‘ λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ IL-1β의 λΆ„λΉ„ κΈ°μž‘μ— κ΄€ν•΄ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ¨Όμ € μœ λ°©μ•”κ³Ό 염증성 λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 관련성을 ν™•μΈν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬, μœ λ°©μ•” ν™˜μžμ™€ 정상 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ˜ 혈청 λ‚΄ 염증성 사이토카인을 ν™•μΈν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, μ „ 염증성 사이토카인인 IL-1Ξ², IL-6, IL-18, TNF- λͺ¨λ‘ μœ λ°©μ•” ν™˜μžμ˜ 혈청 λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 정상 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ μ›”λ“±νžˆ 높은 수치λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€κ³ , 특히, κ·Έ μ€‘μ—μ„œ IL-1β의 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” 정상 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅° 보닀 μ•½ 40λ°° μ΄μƒμ˜ μ¦κ°€λœ 평균 수치λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 이와 μœ μ‚¬ν•˜κ²Œ, 4T1-BALB/c λ™μ†Œμœ„ μœ λ°©μ•” 마우슀 λͺ¨λΈμ—μ„œ 4T1 세포λ₯Ό μ΄μ‹ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 정상 λ§ˆμš°μŠ€μ™€ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ, μœ λ°©μ•”μ΄ λ°œμƒν•œ 마우슀의 혈청 λ‚΄ IL-1Ξ²κ°€ 정상 λ§ˆμš°μŠ€μ— λΉ„ν•΄ μ¦κ°€λ˜λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, IL-1μˆ˜μš©μ²΄κ°€ κ²°ν•λœ 4T1 세포λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 4T1-BALB/c λ™μ†Œμœ„ μœ λ°©μ•” 마우슀 λͺ¨λΈμ—μ„œ κ°μ†Œλœ μ›λ°œμ„± 유방 μ’…μ–‘μ˜ 증식과 폐 전이가 ν™•μΈλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μœ„ 결과듀을 λ―Έλ€„λ³΄μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ, μœ λ°©μ•”μ˜ λ°œλ‹¬ 및 진행, μ „μ΄λŠ” IL-1Ξ²-IL-1수용체λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έμ „λ‹¬ 체계와 λ°€μ ‘ν•œ 관련이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. 유방 μ’…μ–‘ λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ μ¦κ°€λœ IL-1β의 좜처λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‹€μ‹œν•œ λ™μ‹œ λ°°μ–‘ μ‹€ν—˜κ³Ό μœ λ°©μ•”μ„Έν¬μ£Ό λ°°μ–‘μ•‘ 처리 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 삼쀑 μŒμ„± μœ λ°©μ•” 세포(triple negative breast cancer)κ°€ λΆ„λΉ„ν•œ μˆ˜μš©μ„± λ¬Όμ§ˆμ— μ˜ν•΄ λŒ€μ‹μ„Έν¬μ˜ μΈν”ŒλΌλ§ˆμ’€ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ₯Ό 톡해 IL-1β의 λΆ„λΉ„κ°€ μ¦κ°€λœ 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 4T1-BALB/c λ™μ†Œμœ„ μœ λ°©μ•” 마우슀 λͺ¨λΈμ—μ„œ λŒ€μ‹μ„Έν¬λ₯Ό 겹핍 μ‹œμΌ°μ„ λ•Œ, 마우슀 혈청 λ‚΄ IL-1Ξ² 농도가 κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€κ³ , μ›λ°œμ„± 유방 μ’…μ–‘μ˜ 크기와 폐 전이가 λͺ¨λ‘ κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” 유방 μ’…μ–‘ λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ μ¦κ°€λœ IL-1Ξ²λŠ” μœ λ°©μ•” 세포가 λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μš©μ„± λ¬Όμ§ˆμ— μ˜ν•΄ λŒ€μ‹μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ IL-1β의 λΆ„λΉ„κ°€ μ΄‰μ§„λœ κ²ƒμž„μ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. μœ λ°©μ•” 세포주가 λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μš©μ„± 물질 쀑 λŒ€μ‹μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ IL-1β의 λΆ„λΉ„λ₯Ό μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ™μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 인간 μœ λ°©μ•” μ„Έν¬μ£Όμ˜ secretome을 λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, CD44κ°€ λΉ„ μ‚Όμ€‘μŒμ„±μœ λ°©μ•” 세포주와 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ 삼쀑 μŒμ„± μœ λ°©μ•” μ„Έν¬μ£Όμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 많이 λΆ„λΉ„λ˜λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€κ³ , λ˜ν•œ μœ λ°©μ•” ν™˜μžμ˜ 혈청 λ‚΄ CD44의 농도가 정상 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•΄ μ›”λ“±νžˆ 높은 μˆ˜μ€€μ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. λŒ€μ‹μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ IL-1β의 λΆ„λΉ„λŠ” CD44λ₯Ό 쀑성화 μ‹œν‚¨ 삼쀑 μŒμ„± μœ λ°©μ•” μ„Έν¬μ£Όμ˜ 세포 배양앑을 λŒ€μ‹μ„Έν¬μ— μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 4T1-BALB/c λ™μ†Œμœ„ μœ λ°©μ•” 마우슀 λͺ¨λΈμ—μ„œ CD44λ₯Ό 쀑성화 μ‹œμΌ°μ„ λ•Œ μ›λ°œμ„± 유방 μ’…μ–‘μ˜ 증식과 폐 전이, 그리고 혈청 λ‚΄ IL-1β의 농도가 κ°μ†Œν•œ 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μœ„ 결과듀을 μ’…ν•©ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ, 유방 μ’…μ–‘ λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ μœ λ°©μ•” μ„Έν¬μ£Όμ˜ μ„Έν¬λ§‰μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λΆ„λΉ„λœ CD44λŠ” λŒ€μ‹μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μΈν”ŒλΌλ§ˆμ’€μ˜ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€κ³ , 그둜 인해 μ¦κ°€λœ IL-1β의 λΆ„λΉ„λ‘œμΈν•˜μ—¬ μœ λ°©μ•”μ˜ λ°œλ‹¬ 및 진행, 그리고 전이가 μ΄‰μ§„λœλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ CD44의 ν‘œμ  μΉ˜λ£ŒλŠ” CD44κ°€ μ§€λ‹Œ 유방 μ’…μ–‘μ˜ 악성화에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, IL-1Ξ²μ—μ˜ν•΄ μœ λ„λœ 염증성 μ’…μ–‘λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ˜ μ‘°μ ˆμ„ ν†΅ν•œ 유방 μ’…μ–‘μ˜ 증식 및 전이 μ–΅μ œ νš¨κ³ΌκΉŒμ§€ κΈ°λŒ€ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€.Similar to heterogeneous tumor mass made up of multiple subtypes of cancer cells, stromal cells are also highly variable and heterogeneous. Heterogeneity of tumor is considered to be a major cellular feature of cancer due to the presence of not only different populations of cancer cells, but also distinct composition of stromal cells and their expression signatures within the tumor microenvironment. Stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment include lymphatic endothelial cells, T and B lymphocytes, tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblast, adipocytes, etc. These cells interact with cancer cells as well as each other through complex and dynamic network of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and hormones. Crosstalk among the cells in the tumor microenvironment exerts fate-determining roles in many types of cancer. The presence of inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory mediators in the tumor microenvironment has been considered as another hallmark of cancer. The inflammatory tumor microenvironment has both tumor progressive and tumor suppressive aspects, and such interchangeable roles of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment mainly depend on the stages of cancer development and types of cancer. Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes, which play essential roles in maintaining bodys homeostasis as the first line of host defense against infections and damaged tissues by releasing interleukin (IL)-1Ξ² and IL-18 in innate immunity. IL-1Ξ², one of the most potent pro-inflammatory cytokines, is involved in establishment of inflammatory conditions by mediating a systemic pro-inflammatory cascade. Overexpression/secretion of IL-1Ξ², as a consequence of aberrant activation of inflammasomes mainly in tumor-associated macrophages, has been observed in many types of human malignancies, such as liver, lung, gastric, and colorectal cancer. However, the roles of IL-1Ξ² in the breast tumor microenvironment, especially in the context of interplay between cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages, are still unclear. In the present study, increased serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF- were observed in breast cancer patients. Secretion of IL-1Ξ² was increased by the co-culture of human monocyte-like cells and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Additionally, the conditioned-media from TNBC cells potently induced IL-1Ξ² secretion by macrophages. Consistent with these observations, macrophage depletion reduced the serum levels of IL-1Ξ², and alleviated breast cancer progression in a murine orthotopic breast tumor model. Profiling the secretome of human breast cancer cells revealed that the CD44 antigen was the most differentially released protein in basal conditions of TNBC cells. Antibody neutralization of CD44 abrogated IL-1Ξ² production in macrophages, and inhibited the growth and metastasis of primary tumors. These results suggest that IL-1Ξ²-mediated oncogenic signaling is stimulated, at least in part, by soluble CD44 (sCD44) derived from breast cancer cell membrane, and targeting sCD44 antigen may hence provide an alternative therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment by modulating the inflammatory tumor microenvironment.Chapter β… . Role of inflammasomes in tumor microenvironment 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Fundamental roles of inflammasomes 3 3. Involvement of inflammasomes in cancer 7 3 1. Colorectal cancer 7 3 2. Breast cancer 11 3 3. Gastric cancer 15 3 4. Skin cancer 17 3 5. Other malignancies 19 4. Cancer preventive/therapeutic strategies targeting inflammasomes 21 5. Conclusion and perspective 26 6. References 34 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 50 Chapter β…‘. Inflammasome activation by soluble CD44 released by breast cancer cells: Implications for breast tumor progression 52 1. Abstract 53 2. Introduction 55 3. Materials and Methods 57 4. Results 72 5. Discussion 124 6. References 130 Conclusion 138 Abstract in Korean 141 Biographical Data 144Docto

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    μ „μ •λ„μˆ˜κ΄€ ν™•μž₯을 가진 ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ 발견된 비정상적인 음이온 μ—ΌκΈ° μˆ˜μ†‘ν™œλ™λ„λ₯Ό λ³΄μ΄λŠ” pendrin λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ˜ν•™κ³Ό 이비인후과학 전곡, 2013. 8. μ΄μ€€ν˜Έ.μ„œλ‘ : μ™€μš°λ„μˆ˜ν™•μž₯증은 감각신경성 λ‚œμ²­κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄ κ°€μž₯ ν”ν•˜κ²Œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” λ‚΄μ΄κΈ°ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ μ’…μ’… pendrin λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ°œν˜„μ‹œν‚€λŠ” SLC26A4 μœ μ „μžμ˜ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μ™€ μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€. Pendrin λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ 갑상선 여포세포, λ‚΄μ΄μ˜ 비감각상피세포, μ‹ μž₯의 Bν˜• κ°œμ œμ„Έν¬μ˜ 세포막을 κ΄€ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ μœ„μΉ˜ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ Cl-와 I-을 HCO3-와 κ΅ν™˜ν•˜λŠ” 역할을 ν•œλ‹€. μ™€μš°λ„μˆ˜ν™•μž₯증과 λ™λ°˜λœ 감각신경성 λ‚œμ²­ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ 갑상선쒅이 κ΄€μ°°λ˜λŠ” 경우 Pendred 증후ꡰ이라 ν•˜κ³  갑상선쒅이 μ—†λŠ” 경우 λΉ„μ¦ν›„κ΅°μ„±μ™€μš°λ„μˆ˜ν™•μž₯증이라고 ν•˜λ©° 두가지 λͺ¨λ‘ μ—΄μ„±μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ „λœλ‹€. SLC26A4 μœ μ „μžμ˜ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ‘œ μΈν•œ pendrin λ³€μ΄μ˜ 세포내 μˆ˜μ†‘κΈ°λŠ₯ 이상 및 음이온 κ΅ν™˜μž₯μ• κ°€ κ°€μž₯ 주된 λ³‘μΈλ‘ μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆλ‹€. SLC26A4 μœ μ „μžμ˜ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λŠ” κ³Όμ˜€λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ (missense mutation), 골격변이 (frame shift), μ ‘ν•©μœ„μΉ˜λ³€μ΄ (splice site shift)의 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ”λ° λŒ€λ¦½μœ μ „μžμ—μ„œμ˜ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄κ°œμˆ˜μ™€ ν‘œν˜„ν˜•κ³Ό 상관성에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ 이루어지고 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ³Όμ˜€λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μ˜ 병인성 μž μž¬μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μœ μ „ν˜• 뢄석 및 κΈ°λŠ₯적 뢄석을 톡해 밝히고자 ν•œλ‹€. λŒ€μƒ 및 연ꡬ 방법: μ–‘μΈ‘ λ‚œμ²­μœΌλ‘œ λ‚΄μ›ν•œ 3μ„Έ μ—¬μž ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹œν–‰ν•œ μ²­λ ₯검사상 μ–‘μΈ‘ μ²­λ ₯은 각각 66 dB HL, 75 dB HLμ΄μ—ˆκ³ , 츑두골 μ „μ‚°ν™” λ‹¨μΈ΅μ΄¬μ˜μƒ μ™€μš°λ„μˆ˜κ΄€μ˜ ν™•μž₯κ³Ό μ™€μš°μ˜ 제2ν˜• λΆˆμ™„μ „ 뢄할인 Mondini κΈ°ν˜•μ΄ μ–‘μΈ‘μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. ν™˜μž 및 λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ genomic DNAλ₯Ό μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ—¬ SLC26A4 μœ μ „μžμ˜ μ„œμ—΄λΆ„μ„μ„ μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 정상 SLC26A4cDNA와 pEGFP-N1κ³Ό pGEM-HEλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ₯Ό μœ λ°œμ‹œν‚¨ ν›„ COS-7 세포에 λ°°μ–‘ν•˜μ—¬ pendrin λ³€μ΄μ‚°λ¬Όμ˜ 세포내 뢄포λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 정상 pendrinκ³Ό 변이 pendrin 산물을 HEK 293 세포에 λ°œν˜„ν•˜μ—¬ Cl-/HCO3-κ΅ν™˜λŠ₯을 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ²°κ³Ό: ν™˜μžμ˜ μœ μ „ν˜• 뢄석을 톡해 μ΄ν˜• SLC26A4 μœ μ „μžμ—μ„œ, 두 개의 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄, p.H723Rκ³Ό p.V510Dλ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 쀑 p.V510DλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμ΄ 발견된 λ³€μ΄λ‘œμ„œ orthologκ°€ 보쑴되고 paralog도 일뢀 보쑴된 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. p.V510D pendrin 산물은 κ³¨μ§€μ²΄μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜λ©° μ„Έν¬λ§‰μœΌλ‘œμ˜ μˆ˜μ†‘μ΄ μ €ν•˜λ˜λŠ” 양상을 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 정상 pendrin 산물에 λΉ„ν•΄ p.V510D pendrin μ‚°λ¬Όμ˜ 경우 음이온 κ΅ν™˜λŠ₯도 μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°μ†Œν•˜λŠ” 양상을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ²°λ‘ : p.V510D λ³€μ΄λŠ” κ³Όμ˜€λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ‘œμ„œ 기쑴에 보고된 λ°” μ—†λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ³€μ΄ν˜•νƒœλ‘œμ„œ μœ μ „ν˜• 뢄석 및 κΈ°λŠ₯적 뢄석을 톡해 p.H723Rκ³Ό μœ μ‚¬ν•˜κ²Œ κ³¨μ§€μ²΄μ—μ„œ μ„Έν¬λ§‰μœΌλ‘œμ˜ μˆ˜μ†‘μ— κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λ©° 음이온 κ΅ν™˜λŠ₯κ³Ό μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λŒ€λ¦½ μœ μ „μžλŠ” NSEVA의 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ λŒ€λ¦½μœ μ „μžμ™€ trans configurationμ—μ„œ λ°œλ³‘μΈμžμ˜ 역할을 ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λ£Œλœλ‹€.Introduction: Mutations in the SLC26A4 gene encoding pendrin, a transmembrane exchanger, are a common cause of congenital hearing loss and is associated with enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct (EVA). Pendred syndrome (PDS) and nonsyndromic enlarged vestibular aqueduct (NSEVA, DFNB4) are clinical forms related with these mutations. It was reported that bi-allelic SLC26A4 mutations are associated with PDS whereas one or zero mutant alleles are associated with NSEVA. In cases of the bi-allelic SLC26A4 mutations with one known pathogenic mutant allele, evaluating the pathogenic potential of the newly detected SLC26A4 mutant allele could be important for clinical assessment and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This evaluation includes the genotypic and phenotypic context as well as functional characterization of the intracellular trafficking and anion exchange properties. In this study, we sought to define the pathogenic potential of the novel missense variant Material and methods: A 3 year-old girl with progressive sensorineural hearing loss and the parents were included in this study. Patient and parents underwent clinical, audiological, radiological and genetic evaluations. DNA sequencing of SLC26A4 gene was performed to identify genetic mutations. The protein processing and anion exchange activities were examined to evaluate the effects of mutations. DNA sequence analyses of SLC26A4were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 21 exons and splice sites. We characterized the ability of mutant pendrin products to traffic to the plasma membrane in COS-7 cells and to transport Cl-, and HCO3- in HEK 293 cells. Results: The pure tone average was 66dB HL in the right ear and 75 dB HL in the left ear, respectively. Temporal bone computed tomography showed enlarged vestibular aqueduct and Mondinis malformation bilaterally. By sequencing analysis, bi-allelic mutations were identifiedone pathogenic variant (p.H723R), and one novel missense variant (p.V510D).The p.V510D pendrin product was shown to be entrapped in the ER, not trafficking to the plasma membrane in COS-7 cells. The p.V510D pendrin rate constants for Cl-/HCO3-exchange reduced, compared with those for wild-type pendrin Conclusion: The newly detected p.V510D is a novel missense variant, not described in literature. A trans configuration with pathogenic p.H723R, and impaired cellular trafficking and anion exchange property suggested the evidence of pathogenic potential of p.V510D.영문초둝 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i λͺ©μ°¨ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii List of tables -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv List of figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ v List of abbreviations and symbols ------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi μ„œλ‘  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 μ—°κ΅¬μž¬λ£Œ 및 방법 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 연ꡬ결과 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 κ³ μ°° ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 κ²°λ‘  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 Tables ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 Figures --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 ꡭ문초둝------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26Docto

    μ—΄λ³€ν˜•μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ μœ μ—°ν•œ μ™ΈνŒ”λ³΄μ˜ 진동해석

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :ν•­κ³΅μš°μ£Όκ³΅ν•™κ³Ό,2000.Maste

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    Analysis of Antecedents and Consequence of Mentor Ownership and Commitment in Formal Mentoring within Corporate Settings

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    λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κΈ°μ—…μ˜ 곡식적 λ©˜ν† λ§μ—μ„œ λ©˜ν† λ„ λ©˜ν‹°μ™€ 곡동 ν•™μŠ΅μžμ΄λ©°, λ©˜ν† μ˜ μ˜€λ„ˆμ‹­κ³Ό λͺ°μž…이 λ©˜ν† λ§μ˜ ν•΅μ‹¬μ„±κ³΅μš”μΈμ΄λΌλŠ” μΈμ‹μ—μ„œ μΆœλ°œν•˜μ—¬, λ©˜ν† μ˜ μ˜€λ„ˆμ‹­κ³Ό λͺ°μž…μ˜ 영ν–₯μš”μΈκ³Ό κ²°κ³Όμš”μΈμ„ 규λͺ…ν•˜κ³ , 이 μš”μΈλ“€ κ°„μ˜ 직·간접적인 인과관계λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” μž μ •λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ 적합성을 κ²€μ¦ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 선행연ꡬλ₯Ό ν† λŒ€λ‘œ β€˜λ©˜ν† μ˜ μ˜€λ„ˆμ‹­β€™κ³Ό β€˜λ©˜ν† μ˜ λͺ°μž…’ μš”μΈμ„ λ§€κ°œλ³€μΈμœΌλ‘œ μ„€μ •ν•˜κ³ , λ©˜ν† μ˜ μ˜€λ„ˆμ‹­κ³Ό λͺ°μž…에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ λ©˜ν† μ˜ β€˜ν•™μŠ΅λͺ©ν‘œμ§€ν–₯성’, λ©˜ν‹°μ— λŒ€ν•΄ β€˜μ§€κ°λœ μœ μ‚¬μ„±β€™κ³Ό β€˜μ§€κ°λœ μœ μš©μ„±β€™, β€˜μ‘°μ§μ˜ 지원’, β€˜μƒμ‚¬μ˜ 지원’ μš”μΈμ„ μ„ μ •ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , λ©˜ν† μ˜ μ˜€λ„ˆμ‹­κ³Ό λͺ°μž…μ˜ κ²°κ³Όμš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ λ©˜ν† μ˜ β€˜λ©˜ν† λ§ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ νš¨κ³Όμ„± 지각’ μš”μΈμ„ μ„ μ •ν•˜μ—¬ 초기 μž μ •λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ κ°œλ°œν–ˆλ‹€. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό, β€˜μ‘°μ§μ˜ 지원’과 β€˜μƒμ‚¬μ˜ 지원’ μš”μΈμ€ λ™μΌν•œ μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜ 이 두 μš”μΈμ„ κ²°ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ 초기 μž μ •λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μž¬μ„€μ •ν–ˆλ‹€. μž¬μ„€μ •λœ λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ μ ν•©λ„λŠ” 비ꡐ적 μ–‘ν˜Έν•˜κ³  μš”μΈλ“€ κ°„μ˜ μ§οΌŸκ°„μ ‘νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ˜ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 특히 λ©˜ν† μ˜ λ©˜ν‹°μ— λŒ€ν•΄ β€˜μ§€κ°λœ μœ μš©μ„±β€™κ³Ό λ©˜ν† μ˜ β€˜ν•™μŠ΅λͺ©ν‘œμ§€ν–₯성’ μš”μΈμ€ λͺ¨λ‘ λ©˜ν† μ˜ μ˜€λ„ˆμ‹­κ³Ό λͺ°μž…뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, λ©˜ν† μ˜ λ©˜ν† λ§ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ νš¨κ³Όμ„± 지각에도 μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μš”μΈμ— λΉ„ν•΄ 영ν–₯λ ₯ μžˆλŠ” ν•΅μ‹¬λ³€μΈμœΌλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€.The primary purpose of this study is to identify antecedents and consequence of mentor ownership and commitment from the mentor’s perspective, and to empirically verify an entire structural model which indicates a causal relationship between antecedents and consequence of mentor ownership and commitment. 225 mentors from 6 companies participated in the survey. The major findings indicated that the initial theoretical model consisting of 8 factors was modified to a model consisting of 7 factors and the 7-factor model showed a reasonable fit to the data. The direct and indirect effects of antecedents and consequence of mentor ownership and commitment were found to be statistically significant. Among the antecedent variables, a mentor’s perceived mutuality toward his/her mentee and learning goal orientation were proved to be relatively influential factors which had direct effects on mentor ownership & commitment and indirect effects on a mentor’s perceived mentoring program effectiveness

    Applicability of the Malcolm Baldrige Criteria to Improve the Quality of Virtual Universities in Korea

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    β… . μ„œλ‘  1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  β…‘. TQMκ³Ό Malcolm Baldrige κΈ°μ€€ 1. TQM의 κ°œλ… 및 λ°œμ „κ³Όμ • 2. Malcolm Baldrige ν’ˆμ§ˆμƒ κ°œμš” 3. κ΅μœ‘κΈ°κ΄€μ„ μœ„ν•œ Malcolm Baldrige ν•΅μ‹¬κ°€μΉ˜μ™€ ꡬ체적 κΈ°μ€€ 4. Malcolm Baldrige ν’ˆμ§ˆμƒ μˆ˜μƒ κ΅μœ‘κΈ°κ΄€ 사둀: λ―Έκ΅­ Monfort κ²½μ˜λŒ€ν•™ β…’. κ΅­λ‚΄ μ›κ²©λŒ€ν•™μ˜ 총체적 질 κ°œμ„ μ„ μœ„ν•œMalcolm Baldrige κΈ°μ€€μ˜ 적용 κ°€λŠ₯성에 λŒ€ν•œ 탐색 β…£. κ²°λ‘  및 μ‹œμ‚¬μ  μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ abstractWe are seeing an increasing number of online university credit courses and even fully-online degree programs all over the country. Over the past several years, the number of stand alone virtual universities which offer online degree programs has increased substantially. Currently, there are 17 virtual universities offering fully- online degree programs in Korea. The recent growth of virtual universities is being fueled by the increasing number of life-long learners. However, the quality of education and service provided by virtual universities is regarded as poorer than established universities. Since established universities with offline programs are authorized to offer degrees via the internet, and as foreign educational institutions are expected to enter Korea's distance learning market in the near future, virtual universities are faced with major challenges in improving the quality of education and service. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the applicability of the Malcolm Baldrige criteria, which are known as the global standards for total quality management(TQM), to improve the quality of Korea-based virtual universities. In this paper, we review the Malcolm Baldrige criteria for educational institutions and a case of Malcolm Baldrige Award winner (Kenneth W. Monfort College of Business). We also discuss the applicability of the Malcolm Baldrige criteria to improve the quality of virtual universities. Finally, we suggest 5 recommendations that will help enhance the quality and competitiveness of virtual universities in Korea

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