14 research outputs found

    ํ•œ๊ตญํ˜• ๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ๋ชจ์„ฑ๋ณด๊ฑด์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ „๊ณต),2008. 8.Maste

    Formation of environmental education activists(EEAs) with changing identities of environmental activists : based on memory and oral life history of EEAs

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2011.8. ์œค์ˆœ์ง„.Docto

    Robert Frost์˜ ์‹œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต,2004.Maste

    Confucianism and the Construction of the Idea of Order in Ezra Pounds Cantos: A Reading of Rock-Drill and Thrones

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ๋ด‰์ค€์ˆ˜ .๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์—์ฆˆ๋Ÿฌ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์˜ ใ€Ž์‹œํŽธใ€์˜ ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ๊ด€๋…๊ณผ ์œ ๊ต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ใ€Ž์‹œํŽธใ€์˜ ์œ ๊ต ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‘ ์—ฐ์ž‘์ธ ใ€Ž์ฐฉ์•”๊ธฐํŽธใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์™•์ขŒํŽธใ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋น„ํ‰์  ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์žฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‹œํŽธใ€์˜ ์œ ๊ต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ใ€Ž์ฐฉ์•”๊ธฐํŽธใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์™•์ขŒํŽธใ€์ด ใ€Žํ”ผ์‚ฌ ์‹œํŽธใ€์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„  ์ƒ์—์„œ ์œ ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์  ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ด ์—ฐ์ž‘๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ใ€Žํ”ผ์‚ฌ ์‹œํŽธใ€์˜ ๋‚ด์  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์„ ์ €๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ธฐ ใ€Ž์‹œํŽธใ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ธ ์‹ ์กฐ๋“ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ์ž‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋น„ํ‰์  ๊ฐ„๊ทน์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์–‘ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ใ€Œ์„œ๋ก ใ€์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ใ€Ž์‹œํŽธใ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์œ ๊ต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ใ€Ž์ฐฉ์•”๊ธฐํŽธใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์™•์ขŒํŽธใ€์˜ ์œ ๊ต์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ๋น„๊ต์  ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ใ€Ž์‹œํŽธใ€์˜ ์œ ๊ต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ใ€Ž์ฐฉ์•”๊ธฐํŽธใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์™•์ขŒํŽธใ€์—์„œ ์œ ๊ต์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋–ผ์–ด ๋…ผํ•  ๋ฟ, ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ๊ต์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ์ž‘์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์†์— ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ใ€Ž์‹œํŽธใ€์˜ ์œ ๊ต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๊ต์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฌํƒ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๊ต ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ ์…ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ใ€Ž์ฐฉ์•”๊ธฐํŽธใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์™•์ขŒํŽธใ€์˜ ์œ ๊ต์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์†์— ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋น„ํ‰์  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์ฐฉ์•”๊ธฐํŽธใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์™•์ขŒํŽธใ€์—์„œ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๊ต์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์กฐ๋“ค์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์—…์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์กฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์ฐฉ์•”๊ธฐํŽธใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์™•์ขŒํŽธใ€์€ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์—ฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทธ ์‹คํŒจ์— ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‹œํŽธใ€์—์„œ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ ๋‚™์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ „๋ง์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋Š” ์œ ๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ๋…์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ใ€Ž์ฐฉ์•”๊ธฐํŽธใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์™•์ขŒํŽธใ€์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ด์น˜๋ฅผ ํ„ฐ๋“ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํŽผ์น˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์—…์˜ ํšกํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ์„œ๊ตฌ์— ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ ค ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏฟ์Œ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ใ€Ž์‹œํŽธใ€์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ๊ด€๋…์— ๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‘ ์—ฐ์ž‘์ธ ใ€Ž์ฐฉ์•”๊ธฐํŽธใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์™•์ขŒํŽธใ€์€ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ƒ ๋‚™์›์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ใ€Ž์‹œํŽธใ€์˜ ์งˆ์„œ๊ด€์„ ํ˜„์„ธ์ฃผ์˜, ์ „์ฒด์ฃผ์˜, ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์ฃผ์˜๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ์ฃผ์ œ์–ด๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ใ€Ž์ฐฉ์•”๊ธฐํŽธใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์™•์ขŒํŽธใ€์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋…ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์•…์„ ํƒ€์žํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ (ํ˜„์„ธ์ฃผ์˜), ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์˜ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•ž์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ (์ „์ฒด์ฃผ์˜), ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ •ํ•  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์žƒ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์  ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด(์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์ฃผ์˜) ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋Š” ์œ ๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐํš์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ ค ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ๊ต๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธฐํš์˜ ๋‚ด์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์ถ”๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ํ˜„์„ธ์ฃผ์˜ 28 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ „์ฒด์ฃผ์˜ 82 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์ฃผ์˜ 128 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  174 ์•ฝ์–ดํ‘œ 179 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 180 Abstract 188Docto

    Adsorption of Selenium(โ…ฃ) onto Hematite : Effect of Humic acid

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    Selenium(Se) is an essential micronutrient that is necessary for cancer prevention and cure, heavy metal detoxication, body metabolism and so on in human and animal bodies. However, excessive intake of Se may cause severe reverse effect such as poisoning. In this study we investigated the adsorption of Se(โ…ฃ) onto hematite, which usually exists in soils and rocks, focusing on the effect of NOM. In other words, we investigated the adsorption reactions of Se(โ…ฃ) with the synthesized hematite under various physicochemical conditions (ionic strenth, pH, concentration of Se(โ…ฃ)) in the presence of the NOM. Results show that the selenium adsorption onto hematite varies with the contact time, finally reaching an equilibrium state in 5 hours. By carrying out the modeling on the acquisited kinetic data, we found that the result is in good agreement with the Parabolic diffusion equation (R2 = 0.97). In addition, the adsorption with different initial selenium concentrations was also reproduced fairly with a Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.92). It was found that the adsorption efficiency of Se(โ…ฃ) increased with decreasing pH, particularly at pH lower than pHpzc. The Se(โ…ฃ) adsorption reduced by increasing ionic strength, is best modeled under the assumption that Se(โ…ฃ) forms an outer-sphere surface complex. The adsorption of Se(IV) onto hematite in ternary system (Se-hematite-humic acid) decreased more than that in binary system (Se-hematite). Results obtained through this study would be helpful to understand the fate and transport of Se in natural environment and to remove selenium. In addition, it would provide an important basic reference in the field of geochemistry of metal oxyanions.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 3 2.1 ์…€๋ ˆ๋Š„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 3 2.2 Hematite ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 6 2.3 Humic Acid ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 7 2.4 ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํก์ฐฉ/ํ™”ํ•™ํก์ฐฉ 10 2.5 Hematite์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ํก์ฐฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์—ฐ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 12 3. ์‹คํ—˜์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 14 3.1 ์‹คํ—˜์žฌ๋ฃŒ 14 3.2 ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 16 4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 20 4.1 Hematite(Fe2O3)์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ 20 4.2 Hematite์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์…€๋ ˆ๋Š„ ํก์ฐฉ๋ฐ˜์‘ 22 4.3 Hematite์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํก์ฐฉ๋ฐ˜์‘ 31 4.4 Hematite ์™€ ์…€๋ ˆ๋Š„ ํก์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 32 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  34 6. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 3

    Identification of proteins involved in the activation-in

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌ์—…๋‹จ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR)๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์‚ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์–ด ํ‘œ์  ์„ธํฌ์˜ MHC class I ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ธ์‹, ์‚ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž์—ฐ์‚ด ์„ธํฌ์— ํ‘œ์  ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. KIR๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์‚ด ์„ธํฌ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ถ€ CD8^+ T ์„ธํฌ์—๋„ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ T ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ KIR์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ CD8^+ memory ํ˜•์งˆ์˜ T ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” KIR ํ˜•์งˆ์ „ํ™˜ ์ƒ์ฅ์—์„œ CD8^+ memory type T ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ T ์„ธํฌ activation-induced cell death (AICD)์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” T ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ํ›„ AICD๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•ด memory ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ KIR ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์จ, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์™ธ์— ์•„์ง ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด KIR ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ T ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•จ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ T ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ KIR์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ KIR๊ฐ€ AICD๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” KIR ๋ฐœํ˜„ Jurkat T ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  phytohemagglutinin (PHA) ๋˜๋Š” PMA/ionomycin ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, KIR ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ์˜ํ•œ Jurkat T ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ์˜ AICD ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ KIR ๋ฐœํ˜„ Jurkat T ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด, PHA ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  PMA/ionomycin์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ AICD์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ž๊ทน ํ›„์— FasL ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ์–ต์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  CD8 ฮฑ์™€ KIR cytoplasmic tail์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” Jurkat ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ KIR cytoplasmic tail์˜ membrane-proximal 20๊ฐœ์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์„œ์—ด์ด KIR์— ์˜ํ•œ Jurkat์˜ AICD ์–ต์ œ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•จ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ KIR์˜ membrane-proximal 20๊ฐœ์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์„œ์—ด์— protein kinase C (PKC)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” serine๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ฐฉ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ž๊ทน ์ „ํ›„์˜ KIR์˜ cytoplasmic tail๊ณผ PKC์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญ์นจ์ „ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ KIR์˜ cytoplasmic tail ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” PKCฮฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ฮธ์™€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ž๊ทน ์ „ํ›„์— ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ KIR์˜ membrane-proximal ๋ถ€์œ„์— PKC๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€์šฉ PKC์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ค„์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ T ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ AICD์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, T ์„ธํฌ AICD ์–ต์ œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ KIR์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ KIR์™€ PKC์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. -------------------- ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ง : Killer cell Ig-like receptor, Activation induced cell death, Jurkat T ์„ธํฌ, Protein kinase C [์˜๋ฌธ] Inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are expressed on NK cells and some CD8^+ T cells, and recognize polymorphic class I MHC molecules on target cells. CD8^+ T cells expressing KIRs exhibit the memory phenotype. Recent studies with KIR transgenic mice have shown that the engagement of KIRs selectively drives the in vivo accumulation of memory-phenotype CD8^+ T cells, and that KIR might play an important role in the survival of memory-phenotype CD8^+ T cells by protecting them from activation-induced cell death (AICD). However, molecular mechanism of the AICD inhibition mediated by KIR has not been revealed yet. To better understand the AICD inhibition mediated by KIR in T cells, a series of CD8-KIR fusion constructs were stably transfected into Jurkat T cells and AICD of Jurkat transfectants were induced by phytohemagglutin (PHA) or PMA/ionomycin treatment. It was found that expression of KIR significantly inhibited the AICD by inhibiting the FasL expression in Jurkat T cells upon activation. It was also found that the membrane-proximal region (~20 amino acids) of KIR played a critical role in the AICD inhibition. Interestingly, the KIR-mediated AICD inhibition appeared to be accomplished by recruitment of protein kinase C to the membrane-proximal region of KIR. These results suggest that the sequestration and/or inactivation of PKC by the membrane-proximal region of KIR renders the activated T cells less sensitive to AICD.ope

    Adenoma of the Nipple

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    Adenoma of the nipple (AN) is an uncommon benign tumor of the breast. This tumor usually arises from the lactiferous ducts of the nipple. The common clinical findings are unilateral serosanguinous discharge with crust and a palpable nodule in the nipple. The symptoms and signs of AN are similar to those of Paget`s disease and this confusion sometimes leads to unnecessary mastectomy. Thus performing careful clinical and histological examinations along with radiologic investigations are very important for the proper management of AN. This tumor is usually treated by total excision of the nipple. We report here on two cases of AN in two women who presented with red swelling, serosanguinous discharge and erosion of the nipple. We successfully managed them with partial excision or total excision along with reconstruction. Although AN is a relatively rare disease, Surgeons Should keep the diagnosis in mind for the proper management of this disease. (J Korean Surg Soc 2009;77:134-137)Lee HJ, 2002, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V47, P578, DOI 10.1067/mjd.2002.122752Friedman EP, 1997, CLIN RADIOL, V52, P854MONTEMARANO AD, 1995, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V33, P871BROWNSTEIN MH, 1985, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V12, P707PERZIN KH, 1972, CANCER, V29, P996SHAPIRO L, 1965, AM J CLIN PATHOL, V44, P155TAYLOR HB, 1965, CANCER, V18, P995HANDLEY RS, 1962, BRIT J CANCER, V16, P187LEGAL Y, 1959, ANN ANAT PATHOL, V4, P292JONES DB, 1955, CANCER, V8, P315

    Five-years of Breast Cancer Management in a New Hospital: Analysis Using Clinical Data Warehouse

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    Purpose This study is to review the initial 5-years of breast cancer management in a single hospital using the clinical data warehouse (CDW) Methods: We reviewed the electronic medical records of 754 patients with breast cancer who were treated by a single surgeon between June 2003 and December 2007 in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital We analyzed the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic profiles of the breast cancer patients which were encoded and stored at the CDW Results: The mean age of the patients was 49.3 years and the peak incidence was in the fifth decade (36.6%) Symptomatic breast cancer was 74.6% and screening-detected breast cancer was 25.4%. Breast conserving surgery (BCS) was performed in 54 1% of all cases and the BCS rate increased annually Immediate reconstruction after mastectomy was performed in 62 cases (17.7%). Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for nodal staging was performed in 501 cases (72 1%) and 160 cases (23 0%) underwent complete axillary lymph node dissection The proportion of in situ and early stage invasive breast cancer was 85.0%. Six hundred and ninety three patients (92.5%) received more than one adjuvant therapy Thirty one patients experienced local or systemic relapse after surgery and ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) occurred in 6 cases. The median follow-up penod was 29.5 months Two-year and 3-year disease-free survival rates were 95 9% and 94.4% Conclusion. BCS and SLN biopsy continuously increased and immediate reconstruction after mastectomy was performed widely. Most patients received more than one adjuvant therapy. Moreover, we saved the time and human power to review the medical record by using the CDWRastogi P, 2008, J CLIN ONCOL, V26, P778, DOI 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.0235Ahn SH, 2006, BREAST CANCER RES TR, V99, P209, DOI 10.1007/s10549-006-9188-xSon BH, 2006, ARCH SURG-CHICAGO, V141, P155Tan-Chiu E, 2005, J CLIN ONCOL, V23, P7811, DOI 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.4091Romond EH, 2005, NEW ENGL J MED, V353, P1673Abe O, 2005, LANCET, V365, P1687*HLTH INS REG AG, 2005, REP REAL INF DEL MEDLEE JS, 2004, J BREAST CANCERER, V7, P174*MIN HLTH WELF KOR, 2003, 2002 ANN REP KOR CENVeronesi U, 2002, NEW ENGL J MED, V347, P1227Fisher B, 2002, NEW ENGL J MED, V347, P1233WOLMARK N, 2001, J NATL CANC I MONOGR, V30, P96Krag D, 1998, NEW ENGL J MED, V339, P941Abe O, 1998, LANCET, V352, P930GO BJ, 1998, J KOREAN SURG SOC, V55, P959Veronesi U, 1997, LANCET, V349, P1864Styblo TM, 1996, ANN SURG ONCOL, V3, P375MADIGAN MP, 1995, J NATL CANCER I, V87, P1681GODFREY PM, 1995, PLAST RECONSTR SURG, V95, P1039
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