9 research outputs found

    A Comparison of Receptive-Expressive Language Profiles between Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Language Delay

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    PURPOSE: It is well known that expressive language impairment is commonly less severe than receptive language impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, this result is based on experiments in Western countries with Western language scales. This study tries to find whether the result above is applicable for toddlers in a non-Western country; more specifically, in Korea with non-Western language scales. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The participants were 166 toddlers aged between 20 months and 50 months who visited the clinic from December 2010 to January 2013. The number of toddlers diagnosed as ASD and developmental language delay (DLD) was 103 and 63, respectively. Language development level was assessed using Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI), a Korean language scale. Using SELSI, each group was divided into 3 sub-groups. Moreover, the group difference by age was observed by dividing them into three age groups. Chi-square test and linear-by-linear association was used for analysis. RESULTS: Receptive language ability of the DLD group was superior to that of the ASD group in all age groups. However, expressive language ability in both groups showed no difference in all age groups. A greater proportion of expressive dominant type was found in ASD. The 20-29 months group in ASD showed the largest proportion of expressive language dominant type in the three age groups, suggesting that the younger the ASD toddler is, the more severe the receptive language impairment is. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that receptive-expressive language characteristics in ASD at earlier age could be useful in the early detection of ASD.ope

    Cν˜• μ ‘ν•©λΆ€λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ ν”„λ¦¬μΊμŠ€νŠΈ 전단벽 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :건좕학과,2006.Maste

    주의λ ₯결핍 κ³Όμž‰ν–‰λ™μž₯μ•  동물 λͺ¨λΈμΈ μžμ—°λ°œμƒ κ³ ν˜ˆμ•• μ₯μ— λŒ€ν•œ 고주파 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμˆ μ˜ 효과

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    Department of Medicine/λ°•μ‚¬μ£Όμ˜λ ₯결핍 κ³Όμž‰ν–‰λ™μž₯애에 λŒ€ν•œ ν˜„μž¬μ˜ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ€ μ•½λ¬Ό μš”λ²•μ΄λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 주의λ ₯결핍 κ³Όμž‰ν–‰λ™μž₯μ• λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹Œ ν™˜μžμ˜ 일반적인 λŒ€μƒκ΅°μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ•½λ¬Ό μ‚¬μš©μ€ λΆ€μž‘μš© 및 각 ν™˜μžμ˜ 약물에 λŒ€ν•œ 약동학적 차이둜 인해 μ œν•œλ˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 진행 쀑이닀. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 주의λ ₯결핍 κ³Όμž‰ν–‰λ™μž₯μ• μ˜ 동물 λͺ¨λΈμΈ μžμ—°λ°œμƒ κ³ ν˜ˆμ••μ₯μ—κ²Œ 기타 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λΉ„μΉ¨μŠ΅μ  μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μΈ 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμˆ μ„ μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬, λ„νŒŒλ―Ό, λ…Έλ₯΄μ•„λ“œλ ˆλ‚ λ¦°, μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ, λ‡Œ-유래 μ‹ κ²½μ˜μ–‘ μΈμžμ—μ„œμ˜ 농도 및 행동 μ¦μƒμ—μ„œλ„ λ³€ν™” 유무λ₯Ό 톡해 치료 효과λ₯Ό ν‰κ°€ν•˜λ € ν•œλ‹€. 총 15회의 고주파 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμˆ  μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ μ‹œν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ˜€ν”ˆ ν•„λ“œ, Y- 미둜 및 μƒμŠΉλœ μ‹­μžν˜•-미둜 검사λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 행동 증상을 κ΄€μ°° ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ μ™„λ£Œλ˜λ©΄ μ₯λ₯Ό ν¬μƒμ‹œν‚€κ³ , λ‡Œ μ‘°μ§μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹ κ²½ 화학적 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ³ μ„±λŠ₯ 앑체 ν¬λ‘œλ§ˆν† κ·Έλž˜ν”Ό 및 μ›¨μŠ€ν„΄ λΈ”λ‘―νŒ…μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 뢄석 ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€ 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμˆ λ‘œ μΉ˜λ£Œν•œ μžμ—°λ°œμƒ κ³ ν˜ˆμ••μ₯λŠ” 치료 κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ μ˜€ν”ˆ ν•„λ“œ κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œ μš΄λ™ ν™œλ™μ„±μ΄ 덜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯이 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜, Y- 미둜 κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λΆ€μ£Όμ˜μ„±μ—μ„œμ˜ ν˜Έμ „μ€ μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμˆ λ‘œ μΉ˜λ£Œν•œ μžμ—°λ°œμƒ κ³ ν˜ˆμ••μ₯μ˜ 전두엽 ν”Όμ§ˆμ—μ„œ λ‡Œ-유래 μ‹ κ²½μ˜μ–‘ 인자의 농도가 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, λ…Έλ₯΄μ•„λ“œλ ˆλ‚ λ¦°μ˜ λ†λ„λŠ” κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ μž„μƒ μ „ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμˆ μ€ 주의λ ₯결핍 κ³Όμž‰ν–‰λ™μž₯μ•  ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것과 μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄ μ•ˆμ „μ„± 및 효과뿐 만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 치료 맀개 μš”μΈμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‹¬ν™”λœ 연ꡬ가 ν•„μš”ν•¨μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€.openλ°•

    μœ„ν—˜ 파괴 κ· μ—΄ 경둜λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•œ 콘크리트 보 λΆ€μž¬μ˜ 전단강도 λͺ¨ν˜•

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 건좕학과, 2012. 8. 홍성걸.이 논문은 μœ„ν—˜ κ· μ—΄ 경둜λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•œ 전단철근이 μ—†λŠ” μ² κ·Ό 콘크리트 보의 전단강도λ₯Ό ν‰κ°€ν•˜κ³  μ„ ν˜•νƒ„μ„±νŒŒκ΄΄μ—­ν•™μ—μ„œμ˜ ν˜Όν•© 파괴λͺ¨λ“œλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 크기 효과λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³΄λŠ”λ° μ£Όλͺ©μ μ΄ μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ„ ν˜•νƒ„μ„±νŒŒκ΄΄μ—­ν•™μ€ κ· μ—΄ μ„ λ‹¨μ—μ„œμ˜ 응λ ₯ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό κ· μ—΄μ˜ 길이의 ν•¨μˆ˜λ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•  수 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ 전단강도에 λŒ€ν•œ 크기 νš¨κ³Όμ— λŒ€ν•œ 이둠적인 κ·Όκ±°λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ€€λ‹€. 철근콘크리트 λΆ€μž¬μ˜ 전단강도와 ν¬κΈ°νš¨κ³Όμ— λŒ€ν•œ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‹€ν—˜μ , 해석적 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ…Έλ ₯에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μœ„ν—˜ κ· μ—΄ 경둜λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•œ 전단 철근이 μ—†λŠ” 일반 보와 κΉŠμ€ 보에 λŒ€ν•΄ 크기 νš¨κ³Όμ™€ 전단 파괴λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 근본적인 이둠이 μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ œμ‹œλ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 싀정이닀. 기쑴의 κ·œμ€€κ³Ό μ œμ‹œλœ λ§Žμ€ λͺ¨λΈμ€ κ²½ν—˜μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜κ³  있으며 μ•„μšΈλŸ¬ 톡계적인 방법에 κΈ°μ΄ˆν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 전단강도λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜κ³  μ² κ·Ό 콘크리트 보의 크기 효과λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μœ„ν—˜ κ· μ—΄ κ²½λ‘œμ™€ κ· μ—΄ 길이에 κΈ°μ΄ˆν•œ 파괴 λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 사인μž₯ νŒŒκ΄΄μ™€ λ―Έλ„λŸΌ νŒŒκ΄΄μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” λŒ€κ° μœ„ν—˜ κ· μ—΄ μ„ λ‹¨μ—μ„œ 이좕 응λ ₯ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό κ°€μ •ν•œλ‹€. 보의 쀑립좕을 κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ 응λ ₯의 λ³€ν™”κ°€ 생기며 μ΄λŠ” μ£Όμš” 파괴 λͺ¨λ“œμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μš”κ΅¬ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŒŒκ΄΄λŠ” λΆ„λ¦¬νŒŒκ΄΄μ™€ λ―Έλ„λŸ¬μ§ νŒŒκ΄΄μ™€ 같은 재료의 파괴둜 μ •μ˜λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ³€ν˜•μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ 강도 λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ œμ‹œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μˆ˜μ • λͺ¨μ–΄ μΏ¨λ‘± 이둠을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° 재료의 파괴 이둠을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ 파괴 λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. λŒ€κ° κ· μ—΄ μ„ λ‹¨μ—μ„œμ˜ 응λ ₯ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 재료의 파괴 이둠에 μ˜ν•΄ κ²°μ •λœ κ·Ήν•œ 응λ ₯κ³Ό κ· μ—΄ 길이둜 ν‘œν˜„λœ λͺ¨λ“œ-Iκ³Ό λͺ¨λ“œ-IIνŒŒκ΄΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ 크기에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” μž„κ³„ 응λ ₯ ν™•λŒ€ κ³„μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 응λ ₯ ν™•μž₯ κ³„μˆ˜μ™€ μž„κ³„ 응λ ₯ ν™•μž₯ κ³„μˆ˜μ™€μ˜ κ΄€κ³„λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 크기 νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” λͺ¨λ“œ-I νŒŒκ΄΄μ™€ λͺ¨λ“œ-II 파괴 λͺ¨λ‘ κ· μ—΄ 길이에 κ΄€κ³„λœλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€. 전단 철근이 μ—†λŠ” 일반보의 전단강도λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 파괴 λͺ¨λ“œλ₯Ό μœ„ν—˜ κ· μ—΄ 경둜λ₯Ό 기초둜 사인μž₯ νŒŒκ΄΄μ™€ λ―Έλ„λŸΌ 파괴둜 κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 그리고 μ••μΆ•λŒ€μ˜ μœ„ν—˜ λ‹¨λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” 콘크리트 μ—°ν™”νš¨κ³Όκ°€ λ°œμƒν•œλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 사인μž₯ νŒŒκ΄΄μ™€ λ―Έλ„λŸΌ νŒŒκ΄΄μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 콘크리트 λ³€ν˜•λ₯ μ— κΈ°μ΄ˆν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 휨-전단 거동을 μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Ήν•œ 전단 κ°•λ„λŠ” 휨 거동 곑선과 μ—°ν™”νš¨κ³Όλ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” 전단 곑선이 λ§Œλ‚˜λŠ” μ§€μ μ—μ„œ κ²°μ •λœλ‹€. 전단 철근이 μ—†λŠ” κΉŠμ€ 보의 전단λ ₯을 κ²°μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 일좕 μ••μΆ•λ ₯을 λ°›λŠ” 콘크리트 각기λ‘₯의 거동에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 이 각기λ‘₯μ—λŠ” μˆ˜μ§μ‘λ ₯κ³Ό 전단응λ ₯이 λͺ¨λ‘ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 해석결과 κΉŠμ€ λ³΄μ—μ„œλ„ 유효 κΉŠμ΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ 크기 효과λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. μ œμ•ˆλœ λͺ¨λΈμ„ 철근콘크리트 전단 철근이 μ—†λŠ” 일반 보와 κΉŠμ€ 보의 전단 강도λ₯Ό μΆ”μ •ν•œλ‹€. μ œμ•ˆλœ 이둠은 전단응λ ₯에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 콘크리트 강도, μ ˆκ·ΌλΉ„, 전단 μŠ€νŒ¬λΉ„ 그리고 유효 깊이λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” 일반 보와 κΉŠμ€ 보의 μ‹€ν—˜ 결과와 잘 μΌμΉ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μœ„ν—˜ κ· μ—΄ κ²½λ‘œμ™€ κ· μ—΄ 길이에 κΈ°μ΄ˆν•œ μ œμ•ˆλœ 이둠적인 λͺ¨λΈμ€ 이미 μ œμ‹œλœ λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λΈλ“€ 보닀 μ² κ·Ό 콘크리트 보의 크기 효과λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 데 보닀 합리적이닀.This dissertation aims at estimating the critical crack path dependent shear strength of reinforced concrete beams without web reinforcement and investigating size effect by using the mixed mode fracture in linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach. This approach has been supplied the theoretical basis for size effect in shear strength because the stress states at the crack tip can be expressed as a function of crack length. Even though the efforts of numerous experimental and analytical studies for shear strength and size effect of reinforced concrete beams, a fundamental theory explaining the size effect and shear failure mode of slender and deep beams without web reinforcement considering critical crack path is still missing. Current code provisions and many existing models are based on empirical and statistical considerations. To determine the shear strength and investigate the size effect of reinforced concrete beams, a failure mechanism based on the critical crack path and crack length was proposed. This study assumes biaxial stress fields at the diagonal critical crack tip in both diagonal tension failure and sliding failure modes. The transition area which is located from uniaxial stress states below the neutral axis of beams to biaxial stress states above the neutral axis requires the change of primary fracture mode. This failure is defined as material failure such as separation and sliding. To provide the deformation dependent strength model, the modified Mohr-Coulomb criteria was used and failure mechanism was investigated by using concrete failure criteria. For investigating the stress states at critical diagonal crack tip, size dependent critical stress intensity factors for mode-I and mode-II fracture expressed in terms of ultimate stresses determined by material failure criteria and crack length were proposed. From the relationship between the stress intensity factor and critical stress intensity factor, it is recognized that size effect is related to the crack length for both mode-I and mode-II fracture. To obtain the shear strength of slender beams without web reinforcement, failure modes are classified into diagonal tension failure and sliding failure on the basis of critical crack path. And it is assumed that softening occurs at cracked section in the compression zone. In addition a newly flexural-shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams without web reinforcement based on the concrete strain for diagonal tension failure and sliding failure was proposed. The ultimate shear strength is determined at the intersection between flexural behavior curves and shear limit curves represented the softening. To determine the shear strength of deep beams without web reinforcement, behavior of prismatic body of concrete subjected to uniaxial compression was investigated. Both normal stress and shear stress assume to exist in the prismatic body on the basis of theory of elasticity. As a result, deep beams also showed the size effect for effective depth. Proposed models are to estimate the shear strength of reinforced concrete slender and deep beams without web reinforcement. The proposed theory accurately predicts the experimental results for the ultimate shear stress of slender and deep beams with various strengths of concrete, steel ratio, shear span-to-depth ratio and effective depth. Finally, the proposed theoretical models based on the critical crack path and crack length are more reasonable to explain the size effect of reinforced concrete beams than existing models.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background and Problem Statements 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Scope 4 1.3 Organization of the Dissertation 5 2. Literature Review 6 2.1 Current Design Provisions 6 2.1.1 ACI 318-08 Building Code 6 2.1.2 CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 7 2.1.3 Eurocode 2 8 2.1.4 JSCE 10 2.2 Previous Researches 11 2.2.1 Fracture Mechanics Approach 11 2.2.2 Strut-and-Tie Model 16 2.2.3 Deformation based Design 18 2.2.4 Regression Analysis 21 2.3 Review 22 3. Behavior of Concrete 24 3.1 Uniaxial Compression 24 3.2 Uniaxial Tension 24 3.3 Biaxial Stress Behavior 26 3.4 Softening of Concrete 27 3.3 Summary 34 4. Fracture Mechanics of Concrete 35 4.1 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 35 4.2 Stress Intensity Factor 37 4.3 Critical Stress Intensity Factor 42 4.4 Material Properties and Nonlinear Zone 43 4.4.1 Nonlinear Behavior of Concrete 43 4.4.2 Concrete Crack and Fracture Process Zone 45 4.6.3 Fracture Process zone for Mixed Mode Fracture 47 4.5 Size Dependent Critical Stress Intensity Factor 51 4.6 Size Effect 54 4.6.1 Size Effect of Linear Elastic Materials 54 4.6.2 Size Effect of Concrete Structures 55 4.7 Mixed-Mode Fracture of Concrete Beams 58 4.7.1 Introduction 58 4.7.2 Size Dependent Effective Stress Intensity Factors 61 4.8 Summary 67 5. Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams without Web Reinforcement 68 5.1 Introduction 68 5.2 Moment-Curvature Relationship 69 5.3 Depth of neutral axis 72 5.4 Moment Capacity 79 5.5 Summary 82 6. Critical Crack Path Dependent Shear Strength 83 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Crack Path Dependent Failure Mechanism 84 6.2.1 Characteristics of Critical Diagonal Crack 84 6.2.2 Failure Mechanisms 86 6.3 Diagonal Cracking Strength 88 6.3.1 General 88 6.3.2 Effective Stress Intensity Factor 88 6.3.3 Critical Stress Intensity Factor 91 6.3.4 Shear Strength of Flexural Tension Zone 96 6.4 Shear Strength for Diagonal Tension Failure 103 6.4.1 General 103 6.4.2 Failure Criteria 103 6.4.3 Effective Stress Intensity Factor 105 6.4.4 Shear Strength 108 6.4.5 Verification and Effect of Primary Parameters 114 6.5 Shear Strength for Sliding Failure 122 6.5.1 Introduction 122 6.5.2 Shear Transfer across a crack 123 6.5.3 Failure Criteria 127 6.5.4 Shear Strength 131 6.5.5 Verification 135 6.5.6 Summary 139 6.6 Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Short Beams without Web Reinforcement 141 6.6.1 Introduction 141 6.6.2 Failure Mode of Diagonal Strut 142 6.6.3 Uniaxial Compression 143 6.6.4 Stress Concentrations 144 6.6.5 Concentrated Load at a Point of a Straight Boundary 144 6.6.6 Sliding Failure of Prismatic Body 148 6.6.7 Shear Strength of Short Beams 157 6.6.8 Verification 159 6.6.9 Summary 163 7. Summary and Conclusions 165 7.1 Summary 165 7.2 Conclusions 166Docto
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