The Effects of Significant Other's Perceived State on Consumers' Product Evaluation and Choice

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 경영학과 마케팅 전공, 2013. 2. 박기완.The present research is intended to examine how the perceived state of ones significant other affects his/her subsequent product evaluation and choice. Specifically, I hypothesized that individuals will attempt to compensate for their partners shaken attribute by choosing virtue (vs. vice) products that will bolster the self in that certain domain. I expected, on the other hand, that they will be licensed to choose vice (vs. virtue) products that will potentially harm the self in that domain when they believe their partners self-concept has been boosted. Two studies confirmed these hypotheses.1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 3 2.1 Compensatory Consumption 3 2.2 Licensing Effect 5 2.3 Significant Others and Shared Identity 6 3. HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT 9 4. STUDY 1 10 4.1 Method 12 4.2 Results 15 4.3 Discussion 20 5. STUDY 2 21 5.1 Method 22 5.2 Results 24 5.3 Discussion 27 6. GENERAL DISCUSSION 28 6.1 Limitations and Future Research 30 7. REFERENCES 32 8. 요약 (국문초록) 38Maste

Causal Associations Between Serum Bilirubin Levels and Decreased Stroke Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

OBJECTIVE: A number of epidemiological studies have reported that decreased serum bilirubin, an endogenous antioxidant, is associated with cardiovascular disease. However, previous Mendelian randomization analyses conducted using a single sample have shown no evidence of association. Approach and Results: A 2-sample summary Mendelian randomization study was performed by obtaining exposure and outcome data from separate nonoverlapping samples. We utilized data from the KoGES (Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study; n=25 406) and KCPS-II (Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II; n=14 541) biobank for serum bilirubin and stroke, respectively. Using KoGES, a total of 1784 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with serum bilirubin levels were discovered using a genome-wide significance threshold (P<5×10-8), of which 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified as independent (R2<0.005) and adopted as genetic instruments. From KCPS-II, total and ischemic stroke cases were identified (n=1489 and n=686), with 12 366 acting as controls. Various 2-sample summary Mendelian randomization methods were employed, with Mendelian randomization estimates showing an inverse causal association between serum bilirubin levels and total stroke risk (odds ratio, 0.481 [95% CI, 0.234-0.988]; P=0.046). This association increased in magnitude when restricting the analysis to ischemic stroke cases (odds ratio, 0.302 [95% CI, 0.105-0.868]; P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence of significant causal relationship between high levels of bilirubin and decreased stroke risk in Korean population in agreement with observational approaches. This highlights the potential for bilirubin to serve as a therapeutic target for oxidative stress-related diseases such as stroke and suggests that previous findings were not a consequence of unmeasured confounding.ope

Bilirubin and risk of ischemic heart disease in Korea: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVES: Bilirubin is an endogenous antioxidant that protects cells against oxidative stress. Increased plasma levels of bilirubin have been associated with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in previous studies. Nonetheless, whether those associations reflect a true protective effect of bilirubin on IHD, rather than confounding or reverse causation, remains unknown. Therefore, we applied two-sample Mendelian randomization to evaluate the causal association between bilirubin levels and IHD risk in a Korean population. METHODS: A total of 5 genetic variants-TRPM8 (rs10490012), USP40 (rs12993249), ATG16L1 (rs2119503), SLCO1B1 (rs4149014), and SLCO1B3 (rs73233620)-were selected as genetic instruments for serum bilirubin levels using a communitybased cohort, the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, comprising 33,598 subjects. We then evaluated their impact on IHD using the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II cohort. RESULTS: Among the 5 instrumental variables that showed significant associations with serum bilirubin levels, rs12993249 (USP40) showed the most significant association (p<2.36×10-105). However, we found no significant association between serum bilirubin levels and IHD. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated a consistent association, suggesting that our observations were robust. CONCLUSIONS: Using two-sample Mendelian randomization, we found no association between serum bilirubin levels and IHD. Further studies that confirm the observed interactions among other ethnicities are warranted.ope

The associations between immunity-related genes and breast cancer prognosis in Korean women

We investigated the role of common genetic variation in immune-related genes on breast cancer disease-free survival (DFS) in Korean women. 107 breast cancer patients of the Seoul Breast Cancer Study (SEBCS) were selected for this study. A total of 2,432 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 283 immune-related genes were genotyped with the GoldenGate Oligonucleotide pool assay (OPA). A multivariate Cox-proportional hazard model and polygenic risk score model were used to estimate the effects of SNPs on breast cancer prognosis. Harrell's C index was calculated to estimate the predictive accuracy of polygenic risk score model. Subsequently, an extended gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA-SNP) was conducted to approximate the biological pathway. In addition, to confirm our results with current evidence, previous studies were systematically reviewed. Sixty-two SNPs were statistically significant at p-value less than 0.05. The most significant SNPs were rs1952438 in SOCS4 gene (hazard ratio (HR) = 11.99, 95% CI = 3.62-39.72, P = 4.84E-05), rs2289278 in TSLP gene (HR = 4.25, 95% CI = 2.10-8.62, P = 5.99E-05) and rs2074724 in HGF gene (HR = 4.63, 95% CI = 2.18-9.87, P = 7.04E-05). In the polygenic risk score model, the HR of women in the 3rd tertile was 6.78 (95% CI = 1.48-31.06) compared to patients in the 1st tertile of polygenic risk score. Harrell's C index was 0.813 with total patients and 0.924 in 4-fold cross validation. In the pathway analysis, 18 pathways were significantly associated with breast cancer prognosis (P<0.1). The IL-6R, IL-8, IL-10RB, IL-12A, and IL-12B was associated with the prognosis of cancer in data of both our study and a previous study. Therefore, our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms in immune-related genes have relevance to breast cancer prognosis among Korean women.ope

Prediction of breast cancer survival using clinical and genetic markers by tumor subtypes

PURPOSE: To identify the genetic variants associated with breast cancer survival, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted of Korean breast cancer patients. METHODS: From the Seoul Breast Cancer Study (SEBCS), 3,226 patients with breast cancer (1,732 in the discovery and 1,494 in the replication set) were included in a two-stage GWAS on disease-free survival (DFS) by tumor subtypes based on hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The associations of the re-classified combined prognostic markers through recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of DFS for breast cancer were assessed with the Cox proportional hazard model. The prognostic predictive values of the clinical and genetic models were evaluated by Harrell's C. RESULTS: In the two-stage GWAS stratified by tumor subtypes, rs166870 and rs10825036 were consistently associated with DFS in the HR+ HER2- and HR- HER2- breast cancer subtypes, respectively (Prs166870 = 2.88 × 10(-7) and Prs10825036 = 3.54 × 10(-7) in the combined set). When patients were classified by the RPA in each subtype, genetic factors contributed significantly to differentiating the high risk group associated with DFS inbreast cancer, specifically the HR+ HER2- (P discovery=1.18 × 10(-8) and P replication = 2.08 × 10(-5)) and HR- HRE2- subtypes (P discovery = 2.35 × 10(-4) and P replication = 2.60 × 10(-2)). The inclusion of the SNPs tended to improve the performance of the prognostic models consisting of age, TNM stage and tumor subtypes based on ER, PR, and HER2 status. CONCLUSION: Combined prognostic markers that include clinical and genetic factors by tumor subtypes could improve the prediction of survival in breast cancer.ope

Exploratory investigation of genetic associations with basal cell carcinoma risk: genome-wide association study in Jeju Island, Korea

AIM: Little is known about the genetic associations with Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) risk in non-Caucasian populations, in which BCC is rare, as in Korea. We here conducted a pilot genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 12 patients and 48 standard controls. METHOD: A total of 263,511 SNPs were analyzed with the Illumina HumanOmni1 Quad v1.0 DNA Analysis BeadChip for cases and Korean HapMap 570K for controls. RESULTS: SNP-based analyses, based on the allele genetic model with adjustment for sex and age showed suggestive associations with BCC risk for 6 SNPs with a P-value (P 0.05), likely due to the smaller sample size. CONCLUSIONS: Although this was a small-scale negative study, to our knowledge, we have conducted the first GWAS for BCC risk in an Asian population. Further large studies in non-Caucasian populations are required to achieve statistical significance and confirm these findings.ope

Lowe 지수를 이용한 비모수적 추론을 바탕으로

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 농경제사회학부, 2021. 2. 권오상.Korea has experienced rapid industrial growth for half a century, but its agricultural competitiveness has lagged far behind. Agricultural growth is essential to achieve sustainable national economic development. Therefore, it is necessary to look for a way to enhance the growth of the agriculture sector. And the first thing for this is to accurately measure the productivity of the entire Korean agriculture industry and determine the cause of the fluctuation. This study measures the total factor productivity(TFP) of Korean agriculture in nine regions (Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeju) from 2003 to 2017 and to determine the cause of the change in TFP using efficiency measures corresponding to the Lowe TFP index. In this article, there are five outputs (rice, food crops, vegetables, fruits and specialties, livestock) and four inputs (capital, labor, land, and intermediate goods) constructed using Törnqvist indexes in each of the nine regions. A Lowe TFP index is estimated based on these constructed five outputs and four inputs to calculate profitability index and terms-of-trade index in each region. Next, based on the five outputs and four inputs derived above, the output and input distance functions are estimated using linear programming. Consequently, the associated efficiency measures such as maximum total factor productivity, technology efficiency, mix efficiency, and scale efficiency are derived. The analysis showed that the main driver of the profitability change from 2003 to 2017 is the change in terms-of-trade rather than total factor productivity. The growth of total factor productivity in 2003-2007 was mainly affected by the other measures other than the maximum total factor productivity. Gangwon showed the lowest TFP growth among regions in 2003-2007, due to Gangwon's low mix efficiency growth. On the other hand, the decrease in maximum total factor productivity seems to have had been the main reason for the negative growth rate of total factor productivity in 2008-2012 and 2013-2017. Meanwhile, technology efficiency and scale efficiency were high throughout the entire period and region.한국은 반세기 동안 공업화 위주의 급격한 성장을 거두었으나, 농업부문 경쟁력은 상당 부분 뒤처져 왔다. 농업의 성장이 지속 가능한 국가경제 발전에 한 축을 담당하고 있는 만큼, 농업부문 성장을 제고하기 위한 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 우선되어야 할 부분은 우리나라 농업 전체의 생산성을 정확히 계측하고 그 변동 원인을 파악하는 것이다. 이번 연구에서는 2003~2017년 동안 우리나라 9개 지역(경기, 강원, 충북, 충남, 전북, 전남, 경북, 경남, 제주)을 대상으로 우리나라 농업의 총요소생산성을 계측하고, Lowe 지수에 해당하는 효율성 지표를 이용하여 지역별 총요소생산성 변동 원인을 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 9개 지역별로 퇸크비스트 지수를 이용하여 산출물 5개 지수(미곡, 식량작물, 채소류, 과일 및 특작, 축산)와 투입물 4개 지수(자본, 노동, 토지, 중간재)를 구축한다. 이렇게 구축된 산출물과 투입물을 바탕으로 Lowe 지수를 이용하여 지역별 총요소생산성을 구축하고 수익성 지수와 교역조건 지수를 계산한다. 다음으로, 위에서 도출한 5개의 산출물과 4개의 투입물을 바탕으로 선형계획법을 이용하여 산출물거리함수와 투입물거리함수를 추정하며, 이를 이용하여 최대 총요소생산성, 기술효율성, 혼합효율성, 규모효율성 등 다양한 효율성 지표를 도출한다. 이후 분석 기간을 세 기간(2003~2007년, 2008~2012년, 2013~2017년)으로 구분하여, 기간별 Lowe TFP 지수의 변화율을 위에서 제시한 효율성 지표들의 변화율로 분해함으로써 총요소생산성의 변화 요인을 더욱 면밀하게 분석한다. 분석 결과, 2003~2017년 수익성 지수의 성장에는 총요소생산성보다는 교역조건의 증가가 더 큰 영향을 끼친 것으로 나타났다. 2003~2007년 총요소생산성의 성장에는 최대 총요소생산성 이외의 나머지 지표들이 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 해당 기간에는 강원 지역이 낮은 총요소생산성 성장이 두드러지는데, 이는 강원의 낮은 혼합효율성 성장이 큰 영향을 끼친 것으로 드러났다. 한편, 2008~2012년과 2013~2017년에는 최대 총요소생산성의 감소가 총요소생산성의 감소에 가장 큰 영향을 끼친 것으로 파악되었다.제 1 장 서 론 1 제 1 절 연구의 배경 및 목적 1 제 2 절 선행연구 3 제 3 절 연구의 내용 및 방법 6 제 4 절 논문의 구성 7 제 2 장 퇸크비스트 지수 8 제 1 절 이론적 배경 8 제 2 절 산출물 지수 도출 10 제 3 절 투입물 지수 도출 13 1. 분석 자료 13 2. 자본(K) 13 3. 노동(L) 15 4. 토지(A) 17 5. 중간재(M) 18 제 3 장 Lowe 지수를 이용한 생산성 및 효율성 분해 19 제 1 절 이론적 배경 19 제 2 절 분석 모형 21 1. 총요소생산성 지수 구축 21 2. 산출물 기준 효율성지표와 총요소생산성 분해 24 3. 투입물 기준 효율성지표와 총요소생산성 분해 30 제 4 장 분석 결과 36 제 1 절 지역별 총요소생산성 지수 구축 36 1. 총 산출지수 36 2. 총 투입지수 37 3. 총요소생산성 지수 구축 43 4. 교역조건 지수와 TFP 효율성지표 구축 46 제 2 절 효율성지표의 도출과 총요소생산성 분해 50 1. 산출물 기준 효율성지표 분석 50 2. 투입물 기준 효율성지표 분석 60 제 5 장 요약 및 결론 71 참 고 문 헌 74 부 록 78 Abstract 83Maste

조선시대 성 통제에 대한 보고

[서평] 이숙인(2014), 정절의 역사 , 푸른역사, 424쪽.이 책은 조선시대 국가적으로 이루어졌던 여성에 대한 성(性)통제의 역사를 밝힌 책이다. 저자는 경국대전등의 법전, 내훈, 여사서등의 여성교육서, 실록과 심리록등의 판결기록 등 다양한 자료를 통해서 성 통제의 역사에 접근하고 있다. 저자가 인용하는 조선시대 성 담론과 성 스캔들의 이야깃거리는 여성 성 통제의 역사를 다채롭게 펼쳐 보인다

팀-조직 문화 적합도가 팀 만족과 조직 만족에 미치는 영향: 개인 수준과 팀 수준의 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 심리학과, 2012. 8. 김명언.팀 중심의 조직 구조 속에서 다양한 기능을 수행하고 있는 팀들은 각기 자신들의 고유한 문화를 형성, 유지하고 있다. 그렇다면, 이러한 팀의 문화는 조직의 문화와 일치하는 것이 조직의 개인 및 팀에 긍정적인가? 이에 답하기 위해 본 연구에서는 국내 대규모 엔지니어링 회사 152개 팀의 1,539명을 대상으로 팀-조직 문화 적합도(team-organization cultural fit)가 개인과 팀에 미치는 영향을 분석 수준에 따라 개인 수준과 팀 수준으로 연구를 구분하여 이를 검증해보고자 하였다. 1,539명을 대상으로 이루어진 개인 수준의 연구 1에서는 개인이 지각한 팀의 문화와 조직 문화의 일치 정도가 개인의 팀 만족과 인사제도 만족에 미치는 영향에 주목하였다. 특히 여기에서는 기존에 조직 문화 연구에서 오랫동안 관심을 받아온 개인-조직 문화 적합도(P-O cultural fit)와 개인-팀 문화 적합도(P-T cultural fit)를 함께 비교 분석함으로써 세 적합도간의 주 효과와 상호작용 효과에 초점을 두었다. 세 적합도의 주 효과를 비교한 연구 1-1에서는 세 가지 주요한 결과가 발견되었다. 첫째, 개인-조직, 개인-팀 문화 적합도는 기존의 연구와 일관되게 팀 만족과 인사제도 만족에 유의한 정적 관계를 보이며 가치 일치의 긍정적 효과를 확인시켜 주었다. 둘째, 팀-조직 문화 적합도는 팀 만족과 인사제도 만족에 유의하게 부적으로 영향을 미쳐, 팀의 문화와 조직의 문화가 다르다고 지각할수록 개인이 느끼는 팀 만족과 인사제도 만족이 높아짐을 확인하였다. 이는 기존의 적합도 연구에서의 결과와는 다소 상이한 것으로 상위 문화와 하위 문화가 서로 다른 것이 긍정적인 효과가 있음을 보여주며 조직 문화의 분화적 관점을 지지해주었다. 셋째, 세 적합도의 영향력을 비교한 분석에서는 개인-팀 문화 적합도가 다른 두 개의 개인-조직 문화 적합도와 팀-조직 문화 적합도에 비해 강하게 팀 만족과 인사제도 만족에 유의한 정적 영향력을 나타냄을 보이며, 자신에게 근접한 참조 집단인 팀에 대한 가치의 적합도가 조직에 대한 가치 적합도 보다 개인의 만족도에 영향을 미침을 확인하였다. 세 적합도간의 상호작용 관계를 살펴본 연구 1-2에서는 세 적합도 간의 유의한 이원상호작용과 삼원상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 개인-중심의 두 문화 적합도와 팀-조직 문화 적합도는 공통적으로 상보적 관계를 나타내며 상호작용 양상을 보여주었다. 다시 말해, 개인 중심의 문화 적합도가 높고 환경-환경 적합도가 낮을 때 가장 높은 만족도를 반면에 개인 중심 문화 적합도가 낮고 환경-환경 적합도가 높을 때 가장 낮은 만족도를 나타냈다. 이를 통해, 개인이 지각하는 만족도에 있어서는 개인의 가치-환경 간의 일치는 환경-환경 일치도 보다 선행되는 중요한 요소임을 확인시켜주었다. 152개 팀을 대상으로 이루어진 팀 수준의 연구 2에서는 팀 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도가 미치는 영향에 대한 주 효과와 정보 다양성과의 상호작용 효과를 연구 2-1과 연구 2-2로 구성하여 살펴보았다. 더욱이 여기에서는 팀 수준을 측정하는데 있어 대표적인 두 가지 방식인 팀 합의 방식(OCP)과 팀 합산 방식(CVF)을 동시에 사용함으로써 팀 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도의 효과의 일관성을 확인해보고자 하였다. 팀 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도의 주 효과에 주목한 연구 2-1에서는 세 가지 주요한 결과가 발견되었다. 첫째, 팀 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도는 개인 수준과 다르게 팀 수준의 인사제도 만족에만 마지널하게 유의한 부적 결과를 나타냈으며, 이러한 결과는 합산 방식에서만 발견되었다. 둘째, 팀 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도의 영향력은 지원 부서와 사업 부서가 다르게 드러났으며, 지원 부서는 정적 경향성이 사업 부서는 유의한 부적 영향이 발견되었다. 팀 수준 OCP 팀-조직 문화 적합도는 팀 수준의 팀 만족에서, 그리고 팀 수준의 CVF 팀-조직 문화 적합도는 팀 수준 인사제도 만족에서 유의한 부적 관계를 가짐으로써 전체 대상을 표본으로 하여 분석한 결과보다 사업 부서에서 강한 관계성을 드러냈다. 넷째, 팀 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도가 가지는 부적 관계의 검증에서 더 나아가 비선형회귀분석을 실시함으로써 팀의 문화와 조직의 문화가 서로 다른 것이 긍정적일 수 있으나 매우 상이한 것은 부정적일 수 있다는 하위 문화의 긍정적 영향에 대한 추가분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 선형회귀분석 결과와 마찬가지로 비선형모형은 팀 수준의 인사제도에서만 유의한 부적관계를 나타내며 역U자의 곡선을 지지해주었다. 즉, 팀 수준에서 지각하였을 때 팀의 문화와 조직의 문화가 약간 다른 것이 팀 수준의 만족도에 가장 높게 나타났으며, 너무 다르거나 또는 너무 유사하거나 하는 것은 오히려 만족도가 낮아지는 결과를 나타냈다. 팀 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도와 팀 정보 다양성 간의 상호작용 효과를 검증한 연구 2-2에서는 근속년수, 직급, 학력의 세 가지 정보 다양성 가운데 팀 직위 다양성에서 상보적 관계의 조절 효과가 확인되었다. 즉, 팀 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도가 낮고, 팀 직위 다양성이 낮을 때 가장 높은 인사제도 만족도를 나타냈으며, 반대로 팀 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도가 낮고, 팀 직위 다양성이 높을 때 가장 낮은 인사제도 만족도를 나타냈다. 특히, 이는 사업 부서만을 대상으로 하였을 때 더욱 분명하게 나타나, 전체 조직을 대상으로 분석 했을 때와 다르게 팀 직무연한 다양성, 팀 직위 다양성, 팀 학력 다양성 모두에서 유의한 상호작용 효과가 발견되었다. 팀 내외부의 변인들의 상호작용에 대한 결과는 팀 내부에만 집중되었던 팀 연구의 초점을 팀 외부로 변환시키는데 기여할 것으로 보인다. 본 논문은 개인 대상에 머물렀던 적합도 연구를 팀 대상으로 확장시키고, 조직의 개인 및 팀에 미치는 영향을 두 가지 적합도인 내부 적합도와 외부 적합도 간의 관계로 살펴봄으로써, 적합도 연구의 대상과 범위를 확대시키는데 기여하고자 하였다. 마지막으로 종합 논의에서는 본 논문의 주요 발견과 의의 그리고 제한점과 차후 연구 방향에 대해서 논하였다.Teams, which perform various functions within organizational structures centered on teams, have formed and maintained unique cultures of their own. Then, would it be positive to the individual and the team for the team culture to be in agreement with the organizational culture? In order to answer this question, this study attempts to examine the influence of team-organization cultural fit on the individual and the team on both the individual level and the team level, by conducting a research on 1,539 people in 152 teams at a large-sized engineering company in Korea. Study 1, an individual-level study conducted on 1,539 people, focused on the influence of the degree of agreement between the team culture and organizational culture as perceived by the individual on the individuals satisfaction toward the team and HR satisfaction. In particular, individual-organization cultural fit and individual-team cultural fit, which have been the topic of interest for a long time in previous organizational culture studies, were compared and analyzed as well, focusing on the main effect and interactive effect among the three cultural fits. Study 1-1, which compared the main effect of the three cultural fits, discovered three major outcomes. First, P-O and P-T cultural fit displayed a significantly positive relationship with team satisfaction and HR satisfaction, which is consistent with previous studies and the positive effect of value congruence, was confirmed. Second, team-organization cultural fit exhibited a significantly negative relationship with team satisfaction and HR satisfaction, confirming that team satisfaction and HR satisfaction as perceived by the individual becomes higher when team culture and organizational culture is perceived to be different. This outcome, which is somewhat different from previous studies on cultural fit, showed that there is a positive effect when the over-culture and sub-culture are different and supported the divisional approach of organizational culture. Third, a comparison of the influence of the three cultural fits showed that the significantly positive influence of P-T cultural fit on team satisfaction and HR satisfaction was stronger than the influence of P-O cultural fit and T-O cultural fit. This confirmed that value fit with the team, which is the closest reference group with the individual, has a stronger influence on individual satisfaction than value fit with the organization. Study 1-2, which examined the interaction between the three cultural fits, showed a significant two-way interaction and three-way interaction among the three cultural fits. The two cultural fits based on the individual (P-O and P-T cultural fit) as well as the T-O cultural fit commonly show a complementary relationship and display an interactive pattern. In other words, satisfaction is highest when cultural fit centered on the individual is high and environment-environment fit is low, whereas satisfaction lowest when cultural fit centered on the individual is low and environment-environment fit is high. It was confirmed that as for satisfaction as perceived by the individual, the agreement between the individuals value and the environment is an important factor which precedes the agreement between the environment and the environment. Study 2, a team-level study conducted on 152 teams, was divided into Study 2-1, which examined the main effect of team-organizational cultural fit on the team level, and Study 2-2, which investigated the interactive effect with information diversity. Moreover, by using both the team consensus method and aggregation method of individual scores, which are the two representative methods in measuring team level, the study attempted to confirm the consistency of the effect of team-organization cultural fit on the team level. Study 2-1, which focused on the main effect of team-organization cultural fit on the team level, discovered three major outcomes. First, team-organization cultural fit on the team level displayed a marginally significant negative relationship with only the HR satisfaction on the team-level, unlike the outcome of the individual level, an outcome which was only found in the aggregation method of individual scores. Second, the influence of team-organization cultural fit on the team level differed between the support division and the operation division. A positive trend was found in the support division and a significantly negative effect was found in the operation division. Team-organization cultural fit of team-level OCP had a significantly negative relationship with team satisfaction on the team level, whereas team-organization cultural fit of team-level CVF had a significantly negative relationship with HR satisfaction on the team level, exhibiting a stronger relationship in the operation division than in the sample of the total. Fourth, going beyond verification of the negative relationship of team-organizational cultural fit on the team level, an additional analysis was conducted on the positive influence of sub-culture, which is that it can be positive to have a different team culture and organizational culture although extreme difference might be negative, through a non-linear regression analysis. As in the case of linear regression analysis, the non-linear model displayed a significantly negative relationship only in the case of personnel policy on the team level, supporting the inverse-U curve. Thus, perception on the team level showed that team-level satisfaction is highest when there is a slight difference between the team culture and organizational culture, whereas satisfaction became lower when team culture and organizational culture were too different or too similar. Study 2-2, which examined the interactive effect between team-organization cultural fit and team information diversity on the team level, confirmed the moderating effect of complementary relationship in team position level diversity, among the three types of information diversity—service term, position level, and level of education. Thus, HR satisfaction was highest when team-organization cultural fit on the team level was low and diversity of team position level was low, whereas HR satisfaction was lowest when team-organization cultural fit on the team level was low and diversity of team position level was high.. In particular, this was more evident when taking into account only the operation division, exhibiting a significant interactive effect in team service term diversity, team position level diversity, and team education level diversity, unlike the case where the whole organization was subject to analysis. It appears that the outcome of interaction between variables which exist internally and externally will contribute to converting the focus of team research, which was previously focused only on the internal aspect of the team, to the external aspect of the team. This thesis is meaningful in that it expanded previous individual-environment fit research to environment-environment fit research, and that it widened the understanding of other types of fit by verifying the relationship between the individuals internal fit and external fit as well as the teams internal fit and external fit. Other contributions and limitations are discussed in the end.국문초록 i 제 1장 연구배경 및 목적 1 제 2장 이론적 배경 7 조직 문화 7 하위 문화 10 적합도 개념을 적용한 하위 문화와 조직 문화 간의 관계 18 제 3장 예비연구 32 연구방법 33 연구결과 40 제 4장 연구 1: 개인 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도 48 연구 1-1: 개인 수준의 개인-조직, 개인-팀, 팀-조직 문화 적합도가 조직의 개인에게 미치는 영향에 대한 비교 51 연구방법 60 연구결과 66 연구 1-1 논의 72 연구 1-2: 개인수준의 개인-조직, 개인-팀, 팀-조직 문화 적합도 간의 관계: 세 적합도 간의 상호작용 검증 76 연구방법 78 연구결과 78 연구 1-2 논의 85 제 5장 연구 2: 팀 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도 89 연구 2-1: 팀 수준의 팀-조직 문화 적합도가 팀에 미치는 영향: 팀 합의 방식의 OCP와 개인 합산 방식의 CVF 적용 93 연구방법 97 연구결과 104 연구 2-1 논의 114 연구 2-2: 팀 내부 적합도와 팀 외부 적합도 간의 관계가 팀에 미치는 영향: 팀 정보 다양성과 팀-조직 문화 적합도 간의 상호작용 검증 117 연구방법 125 연구결과 127 연구 2-2 논의 135 제 6장 종합논의 139 참고문헌 151 Abstract 167 부록 172Docto

A Study on the ICCP Control and Monitoring System for Ship

This thesis is about the Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) control and monitoring system, which brings protection against the corrosion of the ship's hull in the sea. The ship's hull is composed of iron which can be highly corroded, and therefore the corrosion brings about great physical and financial damages to the ship. Because of this, the protection against the corrosion of iron is a necessity. Since there is no one perfect way to protect against corrosion and rapid degradation, an anti-corrosive protection method, such as coating, has to run simultaneously with an electrical anti-corrosive device. The ICCP system which I will be discussing is one such method, and has several advantages. First, the life of the anode is long because the ICCP system uses an insoluble anode. Second, it can get enough protective current over a large area for protection. Iron can be separated into three regions of corrosion, immunity and passivity. Without any external force, iron's corrosion potential under natural conditions is within a corrosion range, so such iron becomes corroded. On the other hand, protection of the vessel's hull can be made because iron's corrosion potential can be transferred to an immunity range when the ICCP system compels a protective current to be sent to the ship's hull. Iron's corrosion potential is -600mV with standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), and its protective potential is between -800mV and -900mV. The ICCP system is composed of a power supply, anode, reference electrode and controller. AC sources from the ship's generator are converted to DC sources in terms of power supply, and a protective current is sent to ship's hull though anode. A Zinc electrode is used for a reference electrode. Zinc's potential is -1000mV with SHE. Differential potential is detected by a sensor between the ship's hull and the reference electrode, and its value must be controlled to maintain between +100mV and +200mV. Then ship's hull can always be protected. When the system is abnormal, it is designed to sound the alarm. The controller operates to increase the protective current at the anode if the value of the detected potential is lower than that of the setting potential, but it operates to decrease it if the former is higher than the latter. The controller fully senses whether or not the detected potential is within a range of protection and then it is automatically controlled to increase or decrease the amount of protective current to be sent to the anode. The monitoring system with RS 232/485 communication is also studied in order to check the normal state of the system at a long distance, because an operator does not always watch over this system and thus the system cannot operate well because of his or her negligent management. Since the ship always moves in the sea, an experiment of characteristics of the ICCP system is conducted by introducing various corrosional environmental factors such as velocity and pollution. First, the amount of the requisite protective current is not consistent enough to protect against corrosion of the ship's hull because the velocity is different at anchor and on the voyage. That is, the faster the velocity, the more the requisite protective current is increased. Second, the amount of the requisite protective current is also inconsistent because pollution levels are different when sailing along the coast compared to sailing out at sea. That is, the heavier the pollution, the more the requisite protective current is increased. These results must be referred to when the ICCP system is set up. In short, the ICCP is a multi-system for use on ships and on land structures because it includes a safety device. Even over a long distance, the system's conditions can be watched through a monitoring system with communication. The system can be controlled to protect against corrosion of the ship's hull in different corrosional environments. I suggest that this system can accomodate a ship's automation and will be very useful.제 1 장 서론 1 1.1 연구배경 1 1.2 연구목적 3 1.3 논문구성 5 제 2 장 ICCP 6 2.1 개요 6 2.2 방식 및 방식 9 2.3 선박의 운용 특성 17 제 3 장 제어시스템 설계 20 3.1 개요 20 3.2 소프트웨어 설계 22 3.2.1 알고리즘 23 3.2.2 프로그램 30 3.3 하드웨어 설계 36 3.3.1 구성 37 3.3.2 세미컨버터형 정류기 39 3.3.3 구동회로 42 3.3.4 모니터링 회로와 통신 회로 52 3.3.5 전원 회로 와 입출력 회로 57 제 4 장 실험 및 결과 63 4.1 실험장치 63 4.2 특성 실험 69 4.3 운용 실험(선박의 운용 특성에 따른 실험) 78 제 5 장 결론 80 참고 문헌 8