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    Effects of Lip Thickness and Recess Length on Spray Characteristics in Gas Centered Double Swirl Injector for 400N Methane Rocket Engine

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ์œค์˜๋นˆ.The 400N class small rocket engine is widely used for applications such as apogee engine for geosynchronous satellite or attitude control engine for manned or unmanned spacecraft. Conventional small rocket engines have mostly used toxic and corrosive hypergolic propellants. In recent years, however, the development of reusable launch vehicles and manned space exploration projects have led to the development of small methane rocket engine in countries such as the United States, Russia, and China. Methane is a hydrocarbon but a cryogenic liquid, and oxygen / methane propellant is a non-hypergolic propellant that requires an igniter. Therefore, the properties of methane are different from any other propellants for small rocket engine that is currently in use or developed. Also, since the methane engine has a short history of development and there are few cases of actual use, it seems that proper method of propellant mixing and injector type have not been established. In this study, concept design of combustion chamber and injection system of small rocket engine with a single bipropellant injector was performed. Oxygen and methane are used as a propellant in this engine. After designing the geometry of the combustion chamber, the combustion patterns by the injection and mixing system according to the combination of the swirl and jet injectors were compared. The finite element analysis method was used for the comparison, and the type of the injector suitable for the engine was selected as the gas centered double swirl injector. This type of the injector was designed by calculating the individual geometry and performance of the liquid and the gas injector, and then coaxially arranging them. The spray characteristics of the coaxial injector according to the variation of the lip thickness of the gas injector and the recess length were investigated by cold test. In the case of the external mixing without the recess length, the droplet size decreased and the fluctuation of mass distribution was weakened as the lip thickness increased. When the recess length corresponds to the critical mixing, a flow of fine droplet like mist was observed inside the spray cone, which increased with decreasing lip thickness. When the recess length corresponds to the internal mixing, the atomization performance of the injector was lower than that of the critical mixing as a whole.400N ๊ธ‰ ์†Œํ˜• ๋กœ์ผ“ ์—”์ง„์€ ์ •์ง€๊ถค๋„ ์œ„์„ฑ์˜ ์›์ง€์  ์—”์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ์œ , ๋ฌด์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์˜ ์ž์„ธ ์ œ์–ด์šฉ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์†Œํ˜• ๋กœ์ผ“ ์—”์ง„์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์œ ๋…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์‹์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ž๋™์ ํ™”์„ฑ ์ถ”์ง„์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ธ์šฐ์ฃผํƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ๋„๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ˜• ์—”์ง„์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์€ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทน์ €์˜จ ์•ก์ฒด์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฐ์†Œ-๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ์ถ”์ง„์ œ๋Š” ์ ํ™”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋น„์ž๋™์ ํ™”์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์†Œํ˜• ๋กœ์ผ“ ์—”์ง„์šฉ ์ถ”์ง„์ œ์™€๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ์—”์ง„์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์งง๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ด๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ถ”์ง„์ œ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํ˜•์‹์ด ์ •๋ฆฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ / ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์„ ์ถ”์ง„์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ผ ์ด์› ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์†Œํ˜• ๋กœ์ผ“ ์—”์ง„์˜ ์—ฐ์†Œ์‹ค ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์†Œ์‹ค์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ›„ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šค์›” ๋ฐ ์ œํŠธ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฌด-ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—ฐ์†Œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ด์ค‘ ์Šค์›” ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ํ›„ ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ์™€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋™์ถ•์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฅ˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฆฝ ๋‘๊ป˜์™€ ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์Šค ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋™์ถ• ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฌด ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์Šค ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฆฝ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์•ก์ ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์Šค ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž„๊ณ„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ„๋ฌด ์›์ถ” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์•ˆ๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์•ก์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง„ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋ฆฝ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์Šค ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๊ณ„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฝํ™” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.Contents Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Overview of previous works 4 1.3 Objectives 11 Chapter 2 CONCEPT DESIGN 12 2.1 Requirements 12 2.2 Combustion chamber design 13 2.3 Numerical analysis 20 2.4 Injector design 31 2.4.1 Design of liquid injector 33 2.4.2 Design of gas injector 38 2.4.3 Design of coaxial injector 41 Chapter 3 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND APPARATUS 47 3.1 Experimental conditions 47 3.2 Water and air supply system 50 3.3 Optical equipment 51 Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 52 4.1 Characteristics of gas injector 53 4.2 Characteristics of liquid injector 54 4.3 Characteristics of coaxial injector 57 4.3.1 No recess 58 4.3.2 Shallow recess 59 4.3.3 Deep recess 60 Chapter 5 CONCLUSION 62 References 64 Abstract in Korean 69Maste
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