18 research outputs found

    Numerical Analysis for Residual Stress and Birefringence in Precision Injection MoldelProducts

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    Functional regulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type(TRPV) 6 channel by extracellular pH

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์ œ2ํ˜• ์ƒํ”ผ ์นผ์Š˜์ด์˜จํ†ต๋กœ(Epithelial Calcium Channel type 2, ECaC2, TRPV6)๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ž‘์€์ฐฝ์ž์—์„œ ์Œ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์™ธ์— ์ฝฉํŒฅ, ํƒœ๋ฐ˜, ์ „๋ฆฝ์ƒ˜, ์ด์ž ๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝฉํŒฅ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์นผ์Š˜์˜ ์žฌํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ1ํ˜• ์ƒํ”ผ ์นผ์Š˜์ด์˜จํ†ต๋กœ(Epithelial Calcium Channel type 1, ECaC1, TRPV5)๋Š” ์†Œ๋ณ€์˜ pH ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ TRPV6๋Š” ๊ทธ์™€ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  pH ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ž‘์€์ฐฝ์ž๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ TRPV6๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด pH ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” pH ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ TRPV6์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ง€์–ด ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. TRPV6๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋น„๋ก ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 2001๋…„์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ถ€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์†์ƒ๋˜์–ด ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์†์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์น˜์œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‚˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์„ธํฌ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์นผ์Š˜์˜ ๋†๋„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์นผ์Š˜๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊นŠ์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด TRPV6๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ pH๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์นผ์Š˜ ๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ TRPV6๊ฐ€ pH ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์„ธํฌ ์นผ์Š˜๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ TRPV6์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ pH ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์„ธํฌ ํŒจ์น˜ํด๋žจํ”„(whole-cell patch clamp)๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ TRPV6๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–‘์ด ์„ธํฌ์™ธ pH ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ TRPV6์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด 50% ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” pKa๊ฐ’์€ 5.71๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. TRPV6์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ pH๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ(extracellular pH sensor)์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง‰์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€์œ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์ด์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 521๋ฒˆ์งธ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํžˆ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋”˜(histidine)์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์ด์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅด์ง€๋‹Œ(arginine)์œผ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ pH์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด 50% ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” pKa ๊ฐ’์€ 5.02์˜€๋‹ค. pH๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ TRPV6์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜๊ณ  pH๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ TRPV6์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ž˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 521๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ธ ํžˆ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋”˜์„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ(cysteine)์œผ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜์‹œํ‚จ ๋ณ€์ด์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ TRPV6์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 521๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฐ”๊นฅ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ณณ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ด์˜จ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด TRPV6์˜ ์ž…์ฒด๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด TRPV6์˜ 521๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ธ ํžˆ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋”˜์€ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ pH๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ด์˜จ(H+)์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (์ด ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ด์˜จ์ด TRPV6์—์„œ ์ด์˜จ์ด ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” pore ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ง‰๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ) TRPV6์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ pH ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด TRPV6์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]TRPV6 (epithelial calcium channel type 2, ECaC2) is known to be in charge of calcium absorption in small intestine from the food. Besides small intestine, it is also expressed in kidney, placenta, prostate, and pancreas. The function of TRPV5 (epithelial calcium channel type 1, ECaC1), which is mainly located in the urinary system and have a role to reabsorb calcium, is variable as urine pH changes. The amino acid sequences of TRPV6 have 30% homology with TRPV5, but the amino acid homology in pore helix is about 75%. In addition, their structures in pore helix are very similar. However, the extracellular pH sensitivity of TRPV6 has not studied yet. Maybe this is because the organs where TRPV6 distributes are generally insensitive to extracellular pH, and therefore, itโ€™s difficult to determine physiological meaning of extracellular pH sensitivity of TRPV6. One study has reported TRPV6 is also distributed in skin. As it is TRPV6 (epithelial calcium channel type 2, ECaC2) is known to be in charge of calcium absorption in small intestine from the food. Besides small intestine, it is also expressed in kidney, placenta, prostate, and pancreas. The function of TRPV5 (epithelial calcium channel type 1, ECaC1), which is mainly located in the urinary system and have a role to reabsorb calcium, is variable as urine pH changes. The amino acid sequences of TRPV6 have 30% homology with TRPV5, but the amino acid homology in pore helix is about 75%. In addition, their structures in pore helix are very similar. However, the extracellular pH sensitivity of TRPV6 has not studied yet. Maybe this is because the organs where TRPV6 distributes are generally insensitive to extracellular pH, and therefore, itโ€™s difficult to determine physiological meaning of extracellular pH sensitivity of TRPV6. One study has reported TRPV6 is also distributed in skin. As it is known that calcium is very important for wound healing and aging in skin now, there is a possibility TRPV6 may play an important role in the calcium concentration regulation in epidermis. It is known that epidermal and dermal pHs are different each other and their calcium concentrations are easily variable. Therefore, this study was planned to explain the physiological mechanism how calcium concentration is regulated in the skin as the pH changes, for example wound healing and/or skin aging. First, the extracellular pH sensitivity of TRPV6 was examined using whole-cell patch clamp technique. The pKa, 50% of currents are inhibited from the maximum, was 5.71. Next, thirteen mutants were made to find out the amino acids which play a critical role as extracellular pH sensor. Among them, 521st histidine to arginine mutant showed to be less sensitive to extracellular pH(pHe) changes. The findings that only arginine mutant was less sensitive to extracellular pH among six kinds of amino acid mutants on H521, and the pKa was 5.02 strongly indicate 521st histidine may function as a extracellular pH sensor. To explain the mechanism how proton affects the function of TRPV6 substituted cysteine accessibility method(SCAM) was performed. For this, the 521st amino acid histidine was substituted by cysteine and MTSET was treated. SCAM technique showed 521st amino acid histidine is exposed to extracellular space and proton may provoke functional declines by conformational changes. In conclusion, the histidine, 521st amino acid of TRPV6, plays a role as extracellular pH sensor and it causes the functional declines not by direct blocking effect or electrostatic effect but by conformational changes through proton binding.ope

    ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋„์„œ๊ด€๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• 

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