42 research outputs found

    ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ถ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์„œ์‹์ง€์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ์ธ์‹์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด ์™€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํ‘œ๋ฒ” ๋ณด์ „์— ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์กฐ์ œ์—ด.Prey animal and local communities awareness are one of the important aspects for big cats conservation. There are multiple small populations of tigers (Panthera tigris) and leopards (Panthera pardus) across Asia due to the rapid expansion of human populations and the subsequent development of human-dominated landscapes. The habitat patches in northeast China and southwest Primorye of Russia also retain the last population of Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis) and a metapopulation of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). This region recently became the new habitat for a deer species, water deer (Hydropotes inermis), which can become a potential prey species for the big cats; having the baseline knowledge of the water deer and the attitudes of the local community towards wildlife may have important implications for the big cats conservation. We applied camera trapping, genetic analysis, a species distribution model, and a questionnaire survey to acquire the baseline information. It is challenging but crucial to combine multiple research techniques when surveying wildlife. The ecology of wildlife, their interactions with the environment, and how the landscape provides a habitat for wildlife are all important aspects of wildlife conservation. The presence of humans in wildlife habitats is crucial to conservation efforts' success and long-term viability. This study focuses on one aspect of wildlife research, but more is needed because the situation surrounding wildlife conservation is complicated. Understanding wildlife needs and how people and wildlife interact in the ecosystem will be essential. The advancement of wildlife monitoring techniques, such as non-invasive genetic sampling, camera trapping, and traditional transect surveys, offers an effective method for gathering accurate information about wildlife. When evaluating wildlife habitat, landscape ecology methods offer a broad perspective. Species distribution models (SDM) can use landscape data, information about human influence, and species ecology information to predict critical conservation regions. Well-designed questionnaire surveys can identify people's wildlife interactions. Range expansion for wildlife occurs due to human activity and climate change. There is a need for knowledge and an updated management approach. Since 2019, the water deer (Hydropotes inermis), a small size (15 kg) deer species, has been recognized as a new expanded species in northeast China and the far east of Russia. With several different deer species, high diversity of wildlife exists in the expanded region, including the Amur tiger and Amur leopard. The newly expanded water deer have a high reproductive rate, may serve as a potential prey animal for big cats influencing other species, and may even interact with local people. In this dissertation research, I used camera trapping, species distribution models, and questionnaire surveys to assess the northward movement of water deer in northeast China, focusing on the Tumen transboundary region between northeast China, the Russian Far East, and North Korea. My research had three main goals:1) to confirm the species expansion, 2) to assess the habitat, and 3) to assess people's attitudes. I also tried to draw the implications for the big cat conservation from the results. In order to accomplish the goals, I collaborate with regional partners in the research area, such as the local forestry department, Yanbian University, Beijing Normal University, Wildlife Conservation Society, and others, to gather ecological data, conduct household surveys, and analyze landscape data. The research results may provide management guidance for the newly expanded deer species and contribute to the conservation of endangered big cats. In chapter 1, I employed camera traps, ecological studies, and genetic techniques to identify the expanding deer species and collected information on their range. The range of water deer has extended northward by at least 500 km from its previous distribution limit, and this population shares a tight evolutionary relationship with Korean water deer. In chapter 2, I identified the appropriate environment and figured out potential expansion pathways for the water deer. MaxEnt model was used to access the habitat. Because environmental factors can be evaluated through their contribution to the model, I discovered that the suitable water deer habitat on the east coasts of the Korean Peninsula (Hamyong-namdo patch) and west coast of the Korean Peninsula (Pytongan-namdo patch) and the newly expanded region along the border between China, North Korea, and the Russian Far East (Hunchun patch). Elevation, wetland region, the availability of water sources, and farmland habitat were significant factors that helped water deer choose their home in the new area. Three main connection routes were estimated among habitat patches. The east route was from Hamyong namdo cross Ryangando and Hamyong bukdo to Hunchun; the middle route was from Pyongan namdo cross Chagang do to Baishan, Atu, Helong, Longjing to Hunchun; The west route was from Pyongan namdo to Chagang do, Baishan, Antu, Dunhua, Wangqing to Hunchun. The predicted habitat connections may serve as the water deer dispersal routes in the past, and further dispersal trends may be predicted through the modeling results. Predators, such as tigers and leopards, may also use the similar routes for their future dispersal. In Chapter 3, I also investigated residents' attitudes toward wildlife using a questionnaire survey, which may have ramifications for the new extension of water deer management. I discovered that people's attitudes regarding wildlife are influenced by their age, gender, education, and contact with wildlife. Residents usually had neutral sentiments toward large animals, but they had very negative opinions against wild boar, especially if they had suffered losses from crop raiding. It will be crucial to be alert of any potential conflict in the new expansion territory of the water deer, given that the species may induce severe crop raiding in the area in the future. All of these details will be crucial and useful for managing and conserving the newly expanded water deer population. This study illustrates how a scientific working process brings together wildlife, habitat, and the local community when gaining access to and conserving newly expanded species in new ranges. This study results may have important implications to tiger and leopard conservation, both positive and negative. First positive implication is that the northward expansion of water deer into the newly established big cat range in northeast region of China may have positive effects on big cat populations by increasing prey animal diversity in their habitat. Secondly, we forecasted the potential corridors for water deer, which can be used in the future for big cats as a potential habitat or dispersal routes because of the potential existence of new prey species in the connection areas; Finally, the data on the local people's attitudes towards wildlife can help building strategic plans for future tiger and leopard conservation education and prey management. However, the results may have negative implications for big cat population; for example, potential introduction of novel diseases or pathogens of ungulates to the expanded region, creation of potential disturbance or competition in the wildlife community of the expanded region, bringing about a new type of wildlife-human conflict in the region etc.๋จน์ด๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ณด์กด์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ํ™•์žฅ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„์‹œ์•„์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์™€ ํ‘œ๋ฒ” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ด ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ถ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ทน๋™๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ ์ผ๋ถ€์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด(Panthera tigris altaica)์™€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํ‘œ๋ฒ”(Panthera pardus orientalis)์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ „๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํ‘œ๋ฒ”์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ด๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ถ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‚ฌ์Šด๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์ข…์ธ ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ(Hydropotes inermis)๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ํฐ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ณผ๋™๋ฌผ(ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์™€ ํ‘œ๋ฒ”)์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ์ธ์‹์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜•๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ณผ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณด์ „์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ ์™ธ์„  ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•, ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•, ์ข… ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณต์ง€์™€ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž์›์ˆ˜์š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋„์ „์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์‰ฝ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณด์ „์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ณด์ „์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ์„œ์‹์ง€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํƒœ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ณด์ „ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์ข… ์ƒํƒœํ•™, ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ƒํƒœํ•™, ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณด์ „์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์นจ์Šต์  ์œ ์ „์ž ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„, ์ ์™ธ์„  ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋ฐ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ƒํƒœํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข…๋ถ„ํฌ๋ชจ๋ธ(Species distribution model)์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ฒ™๋„์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ์ข… ์ƒํƒœ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์š” ์„œ์‹์ง€ ํŒจ์น˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์‹ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„์— ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด ๋ฐ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํ‘œ๋ฒ”์ด ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘๋งŒ๊ฐ• ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์‹๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜•๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ ์™ธ์„  ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ, ์ข… ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ถ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ(๋Œ€ํ˜•๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ณผ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋จน์ด)์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋„ˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์  ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ถ๋ถ€๊ณผ ๊ทน๋™๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ถํ•œ ์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์ข…์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ ์ž„์—…๋ถ€์„œ, ์—ฐ๋ณ€๋Œ€ํ•™, ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™, ๊ตญ์ œ์•ผ์ƒ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•™ํšŒ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์™ธ์„  ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ, ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘, ์œ ์ „์ž ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ข…์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ตœ์†Œ 500km ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋” ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„œ์‹์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ˜•๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ณผ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณด์ „์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค (์ œ1์žฅ). ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ MaxEnt ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ • ์ข…์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์„œํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋žด์˜ค๋‹์„ฑ๊นŒ์ง€, ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์šฐ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ•๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ป—์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ ์„œ์‹์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœํšŒ๋ž‘์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(์ œ2์žฅ). ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ ํ™•์‚ฐ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์œก์‹๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉง๋ผ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋ฉง๋ผ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ž…์›๋„ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํƒœ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด, ํ‘œ๋ฒ” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋จน์ด๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ „๋žต ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(์ œ3์žฅ). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์™€ ํ‘œ๋ฒ”์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์„œ์‹์ง€์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋œ ์œ ์ œ๋ฅ˜์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์„œ์‹์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž ์žฌ์  ์„œ์‹์ง€ ํŒจ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ƒํƒœํšŒ๋ž‘ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์™€ ํ‘œ๋ฒ”์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ƒ์กด์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋จน์ด๋™๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋จน์ด๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์ƒํ™ฉ, ์„œ์‹์ง€์™€ ์ƒํƒœํšŒ๋ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ํฌ์‹์ž์˜ ๋ณด์ „๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์™€ ํ‘œ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋จน์ด๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€์™€ ํšŒ๋ž‘์€ ๊ทธ ํฌ์‹์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋ฐ ํšŒ๋ž‘ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์™€ ํ‘œ๋ฒ” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์ง€์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์ž์›์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ์ƒํƒœํ•™, ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ƒํƒœํ•™ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข… ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.General Backgrounds 1 Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) 3 Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) 6 The conservation of Amur tiger and amur leopard 8 Water deer (Hydropotes inermis) 12 Purpose of the research 17 CHAPTER โ… . Northward expansion of water deer (Hydropotes inermis) the potential prey for big cats: origin and distribution 22 Introduction 22 Material and methods 24 Result 31 Discussion 45 CHAPTER โ…ก. Prediction of water deer habitat and potential habitat patches connection 53 Introduction 54 Material and methods 59 Result 68 Discussion 80 CHAPTER โ…ข. Local people attitude towards big cats and their prey 86 Introduction 87 Material and methods 90 Result 95 Discussion 116 Appendix 122 General Discussion 142 Bibliography 146 Abstract in Korean 162๋ฐ•

    -์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค, -์–ด ๋‚ด๋‹ค, -๊ณ  ๋ง๋‹ค, -์–ด ๋†“๋‹ค, -์–ด ๋‘๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ(ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ๊ตฌ๋ณธ๊ด€.ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ -์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค, -์–ด ๋‚ด๋‹ค, -๊ณ  ๋ง๋‹ค, -์–ด ๋†“๋‹ค, -์–ด ๋‘๋‹ค๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–‘ํƒœ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์–‘ํƒœ์  ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์—๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง๊ด€์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์ ยท์˜๋ฏธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด -์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค, -์–ด ๋‚ด๋‹ค, -๊ณ  ๋ง๋‹ค, -์–ด ๋†“๋‹ค, -์–ด ๋‘๋‹ค ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ ํ–‰์šฉ์–ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ œ์•ฝ, ์ฃผ์–ด์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ œ์•ฝ, ๋ถ€์ •์–ด์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ œ์•ฝ, ์„ ์–ด๋ง์–ด๋ฏธ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ œ์•ฝ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ์˜๋ฏธ์  ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์–‘ํƒœ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์›์ธ์„ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„ญ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ๋Œ€์‘ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋งŽ์ด ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณด์–ด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ์ถ”ํ–ฅ๋ณด์–ด์™€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—๋„ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ด๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ ํ–‰ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด์ „๊ณต์˜ 2ํ•™๋…„, 3ํ•™๋…„, 4ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์Šต์ž ์ด105๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ชจ์–ด ํ™”์ž 40๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ํ•™๋…„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์›์ธ์„ ํ•™๋…„๊ณผ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ์™ธ์— ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ์–ด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์„œ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์›์ธ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.In the Korean perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions '-แ„‹แ…ฅ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค,' '- แ„‚แ…ขแ„ƒแ…ก', '-๊ณ  แ„†แ…กแ†ฏ๋‹ค', '-์–ด แ„‚แ…ฉแ‡‚แ„ƒแ…ก' and '-์–ด แ„ƒแ…ฎแ„ƒแ…ก' are relatively frequent auxiliary predicate compositions in everyday language. All of these five auxiliary predicate compositions share the aspect meaning of 'completion', but each represents various modality meanings and differs in syntactic characteristics according to the aspect and modality meaning. For this reason, Chinese Korean learners who lack intuition about the Korean perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions have a lot of difficulty in understanding and using these auxiliary predicate compositions which have similar syntactic and semantic characteristics. Starting from this awareness of the problem, this study aims to reveal how Chinese Korean learners understand and use these Korean perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions and to derive effective teaching and learning measures based on this. First, through a theoretical review, this study attempted to compare their similarities and differences by dividing the characteristics of each of the five perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions into syntactic and semantic. In addition, in order to determine the cause of the difference in the understanding and use patterns of perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions, the response pattern between the Korean perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions and the Chinese response expression was examined. At this time, the response pattern between the Chinese pursuit complement, the auxiliary words and Korean perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions was also considered, rather than focusing only on the Chinese result complement, which has been mainly discussed. In addition, based on the preceding work as described above, this study examined the understanding and use of the Korean perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions of Chinese Korean learners. A total of 105 second, third, and fourth-grade learners of Chinese University Korean majors and 40 Korean-speaking speakers were tested to measure their understanding patterns, and Chinese Korean learners were asked to additionally measure their usage patterns and then the test results were analyzed. First, the learner's understanding and usage patterns were examined according to the grade, and then, the understanding and usage patterns of each group were examined for each perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions. In addition, the reasons for the difference in the learner's understanding and usage patterns of the Korean perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions were analyzed in three aspects: the influence of the mother tongue, the influence of the target language and the influence of the education. Finally, the teaching and learning measures for the Korean perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions were derived according to the results of Chinese Korean learners' understanding and usage patterns analysis and the results of cause analysis. First, the educational content on the syntactic and semantic characteristics of the Korean perfect aspect auxiliary predicate compositions was selected, and then the direction for the development of the educational method was presented.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  4 2.1 ๊ตญ์–ดํ•™์—์„œ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5 2.2 ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œกํ•™์—์„œ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 9 2.3 ํ•œ์ค‘ ๋Œ€์กฐํ•™์—์„œ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 14 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 16 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ํ† ๋Œ€ 19 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 19 1.1 ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 19 1.2 ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 21 2. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 21 2.1 ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง• 22 (1) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง• 22 (2) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง• ๋น„๊ต 37 2.2 ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ํŠน์ง• 39 (1) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ 39 (2) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์–‘ํƒœ์  ์˜๋ฏธ 46 (3) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ํŠน์ง• ๋น„๊ต 54 3. ํ•œ์ค‘ ๋Œ€์กฐ ๋ถ„์„ 57 3.1 ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ๋Œ€์‘ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 58 (1) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ '-์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค' 59 (2) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ '-์–ด ๋‚ด๋‹ค' 61 (3) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ '-๊ณ  ๋ง๋‹ค' 63 (4) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ '-์–ด ๋†“๋‹ค' 64 (5) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ '-์–ด ๋‘๋‹ค' 66 3.2 ํ•œ์ค‘ ๋Œ€์‘ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ํŠน์ง• ๋Œ€์กฐ 69 (1) ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ๋Œ€์‘ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง• ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 69 (2) ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ๋Œ€์‘ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ํŠน์ง• ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 75 โ…ข. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ 78 1. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 80 1.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ 80 1.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋„๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์„ค์ • 81 (1) ์ดํ•ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 81 (2) ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 84 1.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 86 (1) ์‹คํ—˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 86 (2) ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  87 (3) ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 88 2. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 90 2.1 ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ดํ•ด ์–‘์ƒ 90 (1) ํ•™๋…„ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์˜ ์ดํ•ด ์–‘์ƒ 90 (2) ํ•™๋…„ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ํŠน์ง•์˜ ์ดํ•ด ์–‘์ƒ 107 (3) ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ํŠน์ง•์˜ ์ดํ•ด ์–‘์ƒ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 125 2.2 ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ 129 (1) ํ•™๋…„๋ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ 129 (2) ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ 131 2.3 ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 134 (1) ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ง€์‹ ๋น„๊ต 134 (2) ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 135 3. ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์›์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 137 3.1 ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 137 (1) ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ 138 (2) ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ๋Œ€์‘ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์–‘ํƒœ์  ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ถ€์žฌ 139 3.2 ๋ชฉํ‘œ์–ด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 140 (1) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ 140 (2) ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ํŠน์ง•์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ 142 3.3 ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 143 โ…ฃ. ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 148 1. ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์š”์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ๋ชฉํ‘œ 148 2. ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์š”์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ๋‚ด์šฉ ์„ ์ • 150 2.1 ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ '-์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค'์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ๋‚ด์šฉ 150 2.2 ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ '-์–ด ๋‚ด๋‹ค' ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ๋‚ด์šฉ 151 2.3 ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ '-๊ณ  ๋ง๋‹ค' ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ๋‚ด์šฉ 152 2.4 ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ '-์–ด ๋†“๋‹ค' ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ๋‚ด์šฉ 153 2.5 ์™„๋ฃŒ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ '-์–ด ๋‘๋‹ค' ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ๋‚ด์šฉ 155 3. ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 156 3.1 ๊ต์ˆ˜ ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 156 3.2 ๊ต์ˆ˜ ํ•™์Šต ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ œ์‹œ ์ˆœ์„œ 157 3.2 ๊ต์ˆ˜ ํ•™์Šต ๋ชจํ˜• 159 โ…ค.๊ฒฐ๋ก  162 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 167 ๋ถ€๋ก 175 Abstract 187์„

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    Alternative coloring selection approach for managing rural landscape, Korea

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    โ… . ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ โ…ก. ์ •์ฑ… ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  โ…ข. ๋ถ„์„ โ…ฃ. ์Ÿ์ ๊ณผ ๊ณผ

    A Histochemical Study ou the Myocardium of the Rat iu Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

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    Carbon monoxide poisoning has been one of the seriM ous health problems last 20 years. The high incidence of accidents is mainly due to the public uses of anthracite coal briquettes as main domestic fuel for heating and cooking. Authour designed this study to elucidate the effects of the acute carbon monoxide poisoning on the myocardial tissue by histochemical approach and some of 105 rats were exposed to 1%, 0.7% and 0.4%CO gas mixture. The half lethal times were 30 min., 60min., and 120min. respectively. The control rats and lethal rats among 3 experimental groups were dissected immediately and the enzyme activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), diphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced form (DPNH) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were observed by histochemical staining method. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was made simultaneously and serum LDH. carboxyhemoglobin, hemoglobin, hematocrit and red cell count were measured. The findings obtained are as follows; 1. The average survival time of the I%CO, 0.796 CO and 0.4% CO exposure groups were 25min., 53 min. and 135min respectively. 2. The histological sections from rat after 30 min., 50 min. and 120 min. acute poisoning with 1%. 0.7% and 0.4% carbon monoxide revealed mild to moderate congestion and focal extravasation of erythrocytes in the cardiac muscles without necrotic changes. 3. The values of hemoglobin. hematocrit and red cell count showed marked increase in the experimental groups compared to the control group, but the difference among the experimental groups were found insignificant statistically. 4. The activity levels of SDH and DPNH were redused proportionally to the CO concentration and the exposure time. The activity level of LDH was slightly increased. These changes are statistically significant. The serum level of LDH decreased in the 120min. exposed group, but was not changed in the other exposure groups

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    Thesis(masters) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ,2010.2.Maste
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