A Study of Psychiatric Technicians' Attitudes Toward Mental Illness

For patients with mental illness, in order to provide effective treatment through comprehensive therapy, nurses as primary care givers and psychiatric technicians who help to establish therapeutic environment at psychiatric wards play an important role in various aspects, including identifying inpatients’ symptoms and aggravation early, providing appropriate intervention and treatment, taking measures to deal with emergencies, and promoting rehabilitation and social re‐adaptation, as well as influencing general people’s attitude toward the patients. The subjects of this study were psychiatric technicians who took part in protecting the patients, and this study was attempted to provide primary data required for their on‐the‐job training programs and future research by investigating their attitudes toward mental illness and along with its influencing factors. The subjects were 166 psychiatric technicians who worked at national and public mental institutions, mental hospitals, psychiatric wards of university hospitals, and mental clinics, and they were selected by a convenient sampling method. Data were collected from October 23 to November 13, 2006. As an inventory, a translated questionnaire of the Opinion about Mental Illness (OMI) Scale developed by Cohen & Struening was used. This scale was composed of 51 questions based on 5 factors concerning attitudes of authoritarianism, benevolence, mental health ideology, imposing limitation on mental patients’ social lives, and interpersonal relationship. The reliability of the OMI scale was .84, and the total reliability of the study was .78. Each item was scored on the Likert 6 point scale. Data collected were analyzed by using the SPSS 12.0(ver.) program, finding frequency and percentage, and ANOVA, correlation analysis, and regression analysis (stepwise) were conducted. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Mean age of the subjects was 38 years old; most of them were married (60.2%) and didn’t have a child (40.4%). In education level and religion, less than high school graduates and no religion took the highest proportion of 63.9% and 47.6%, respectively. The largest type of hospitals at which they worked was mental hospitals (70.5%). In a question to ask whether they had a nursing assistant certificate or not, the most frequently answered reply was no (60.2%), and in total work experience, 10 years and more was seen to be the largest response (30.1%), but work experience at psychiatric wards was seen the greatest in 1 to 3 years (26.5%). The most frequently answered mean working hour per week was 40 hours or less (54.8%) and mean monthly income was 1,010‐1,500 thousand won (55.4%). In a question to ask how they ended up working at psychiatric wards, they answered most frequently by their wills (67.5%). In a question that how many times they received on‐the‐job training for the last one year was none, the highest (30.1%), and satisfaction with the work at psychiatric wards was rather high (47.6%), and most of them answered they would keep this job as long as they needed (67.5%). They answered most frequently to a question of what was most needed for improving psychiatric technicians’ attitude was quality improvement through on‐the‐job training (47.7%), followed by treatment improvement and protection of human rights (39.8%), inclusion as a part of treatment team, and improving their job as a profession (12.5%). 2. In the relationship between their general characteristics and attitude toward mental illness, benevolence was seen higher in the age groups of 40-49 years, followed by the age group of 50-59, showing older age group having more warm‐heartedness than the younger age group (F=2.501, p<.05). Also benevolence was higher in the married group than the unmarried group (F=3.448, p<.05). In educational background, mental health ideology was seen higher in the college graduates (52.52), followed by university graduates (50.84), and high school graduates (49.81), showing the attitude was higher in the group of college graduates and above (F=5.010, p<.05). Psychiatric technicians who worked at university hospitals were most warmhearted toward mental illness (F=3.064, P<. 05), while psychiatric technicians who worked at mental hospitals showed the most negative attitude, scoring the highest point at the attitude of social restrictiveness(F=3.376, p<.05). Psychiatric technicians who had a nursing assistant certificate showed to have high benevolence and mental health ideology, while those who didn’t have the certificate showed high authoritarianism (F=4.290, p<.05). The attitude of social restrictiveness was seen higher in the group of having no nursing assistant certificate (F=4.617, P<.05), and interpersonal etiology was seen higher in the group of having the certificate (F=5.413, p<.05). In the total work experience, psychiatric technicians with work experience 10 years and more showed higher benevolence(F=3.758, p<.05) and the lowest attitude of social restrictiveness, and those group showed more warmhearted attitude toward mental illness and generosity on mental patients’ social lives (F=3.638, p<.05). Psychiatric technicians with work experience 3 to 5 years showed the highest attitude of social restrictiveness. Psychiatric technicians who worked more than 10 years at psychiatric wards showed the highest benevolence(F=3.436, p<.05) and the lowest attitude social restrictiveness, but those group with work experience 3 to 5 years showed the highest attitude of social restrictiveness. Thus, psychiatric technicians with work experience 10 years and more at psychiatric wards showed more positive attitude toward mental illness than those with less work experience (F=3.980, p<.05). The factor of interpersonal etiology was seen the highest in the psychiatric technicians with work experience 5 to 10 years, followed by the group with 10 years and more, so that it can be said that psychiatric technicians with work experience more than 5 years showed more positive attitude toward mental illness than those with less work experience. Psychiatric technicians with mean 56-60 working hour per week showed the highest interpersonal etiology so that long working hour didn’t make them keep negative attitude (F=2.263, p<.05). The group with a monthly income less than one million won showed the highest authoritarianism, and the group with 3,010 thousand won and above the lowest (F=3.389, p<.05). The attitude of benevolence was seen the highest in the group with 3,010 thousand won and above, followed by the group with 1,010‐1,500 thousand won, and the group with less than one million won (F=3.718, p<.05). The attitude of social restrictiveness was seen the highest in the group with 1,010‐1,500 thousand won, followed by the group with less than one million won, and the group with 3,010 thousand won and above (F=4.730, p<.05). Thus, it can be said that the group with less monthly income showed more negative attitude toward patients with mental illness, and the group with more monthly income showed more positive attitude. In regard to how they ended up working at psychiatric wards, the attitude of benevolence was seen higher in case by other people’s influence including recommendation from acquaintance or being transferred from other units than the case by their own wills (F=8.292, p<.05). According to how many times they received on‐the‐job training, the group of having 1-3 times of training showed the most positive attitude in interpersonal etiology which was a cognitive factor, and the group of having none of the training showed the lowest, showing that there was required on‐the‐job training for them (F=3.435, p<.05). Psychiatric technicians responded to be satisfied with their work showed the highest benevolence, and those responded to be not satisfied showed the lowest benevolence so that the more they were satisfied with their work, the more they were warmhearted toward patients with mental illness (F=2.866, p<.05). 3. Variables showed significant differences in their attitudes of the OMI scale sub‐factors and general characteristics were as follows. To authoritarianism, factors of nursing assistant certificates and monthly incomes were related, no certificate group and the group with monthly incomes less than one million won showed greater authoritative attitude over patients with mental illness. In attitude of benevolence, the 40-49 year age group and divorced and bereaved groups showed the greatest compassion, followed by the married group, and groups who showed warm‐heartedness toward patients with mental illness were university hospital workers, the groups with total work experience 10 years and more and psychiatric ward experience 10 years and more, a monthly income more than 3,010 thousand won, and the group in which they worked at the ward by other people’s influence including recommendation from acquaintance or being transferred from other units, and the group who responded to be satisfied with their work. Mental health ideology was related to education background, and it was seen the highest in college graduates, followed by university graduates, and high school graduates and less, showing the groups of college graduates and above having more positive attitude. In the attitude of social restrictiveness on mental patients’ social lives, mental hospital workers, the group having a nursing assistant certificate, the groups with total work experience 3 to 5 years, and psychiatric ward experience 3 to 5 years, and psychiatric technicians with monthly incomes less than one million won showed negative attitude, agreeing with an idea that mental patients’ social lives should be limited in order to protect family and society. In interpersonal etiology, psychiatric technicians having nursing assistant certificates, psychiatric ward experience 3 to 5 years, mean 56-60 working hour per week, and having 1-3 times of on‐the‐job training showed positive attitude. 4. In the results of regression analysis (stepwise) on the factors influencing on psychiatric technicians’ attitude toward mental illness, the factor affected authoritarianism was mean monthly incomes; benevolence, mean monthly incomes and how they ended up working at psychiatric wards; mental health ideology, estimated period to work; social restrictiveness, mean monthly income; interpersonal etiology, psychiatric ward work experience. In conclusion, in order to maintain and promote psychiatric technicians’ positive attitude toward mental illness, high quality on‐the job training programs should be developed and implemented systematically. Furthermore, as one of the factors influencing on their attitude was a monthly income, an appropriate monthly income and work environments should be secured.;우리나라는 1995년 정신보건법이 제정(1997년 시행)되어 장기간 입원 수용위주에서 탈피하여 지역사회 정신보건사업의 중요성이 강조되고 있으나 아직도 질병의 특성상 많은 수의 정신 장애인들이 병원이나 정신전문병원에서 치료받고 있는 것이 현실이며, 그 안에서 간호사와 함께 가장 오랜 시간동안 환자 곁을 지키는 사람이 보호사인 점을 감안하면 보호사가 환자들에게 미치는 영향을 간과할 수 없다. 본 연구는 정신과 병동에서 근무하는 보호사들을 대상으로 정신질환에 대한 태도를 조사하고, 태도에 영향을 주는 요인에 대해 파악하여 정신과 보호사의 향후 실무 교육과 연구에 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 연구대상자는 국, 공립정신병원, 정신전문병원, 대학병원 정신과병동, 정신과 의원에 근무하는 정신과보호사 166명을 대상으로 편의 추출하였고, 조사기간은 2006년 10월 23일부터 11월 13일까지였다. 본 연구의 측정도구는 Cohen & Struening이 개발한 OMI척도(Opinion about Mental Illness Scale)를 번역한 설문지를 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 OMI척도의 신뢰도는 .84로 나타났고, 5가지 태도요인을 중심으로 총51문항으로 구성되어 있으며, 각 문항의 배점은 Likert 6점 척도를 이용하였다. 본 연구 전체의 신뢰도는 .78이다. 수집된 자료의 분석은 SPSS 12.0(ver.)을 이용하였고, 빈도와 백분율, ANOVA, 상관관계분석, 회귀분석(stepwise) 등을 사용하여 통계처리 하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 연구대상자는 평균 연령은 38세이고, 기혼이 많았으며(60.2%), 자녀는 미혼을 포함해 없는 경우가(40.4%) 많았다. 학력은 고졸이(63.3%) 가장 많았고, 종교는 없는 경우가 47.6%를 차지했으며, 근무하는 병원형태는 정신전문병원이(70.5%) 가장 많았다. 간호조무사 자격증은 없는 경우가(60.2%) 더 많았고, 총 근무경력은 10년 이상(30.1%), 정신과 근무경력은 1년 이상 3년 미만이 가장 많았다(26.5%). 주당 근무시간은 40시간이하(54.8%), 평균 월수입은 101-150만원(55.4%), 정신과 근무 동기는 자의(67.5%)로 선택한 경우가 더 많았다. 지난 1년간 정신과 영역의 실무교육 횟수는 없었다가(30.1%) 가장 많이 차지했고, 정신과 업무만족도는 만족이(47.6%) 가장 높게 나타났으며, 근무 예정기간은 필요한 기간까지 한다(67.5%)고 하였다. 정신과보호사의 태도를 향상시키기 위해 가장 먼저 개선해야 할 점으로는 실무교육과 이를 통한 자질함양(47.7%), 처우개선과 인권보호(39.8%), 치료 팀의 일원으로 포함 (12.5%) 이라고 응답하였다. 2. 일반적 특성과 정신질환에 대한 태도요인과의 관계를 보면 연령은 자비심에서 40대가 가장 높게 나타났고, 50대 이상이 그 다음을 차지하고 있어 상대적으로 젊은 사람들보다는 유의하게 온정적인 태도를 나타냈고 (F=2.501, p=.04), 기혼이 미혼 보다 유의하게 자비심이 높게 나타났다(F=3.448, p<.05). 정신건강관념은 교육배경 요인으로 전문대졸, 대졸, 고졸이하 순이었고, 전문대졸 이상에서 더 긍정적인 태도를 보이고 있다(F=3.685, p<.05). 대학병원에서 근무하는 보호사들이 정신질환에 대해 가장 온정적이었고 (F통계값=3.064, P<.05), 정신전문병원에서 일하는 보호사들이 사회생활제한성에서 가장 높은 점수를 얻어 부정적인 태도를 나타내었다. (F=3.376, p<.05). 간호조무사 자격증이 있는 보호사들이 자비심, 정신건강관념에서 높게 나왔으며, 권위의식은 자격증이 없는 군에서 높게 나타났다(F=4.290, p<.05). 사회생활제한성은 자격증이 없는 군에서 더 높게 나타났고 (F=4.617, P<.05), 대인관계원인에서는 자격증이 있는 군이 더 높게 나타났다(F=5.413, p<.05). 총 근무경력은 10년 이상 근무한 보호사군에서 자비심이 높게 나타났고(F=3.758, p<.05), 사회생활제한성에서는 10년 이상 근무한 보호사군이 가장 낮게 나타났고, 3년 이상 5년 미만에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 10년 이상 장기 근무한 보호사군에서 정신질환에 대해 좀 더 온정적이고 정신질환자의 사회생활에 관대 한 것으로 나타났다(F=3.638, p<.05). 정신과 근무 년 한이 10년 이상 정신과에 근무한 보호사군에서 자비심이 가장 높게 나타났고(F=3.436, p<.05), 사회생활제한성은 10년 이상 정신과에 근무한 보호사군에서 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 3년 이상 5년 미만인 군에서 가장 높게 나타나서 10년 이상 근무한 보호사군에서 정신질환에 대해 좀 더 긍정적인 태도를 보이고 있는 것으로 나타났다(F=3.980, p<.05). 대인관계원인에서는 5년 이상 10년 미만인 보호사군에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 그다음이 10년 이상 근무한 보호사군으로 5년 이상 정신과에 근무한 보호사들이 더 긍정적인 태도를 가지고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 주당 평균 근무시간이 56-60시간인 보호사군에서 대인관계원인이 가장 높게 나타나 근무시간이 길다고 부정적인 태도를 갖는 것이 아님을 나타내주었다(F=2.263, p<.05). 평균 월수입이 100만원 이하인 군이 권위의식이 가장 높게 나타났고 301만원 이상인 군에서 가장 낮게 나타났다(F=3.389 , p<.05). 자비심은 평균 월수입이 301만원 이상에서 가장 높게 나타났고 101-150만원, 100만원 이하 순으로 가장 낮게 나타났다(F=3.718, p<.05). 사회생활제한성은 101-150만원, 100만원이하 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 301만원 이상인군에서 가장 낮게 나타났다 (F=4.730, p<.05). 이를 통해 상대적으로 월수입이 낮은 군에서 정신질환자에 대한 부정적인 견해가 많았고, 월수입이 많은 군에서 정신질환자에 대한 태도가 긍정적임을 알 수 있다. 지인의 소개나 추천, 병원에서의 정신과 병동 발령 등 타의에 의해 정신과 병동에 근무하게 된 보호사군이 자비심에서 자의보다 오히려 높게 나타났다(F=8.292, p<.05). 실무교육 횟수에 따른 정신질환에 대한 태도는 인지적인 요소인 대인관계원인에서 연간 1-3회 실무교육을 받은 군에서 가장 긍정적인 태도를 나타내었고, 한 번도 교육을 받지 않은 군에서 가장 낮게 나타나 실무교육의 필요성을 대변해주고 있었다(F=3.435, p<.05). 업무에 만족한다고 응답한 보호사군에서 자비심이 가장 높게 나타났고, 매우 만족하지 않는다고 응답한 군이 가장 낮게 나타나 업무만족도가 높을수록 정신질환자에게 따뜻하고 온정적인 것으로 나타났다(F=2.866, p<.05). 3. OMI 척도 하부요인과 일반적 특성 중 각 태도요인에서 유의미한 차이를 나타낸 변인들을 중심으로 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 권위의식과 관련된 요인은 자격증유무와 월수입 요인이며, 자비심과 관련된 요인은 연령, 결혼 상태, 병원형태, 정신과 근무 년 한, 월수입, 정신과 근무 동기, 업무만족도로 나타났다. 정신건강관념과 관련된 요인은 교육배경이고, 사회생활제한성과 관련된 요인은 병원형태, 간호조무사 자격증 유무, 총 근무 경력, 정신과 근무 년 한, 월수입으로 나타났다. 대인관계원인과 관련된 요인은 자격증 유무, 정신과 근무 년 한, 주당 평균 근무시간, 실무교육 횟수로 나타났다. 4. 정신과보호사의 정신질환에 대한 태도에 영향을 주는 요인에 대해 회귀분석(stepwise)을 통해 알아본 결과 권위의식에 영향을 주는 요인은 평균월수입이고, 자비심에 영향을 주는 요인은 평균월수입과 정신과 근무동기, 정신건강관념에 영향을 주는 요인은 근무예정기간, 사회생활제한성에 영향을 주는 요인은 평균 월수입, 대인관계원인에 영향을 주는 요인은 정신과 근무경력으로 나타났다. 위와 같은 결과들은 정신질환 및 정신질환자에 대한 긍정적인 태도변화와 전문적인 이해를 위한 체계적이고 질적인 실무교육과 근로환경 개선의 필요성을 시사해주고 있다.논문개요 ⅲ Ⅰ. 서론 1 A. 연구의 필요성 1 B. 연구의 목적 5 C. 용어의 정의 5 D. 연구의 제한점 6 Ⅱ. 문헌고찰 7 A. 정신질환의 개념 및 특성 7 B. 정신질환에 대한 태도 11 Ⅲ. 연구방법 18 A. 연구설계 18 B. 연구대상 18 C. 자료수집기간 및 방법 18 D. 연구도구 및 측정 방법 18 E. 자료 분석방법 21 Ⅳ. 연구결과 및 논의 22 A. 연구대상자의 일반적 특성 22 B. 정신과 보호사의 정신질환에 대한 태도요인 26 Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언 58 A. 결론 58 B. 제언 63 참고문헌 64 부록 70 ABSTRACT 7

(A) Study for the Formation of Korean Gestalt Centering on the Illustration of Art Poster

Formative art activity can be defined as an act of "formation" in which a man, the subject of formative art activity, gives Gestalt to his will of artistic ex-pression through visual-shaping process by using various expressive techniques and raw materials. A formative expression appeals to the man's aesthetic sensibility by inciting the vibration of senses, which is caused by vivid force of the line composing the perceptive Gestalt. In formative arts, an artist does not describe his emotion but express it, so that it should be represented as "lebende Gestalt". In this sense are can be said as "significant form", and it should be combined with proper fo-rmative principles of art, and be formed to appeal to the emotional and intellec-tual attentions of human being, no matter how creative an artist may be. And it also have to take normal and universal elements, and furthermore to perform utilitarian functions. Perceptive interpretations on one Gestalt differ from the perception of one to another and culture. In consequence, to study the expression of illustration of Korean Gestalt, which is the aim of this thesis, it is necessary to understand the spiritual basis and Gestalt of Korea, where they come from, and how they are formed. At first analzing climatic elements which I think have the most con-siderable influences among the perceptive environments, I intend to figure out the relation between the nature of Gestalt created by Koreans and perceptive concepts of the climatic and topographical forms of Korea. I also aim to define the substantial concept of Gestalt which is distingusihed form so-called shape or form, and to understand the substance found out in the Korean thoughts and what form is accustomed to and is favored by Koreans. The results of that study are as follows. Korean have had a lower tempera-ture in winter as compared with other countries located in the same latitude as Korea, so that we have formed "the sense of thickness which provides us with thick and affluent surplus in addition to bedclothes and costumes made of wad-ded cotton. The sense of thickness accords with the perceptive concept imposed by the topographical form, and serves to make us farmiliar with and to highten our preference to "a round curve" and "a unpointed soft form". As Sukdo said in his Sukdo Painting Theory that "painting plays the emo-tion of mind which is caused by one's self with brush," we have been free from colors of nature and Gestalt of its substance, and therefore not fixed to the object which seems to be reflected in the mirror. We love nature and consi-der it ideal to be united with nature, and such national feature, as a basis of our emotion, make Gestalt follow the naturalness that "is forming itself" through the intrinsic functions without coloring any artificial techniques of the other. Deformation which is a metaphorical expression used to form new Korean Gestalt is an important formative method to symbolize the state of representa-tive life. It have two great significances, that is the visual creativity recognizing the object and the formal peculiarity of the deformed object. Next, I intend to survey the matter of Korean perspective to extent the un-derstanding of original and profound illustrations of Korean Gestalt. In the ma-king of Korean illustration, which is the aim of my work, Kyumjae Jung Sun se-rves as the spiritual support who had willingly used a bird's eye method based on the oriental three-distance theory, and had acheived the universality of "Ko-rean natural beauty" through a good command of unique Korean painting techi-que. I also expressed the illusion effect of supernatural perceptive space such as An Kyun's Mongyoudowondo(The Picture of Paradise in Dream) through depa-ysement technique of today. Such command of free figure provides us with the exprience of ample imagination and illusion on supersubstance and fantasy, and the supernatural and superreality. Color consciousness of Korean is very bold and daring in the sense the on the basis of Yum-Yang-five-element theory, the consciousness that no color is central, the idea that forbids coloring, and five primary colors are combined ori-ginally and suggestively into uniqueness. In our time the expressive mode of illustration reflecting Ultra Graphism is marked by more indivisual and strong images. Not to lose his peculiar persona-lity, it is essential for an artist to recognize the field of perception as an cultu-ral environment to which he belong, and especially to widen the understanding on the cultural tradition of his country, Having such understanding is necessary because it means to preserve our identity as Korean, and the subject of forma-tive arts gives impressions on our heart and invokes emotions of our mind in the living culture. And because it could lead the visual tradition of new culture to maturity by amplifying the sensoriness immanent in culture itself.;조형예술 활동이란 조형제작 활동의 주체가 되는 인간이 예술표현 의지를 가지고 그 의지를 형태(Gestalt)로써 객관화하는 시각형태화 과정을 통하여 여러가지 재료로서 작품제자에 걸친 다양한 표현기법에 의하여 Formation하려는 활동이라고 생각할 수 있다. 조형적 표현이란 지각형태를 만들고 있는 그 자체의 선에 의한 생생한 힘이 감각의 진동을 불러 일으켜 인간의 미적 감수성(Aesthetic sensibility)에 호소하는 것이며, 조형예숙에서는 작가가 자기의 감정을 서술하는 것이 아니고 표현하기 때문에 그것은 반드시"생명있는 형태(lebende Gestalt)"로 나타내어야 한다. 이러한 점에서 예술은 "의미 부여의 형식(Significant form)" 이라고 말할 수 있으며, 아무리 독창적인 예술가라 하여도 창작에 있어서는 일정한 예술의 형성원리와 결합하여야 하며, 매체를 통한 인간의 감정적·지성적 관심에 호소되도록 형성하여야 한다. 그리고 그것은 정상적이며 보편적인 요소를 띄고 있어야 하며 나아가 공리적인 기능(Utilitarian function)을 완수하여야 한다. 한 형태에 대한 지각적 해석은 지각장에 따라 다르고 같은 형태에 대하여 부여된 의미가 문화의 장(場)에 따라 다르므로 본인이 연구하고자 하는 한국적인 형태(Gestalt)에 의한 Illustration표현을 위해서는 오랜 인류학적 과정을 거쳐오면서 형성된 한국인의 정신적 구조와 이 정신적 구조의 기반과 형태가 어디로부터 왔으며 어떻게 형성되어 왔는가를 먼저 이해해야 하리라고 보아 지각환경으로서 가장환경으로서 가장 비중있게 영향을 미친다고 생각되는 풍토적 요인을 분석해 봄으로써 한국인들이 창조해 온 형태의 성격과 기후나 지형의 형태가 지니는 조형의 지각적 개념과는 어떤 상관관계가 있음을 도출해 내고자 하였으며, 일반적으로 생각하고 있는 형태(Form)의 개념과는 다른 구조적 성질을 갖는 형태(Gestalt)에 대한 본질적 개념을 정의내려보고 한국인의 사상안에서 인식되는 실체와 한국인들에게 친숙해 있고 좋아하는 형태는 어떠한 형태인지를 이해하고자 하였다. 그 결과 같은 위도상의 다른 나라보다도 낮은 기온을 나타내 몹시 추운 겨울을 지내야 했던 우리는 "솜"으로 만든 침구와 의상과 함께 '두툼하고 풍성한 여유감을 주는 두께감각'을 형성하게 되었으며, 이 두께감각은 지형의 형태가 주는 지각적 개념과 일치하여 '둥그스름한 곡선'과 '모나지 않은 부드러운 형태'에 대해 친근감을 느끼고 선호도를 높이는데 크게 작용하고 있음을 알게 되었다. 「석도화론(石濤畵論)」에서 "회화란 자아에서 형성되는 마음(心의 감정을 붓으로 연주하는 것"이라고 석도가 말한바와 같이, 자연의 색과 그 실체의 형태에 얽매이지 않고 표현하는 동양의 회화에 익숙한 우리들은 이미 거울에 비친 듯한 사물에 얽매어 있지 않았으며, 자연을 사랑하고 자연과의 합일(合一)을 이상으로 하는 민족적 특성이 정서의 바탕이 되어 형태에 있어서도 타자(他者)의 작용에 의한 인위적 기교를 가하지 아니하고 자체에 내재한 기능에 의하여 '스스로 그러한 형태'를 만드는 자연성을 따르고자 하였다. 한국적인 새로운 형태를 Formation하기위해 사용한 은유적 표현의 조형수단인 Deformation은 구상적인 생명의 상태를 표상하는 중요한 발상법이며, 이는 대상을 파악하는 시각의 창의성과 변형된 대상이 갖는 형태적 특수성이라는 두가지의 커다란 의미를 갖는다. 보다 독창적이고 깊이있는 한국적인 형태의 Illustration을 위해서 한국적인 Perspective의 문제 또한 다루어 봄으로써 그 이해의 폭을 넓혀 보고자 하였다. 동양의 삼원법(三遠法)에 기초하여 부감법(附瞰法)을 즐겨 사용하면서 진경 사생에 임한 겸재 정선은 독자적이며 한국적인 화풍으로 '한국적 자연미'의 보편성을 획득한 선구자로서 본 연구자가 표현하고자 하는 한국적인 Illustration제작에 있어 정신적인 지주가 되었고, 안견의 「몽유도원도」와 같은 초현실적 지각 공간의 Illusion효과는 오늘날의 Depaysement 기법을 통해 표현 가능하였으며, 이러한 자유로운 형상의 구사는 초실재와 환상·초자연과 초현실의 풍부한 상상력과 illusion 을 경험하게 하였다. 한국인의 색채의식에 있어서는 음양오행적우주관(陰陽五行的宇宙觀)의 사상체계에 바탕을 두고 '무색중화의식(無色中和意識)'과 '금채색사상(禁彩色思想)'과 함께 오채색(五彩色)의 원색도 독창성있고 함축성있게 잘 조화시켜 특이한 분위기로 조성함으로써 색채에 있어서도 대범성과 대담성을 보여주고 있다. Ultra Graphism을 반영하는 오늘날의 Illustration의 표현양식은 보다 개성적이고 강한 이미지의 표출을 그 특징으로 하는데, 작가가 이러한 개성이라는 고유한 Personality의 생명을 잃지 않기 위해서는 그 속해 있는 문화환경으로서의 지각의 창(　)에 대한 개념을 이해해야 할 것이며, 특히 전통사회로부터 끊임없이 이어져 오는 정신적 전통으로서의 문화(Cultural tradition)에 대한 이해의 확충이 절실하다고 본다. 이는 우리 자신을 지키는 것인 동시에, 조형예술의 주제나 소재는 생활문화속에서 우리의 마음에 감동을 주는 것이기도 하고 또 마음의 감정을 일으키게 하는 것이기도 하며 그 효과는 문화속에 있는 감각성을 확대시킴으로써 새로운 문화의 시각적 전통을 성숙시켜 나가게 하는 것이기 때문이다.논문개요 = ⅵ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 A. 연구의 목적 = 1 B. 연구의 내용 및 방법 = 1 Ⅱ. 한국적인 Illustration표현을 위한 이론적 근거 = 3 A. 한국의 풍토적 배경과 형태(Gestalt) = 3 1. 한국의 풍토 = 3 2. 형태(Gestalt) = 7 B. 형태의 Deformation = 13 1. Deformation의 개념 = 13 2. 은유적 표현 = 16 C. 한국적인 Perspective = 18 1. 동양화에 나타난 Perspective = 18 2. 초현실적인 지각공간의 Illusion = 20 D. 한국인의 색채사상 = 23 Ⅲ. 작품전개및 표현 = 28 A. 작품전개 = 28 1. Art Poster를 위한 Illustration = 28 2. 한국적인 형태의 Formation = 29 B. 작품표현 = 30 Ⅳ. 결론 = 50 참고문헌 = 52 ABSTRACT = 5

Needs of caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease for nursing home facilities

지역사회간호학과/석사[한글] 노인인구 중 치매환자가 증가하고 있는 가운데, 전통적인 노인부양체계의 붕괴로 인해 치매환자들을 위한 노인전문요양시설의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 이에 치매가족들에게는 부양부담을 덜어주고 치매노인들은 질적인 치료와 보살핌을 받을 수 있는 노인전문요양시설 활성화를 위해, 치매환자와 주간호자의 특성, 치매환자의 일상생활능력정도, 주간호자의 부담감과 그에 따른 노인전문요양시설 요구도를 파악하고자 하였다.자료수집 기간은 2002년 9월26일부터 11월5일까지이며 구조화된 질문지를 이용하여 자료수집 하였다. 연구대상은 서울시 17개 보건소 치매상담센터에 등록된 가정내 치매환자와 주간보호소 15개소를 이용하는 치매환자 217명의 주간호자로 자료분석은 SPSS Win 10.0을 이용한 빈도, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차, t-test, ANOVA로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다.1.치매환자는 66.9％가 여성으로 치매환자의 평균 연령은 77.6세이었고, 주간호자는 여성이 79.7％로 주간호자의 연령은 46세이상이 75.6％이었다.2.치매환자의 일상생활수행 도움필요 정도는 평균 64.73점으로 가정내 치매환자는 일상생활수행 도움필요 정도가 평균 68.56점(±22.00)이었으나, 주간보호소 이용 치매환자는 평균 60.91점(±18.56)으로 가정내 치매환자에 비해 주간보호소 이용 치매환자의 일상생활수행능력이 더 좋은 것으로 나타났다.3.주간호자의 부담감 정도는 평균 72.46점으로 주간호자의 부담감이 비교적 높았으며, 주간보호소 이용 치매환자의 주간호자는 평균 66.10점(±11.22), 가정내 치매환자 주간호자는 평균 78.82점(±13.32)으로 가정내 치매환자 주간호자의 부담감이 주간보호소 이용 치매환자 주간호자의 부담감보다 높게 나타났다.4.노인전문요양시설 이용 요구도는 치매환자 주간호자의 대부분인 73.3％가 이용의사가 있었다. 치매환자 주간호자들은 50만원이하의 재정부담을 자녀가 부담하고, 정부가 운영하는 20명이하의 소규모와 위치는 집에서 가까이에 있는 노인전문요양시설을 요구하였다. 또한 치매환자 주간호자가 여성이며, 연령이 46세이상인 경우, 학력은 고졸이상인 주간호자에게서 노인전문요양시설 이용의사가 더 높았다.5.노인전문요양시설을 이용할 의사가 없는 이유로는 자식의 도리(40.6％)가 가장 많았고, 노인이 불쌍해서가 (23.1％), 경제적 부담(18.9％)순으로 나타났다.6.치매환자의 일상생활수행능력은 노인전문요양시설 요구도와 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 치매환자 주간호자의 부담감이 높을수록 노인전문요양시설 이용 요구도가 높게 나타났다.이상의 연구결과, 거동이 가능한 환자는 주간보호소와 같은 재가시설을 이용 할 수 있지만, 와상 치매환자의 경우 전적으로 가정에서 가족이 돌보게 되어 부담감이 가중되므로, 중산층과 서민들이 이용할 수 있는 저렴한 유료 노인 전문요양시설 활성화를 위한 정책이 필요하다. [영문] This descriptive study was done to identify the needs for nursing home facilities for patients with Alzheimer''s disease. General characteristics of the patients and their families, activities of daily living of the patients, and the degree of burden perceived by the caregivers were examined in relation to the need for nursing home care. The study was conducted from September 26 to November 5, 2002, using a structured questionnaire. Data collection was carried out through self-reports and one-to-one interviews.The participants were 124 caregivers of patients with Alzheimer''s disease registered with the Alzheimer''s Disease Counseling Centers in 17 public health offices in Seoul (home-bound group) and 93 caregivers of patients using 15 day care centers for elderly people (day care group). A total of 217 questionnaires were used in the analysis which was done using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation, t-test, χ2-test, and ANOVA. The results of the study are as follows:1.General characteristics of the patients and their caregivers: Almost all of the patients and their caregivers were women. A large proportion of home-bound patients lived alone. There was a difference in educational background, monthly household income, and frequency of asking for help between the caregivers in the two groups.2.Activities of daily living of patients with Alzheimer''s disease: The average score for the patients was 64.73 points, with those in the home-based group having 68.56(±22.00), and those in the day care group having 60.91 points(±18.56). Ability in activities of daily living was higher in the day care group than in the home bound group.3.Sense of burden in caregivers: The average score was 72.46. Caregivers for the home bound group expressed higher levels of burden (78.82±13.32) than those of the day care group (66.10±11.22).4.Intentions to use nursing home facilities: Of the respondents, 157 (72.4%) said they would like to use one of these facilities. The caregivers in both groups expressed a need for: 1) financial cost of less than 500,000 won to the family of the patient; 2) small-size facilities operated by the government, accommodating fewer than 20 patients; and 3) nursing home facilities close to home. Only for the period of use did caregivers in the two groups have different expectations. Those taking care of patients in the day care group expreesed a need to use the facility for less than 3 months, while those caring for patients in the home bound group wanted to use it until the patient died. 5.Conditions for using a nursing home facility: Financial burden was report as the biggest deterrent to using these facilities. Many of the respondents said the question of expense took precedence over all other conditions. Some of the respondents did not want to use these facilities because: they wanted to do their filial duty to their parents (40.6%); or it would be too difficult for the older person (23.1%); or the economic burden was too great (18.9%).As the problem of caring for older people with Alzheimer''s disease becomes a social problem and not only a family matter, nursing home facilities for people in the working or middle classes need to be continually expanded so that everybody can readily use these facilities and have them relatively close to home.ope

Transcriptomic approach for stress assessment in the soft coral, Scleronephthya gracillimum

Motivated by the precarious state of coral ecosystem, there is currently a keen interest in coral transcriptomics. By investigating changes in coral gene expression triggered by particular environmental stressors, we can characterize coral stress responses at molecular level, which develop powerful diagnostic tools for evaluating coral health in the field. Toward this end, we performed NGS of the soft coral, Scleronephthya gracillimum, a geographically spread through the Kuroshio current species and developed oligoarray using approximately 34,000 clones. Total 33,401 reads were input to analyze KOG categorization and 32.42% of reads were successfully categorized, 2.14%, uncharacterized and 67.58% were not hit in the known information using BLASTx algorithm.stress responses at molecular level, which develop powerful diagnostic tools for evaluating coral health in the field. Toward this end, we performed NGS of the soft coral, Scleronephthya gracillimum, a geographically spread through the Kuroshio current species and developed oligoarray using approximately 34,000 clones. Total 33,401 reads were input to analyze KOG categorization and 32.42% of reads were successfully categorized, 2.14%, uncharacterized and 67.58% were not hit in the known information using BLASTx algorithm.1

Toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in Hydra

The toxic effects of ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated in Hydra. The median of lethal concentration (LC50) were determined to be 8.71 mg/L and 6.98 mg/L after exposure to ZnO for 72 h and 96 h, respectively in 20 nm ZnO. In case of the 100 nm ZnO, LC50 were determined to be 14.94 mg/L and 9.93 mg/L for 72 h and 96 h, respectively. The differential expressed gene profiling was carried out by using 17 K Hydra Expressed Gene Microarray. Hydra polyps were exposed to both ZnO nanoparticles for 12 h and 24 h at 1/50 of LC50 for 96 h. The results of functional annotation in ZnO nanoparticles (20 mM) exposed Hydra showed that tumorigenesis might be induced since TGF-β signaling pathway at 12 h exposed group and natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity at 24 h group were activated. Alteration in Wnt signaling pathway at 24 h exposed group could be linked to teratogenesis. The results in electron microscopy in ZnO nanoparticle exposed Hydra indicate the acute toxicity of the nanoparticles seemed to be indirect in Hydra.m ZnO, LC50 were determined to be 14.94 mg/L and 9.93 mg/L for 72 h and 96 h, respectively. The differential expressed gene profiling was carried out by using 17 K Hydra Expressed Gene Microarray. Hydra polyps were exposed to both ZnO nanoparticles for 12 h and 24 h at 1/50 of LC50 for 96 h. The results of functional annotation in ZnO nanoparticles (20 mM) exposed Hydra showed that tumorigenesis might be induced since TGF-β signaling pathway at 12 h exposed group and natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity at 24 h group were activated. Alteration in Wnt signaling pathway at 24 h exposed group could be linked to teratogenesis. The results in electron microscopy in ZnO nanoparticle exposed Hydra indicate the acute toxicity of the nanoparticles seemed to be indirect in Hydra.1

Triclosan responsive genes in Oryzias javanicus and the method for diagnosing aquatic environment pollution using the same

본 발명은 트리클로산(Triclosan, TCS) 노출에 대응하는 바다송사리(Oryzias javanicus) 유전자 및 이를 이용하여 수생태계 환경오염을 진단하는 방법에 관한 것으로, 구체적으로 바다송사리를 배양하여 트리클로 산을 6 ㎍/L농도로 12, 24, 48, 및 72시간 동안 노출시킨 후, 이로부터 RNA를 분리하고, cDNA를 합성한 뒤, Cy3 및 Cy5로 표지하여 혼성화하였고, oligo-마이크로어래이를 제작하여 이를 분석한 결과, 12시간 노 출군에서는 93종의 유전자(증가 29종, 감소 64종, 표 1 참조) 24시간 노출군에서는 60종의 유전자(증가 19종, 감소 41종, 표 2 참조) 48시간 노출군에서는 61종(증가 21종, 감소 40종, 표 3 참조) 72시간 노출 군에서는 67종(증가 22종, 감소 45종, 표 4 참조)의 유전자 발현이 변화되는 것을 확인하였고, 중복되는 유전자들을 제외한 총 184종(증가 59종, 감소 125종, 표 5 및 표 6 참조)의 유전자들을 선별함으로써, 상 기 유전자들은 트리클로산 노출을 확인할 수 있는 바이오마커로 유용하게 사용될 수 있다

Molecular responses to the climate change in the East China Sea shared coral

한국해양과학기술

Transcriptomic responses in perfluorooctane sulfonate exposed Hydra

We evaluated perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)-induced acute toxicity in Hydra magnipapillata. The median lethal concentration of the animals (LC50) were determined to be 71.0 mg/L and 27.2 mg/L after exposure to PFOS for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The morphological responses of hydra polyps to a range of exposure time were illustrated. To define the repertoire of Hydra genes responding to acute exposure of PFOS, transcriptome dynamics were examined in a series of exposure time (4 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h) by using DNA microarray which contains about 18,000 singletons. As the results, we obtained 779, 413, 2620, and 2018 differentially expressed gene candidates response to PFOS (300 μg/L) exposure for 4 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The functional analysis of these candidate genes is underway. These candidate genes have great potential in use as multi-biomarkers for organic pollutants and provide a clue in mechanistic aspects of PFOS toxicity in aquatic animals. respectively. The morphological responses of hydra polyps to a range of exposure time were illustrated. To define the repertoire of Hydra genes responding to acute exposure of PFOS, transcriptome dynamics were examined in a series of exposure time (4 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h) by using DNA microarray which contains about 18,000 singletons. As the results, we obtained 779, 413, 2620, and 2018 differentially expressed gene candidates response to PFOS (300 μg/L) exposure for 4 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The functional analysis of these candidate genes is underway. These candidate genes have great potential in use as multi-biomarkers for organic pollutants and provide a clue in mechanistic aspects of PFOS toxicity in aquatic animals.1

Transcripts level changes in marine medaka fish with acute toxicity of 4-Nonylphenol

Differential gene expression profiling was performed with a cDNA microarray in the liver tissue of the marine medaka fish, Oryzias javanicus, after exposure to 4-Nonylphenol which is used for detergents, pesticides, anti-oxidants in plastics and rubbers. One hundred ninety-five differentially expressed candidate genes were identified. The expression of 107 genes was up-regulated and that of 88 genes was down-regulated. These genes are associated with the Information storage and processing (Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, J; RNA processing and modification, A; Transcription, K; Replication, recombination and repair, L; Chromatin structure and dynamics, B), Cellular processes and signaling (Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning, D; Defense mechanisms, V; Signal transduction mechanisms, T; Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis, M; Cytoskeleton, Z; Extracellular structures, W; Intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport, U; Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones, O), Metabolism (Energy production and conversion, C; Carbohydrate transport and metabolism, G; Amino acid transport and metabolism, E; Nucleotide transport and metabolism, F; Coenzyme transport and metabolism, H; Lipid transport and metabolism, I; Inorganic ion transport and metabolism, P; Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism, Q), Postics and rubbers. One hundred ninety-five differentially expressed candidate genes were identified. The expression of 107 genes was up-regulated and that of 88 genes was down-regulated. These genes are associated with the Information storage and processing (Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, J; RNA processing and modification, A; Transcription, K; Replication, recombination and repair, L; Chromatin structure and dynamics, B), Cellular processes and signaling (Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning, D; Defens2

Changes in gene expression profile of marine medaka fish with acute toxicity of 4-Nonylphenol

Differential gene expression profiling was performed with a cDNA microarray in the liver tissue of the marine medaka fish, Oryzias javanicus, after exposure to 4-Nonylphenol which is used for detergents, pesticides, anti-oxidants in plastics and rubbers. One hundred ninety-five differentially expressed candidate genes were identified. The expression of 107 genes was up-regulated and that of 88 genes was down-regulated. These genes are associated with the Information storage and processing (Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, J; RNA processing and modification, A; Transcription, K; Replication, recombination and repair, L; Chromatin structure and dynamics, B), Cellular processes and signaling (Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning, D; Defense mechanisms, V; Signal transduction mechanisms, T; Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis, M; Cytoskeleton, Z; Extracellular structures, W; Intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport, U; Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones, O), Metabolism (Energy production and conversion, C; Carbohydrate transport and metabolism, G; Amino acid transport and metabolism, E; Nucleotide transport and metabolism, F; Coenzyme transport and metabolism, H; Lipid transport and metabolism, I; Inorganic ion transport and metabolism, P; Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism, Q), Postics and rubbers. One hundred ninety-five differentially expressed candidate genes were identified. The expression of 107 genes was up-regulated and that of 88 genes was down-regulated. These genes are associated with the Information storage and processing (Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, J; RNA processing and modification, A; Transcription, K; Replication, recombination and repair, L; Chromatin structure and dynamics, B), Cellular processes and signaling (Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning, D; Defens1