210 research outputs found

    The influence of sclerostin-Wnt signaling on bone and mineral metabolism during lactation and weaning

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    Lactation is a state of rapid bone loss for milk production; however, the maternal bone undergoes a rapid remineralization after weaning. Sclerostin, encoded by the gene SOST, is exclusively secreted from osteocytes and has important regulator of bone remodeling by inhibiting Wingless and Int-1 (Wnt) signaling by binding to extracellular domain of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6). However, the role of sclerostin-Wnt signaling for controlling bone remodeling during lactation and weaning has not been studied. In this study, we hypothesized that sclerostin related with Wnt signaling would affect bone metabolism and microstructures during lactation and weaning, and pregnancy and lactation associated osteoporosis (PLO) would be related with mutation of Wnt signaling pathway. We used whole-exome sequencing (WES) to reveal associations between genetic variants and PLO patients with multiple vertebral fractures. We also used dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), micro-computed tomography (ยตCT) to evaluate and compared the effect of sclerostin on bone mass and microarchitectures of wild type and DMP1-Sost transgenic mice, in which sclerostin is overexpressed by osteocyte. As a result, WES showed 8 out of 12 patients showed LRP5/6 mutation encoding the extra-cellular signaling domain of LRP5/6, which sclerostin or Wnt signaling agonists bind to. In animal study, lactation significantly lead to decreased spine and femur bone mineral density (BMD) at 1-week and 3-week of lactation; especially cortical microstructure (cross-sectional thickness and cross-sectional area) at mid-shaft femur were significantly deteriorated. At 2-week after weaning, incomplete recovery of femur BMD and cortical microstructure at mid-shaft femur in both wild and DMP1-Sost mice; however, spine BMD and trabecular microstructures at distal femur were recovered only in wild type mice, suggesting that sclerostin-overexpression would affect bone formation, especially in trabecular dominant bone compartment during weaning period. In conclusion, LRP5/6 mutations related with Wnt pathway, would be one of the plausible risk factors of failure of maternal bone mineral adaptation to severe bone loss during lactation and weaning contributing to PLO. To activate Wnt signaling pathway during lactation and after weaning for compensation of bone loss, control of sclerostin level by osteocytes would be important to maintain bone mineral metabolism.open๋ฐ•

    ์•”์˜ ์•ฝ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์•…์„ฑ๋„์—์„œ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๋ฐ•์„ฑํ˜.์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ํ•™, ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ถ„์ž ํ•ฉ์„ฑ, ๋ฐ ํ›„์„ฑ ์œ ์ „ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”์˜ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์  ์˜์กด์„ฑ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ํš๋“๊ณผ ์ข…์–‘ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์•”์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ด ๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์•”์˜ ์•…์„ฑ๋„ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์•”์—์„œ ์ง€์งˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ (T24S) ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์„ฑ (T24R) ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์•” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ด ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒดํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ด ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์•” ์„ธํฌ (T24R)์—์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์•” ์„ธํฌ (T24S) ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์Šค๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์Šค ์œ ๋ž˜ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ์™€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. T24R ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ (ACSS2) ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ (ACC) ํšจ์†Œ์™€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด (์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA)๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 13C ๋™์œ„ ์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ T24R ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ T24S ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™ธ์ธ์„ฑ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์œผ๋กœ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ T24R ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์Šค ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด์ธ์„ฑ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ์ž˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ACLY๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ACSS2 ์˜€๋‹ค. ACSS2์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ACSS2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ด ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์ƒ์‹ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์Šคํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ด ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ACSS2์˜ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ํก์ˆ˜, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ๋ฐ ์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ ์ค‘ HepG2๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋„ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ Hep3B์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ACSS2์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด ๋™์œ„ ์›์†Œ ์ถ”์ ์—์„œ ACSS2๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ HepG2๋Š” Hep3B๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ์œ ์ž…๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์ง€์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ACSS2, ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ๋™ํ™” ์œ ์ „์ž (mTOR), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€์งˆ ์ดํ™” ์œ ์ „์ž (CPT1)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์–ต์ œ ๋ฐ ์–ต์ œ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. in-vivo 13C ๋™์œ„ ์›์†Œ ์ถ”์ ์—์„œ HepG2์˜ ๋™์†Œ (orthotopic) ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๊ฐ„์•”์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ๋™ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์•…์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ •์ƒ ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์ง์€ ์•” ์กฐ์ง๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ACSS2 ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ACSS2 ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ™˜์ž, ํŠนํžˆ 13๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œ„์ˆ˜ ์ดํ•˜ (13VLA ๊ทธ๋ฃน)์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์—์„œ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋นด๋‹ค (์ด n = 486). ๋˜ํ•œ 13VLA ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์€ ACSS2 ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”, ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ์ง€์งˆ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์˜ PET-CT ์˜์ƒ์€ ์•…์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ„์•”์ด 11C-์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ์˜ ํก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ  18F-FDG์˜ ํก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์•…์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ„์•”์—์„œ ์—ญ์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ํก์ˆ˜๋Š” ์˜์–‘์†Œ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ง€์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐ„์•”์˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์˜ˆํ›„์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์•”๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์•” ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ‘œ์  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Acetate metabolism has become a popular topic in cancer research, as cancer metabolic dependence on acetate has been reported in relation to cancer bioenergy, macromolecular synthesis, and epigenetics. However, researches on the effects of acetate metabolism on acquired resistance to cancer drug and the changes in tumor grade are still lacking. Therefore, I investigated the metabolic characteristics of acetate with regards to cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer and the tumor grade of liver cancer, and the clinical significance of these characteristics. First, with the recent recognition of lipid metabolic alterations in bladder cancers, I studied the metabolic implications of cisplatin resistance using cisplatin-sensitive (T24S) and resistant (T24R) bladder cancer cells. Real-time live metabolomics revealed that T24R cells consume more glucose, leading to a higher production of glucose-derived acetate and fatty acids. Along with the activation of general metabolic regulators, enzymes involved in acetate usage (ACSS2) and fatty acid synthesis (ACC), as well as a precursor for fatty acid synthesis (acetyl-CoA), were elevated in T24R cells. Consistently, metabolic analysis with 13C isotope revealed that T24R cells preferred glucose to acetate as the exogenous carbon source for the increased fatty acid synthesis, in contrast to T24S cells. In addition, acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2), rather than the well-established ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), was the key enzyme supplying acetyl-CoA in T24R cells through glucose-derived endogenous acetate. The relevance of ACSS2 in cisplatin resistance was further confirmed by the abrogation of resistance by an ACSS2 inhibitor and, additionally, by the higher expression of ACSS2 in patient tissues with cisplatin resistance than tissues without resistance. Second, the relationships among acetate uptake, metabolic characteristics, and tumor malignancy were comprehensively studied in liver cancer. Among the cell lines used, HepG2 avidly utilized acetate, even in a glucose-sufficient environment, whereas Hep3B did not. These characteristics correlated with ACSS2 expression levels in the cells. Metabolomic isotope tracing showed high-ACSS2 HepG2 cells exhibited higher acetate incorporation and enhanced lipid anabolic metabolism than Hep3B cells, which was consistent with the separate gene expression profiles. These metabolic characteristics were confirmed by knockdown and inhibition studies of ACSS2, a master anabolic gene (mTOR), and a lipid catabolic gene (CPT1). Upon in vivo 13C isotopic tracing, orthotopic mouse liver tumors from HepG2 exhibited higher anabolism and less malignancy. Consistently, normal human liver tissue showed higher ACSS2 levels than cancerous tissues. Patients with lower ACSS2 expression, particularly those in the lower ~13th percentile (13VLA group), had notably poorer prognoses in the analysis of two independent large cohorts (total n = 486) than those with higher expression. The 13VLA patients also exhibited decreased lipid anabolic pathways, increased glycolysis, and enhanced hypoxia, which were associated with higher ACSS2 promoter methylation. Finally, positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging of liver cancer patients showed that lower-grade cancer had higher 11C-acetate but lower 18F-FDG uptake, and this was reversed in higher-grade cancer. Overall, acetate uptake seems to be independent of nutrient depletion and contributes to lipid anabolic metabolism and better prognosis in liver cancer. This research can help to improve the treatment options for bladder and liver cancers and provide vulnerability targets for customized treatment.Abstract i Table of Contents iv List of Figures viii List of Tables xi 1. General introduction 1 2. Part I: Glucose-derived acetate and ACSS2 as key players in cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer 3 โ… . Introduction 3 โ…ก. Materials and methods 6 1. Chemicals and reagents 6 2. Cell culture and biochemical assays 7 3. Sample preparation for live NMR metabolomics 7 4. Isotope incorporation analysis for fatty acids 8 5. NMR measurement 8 6. Quantification of acetyl-CoA 9 7. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis 9 8. Routine statistics 10 โ…ข. Results 11 A. Live metabolomic comparison between cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant BC cells 11 B. Cisplatin resistance may be linked to increased glucose consumption and acetate production 14 C. Two-carbon pathway involving acetate that leads to fatty acid synthesis is enhanced in cisplatin-resistant T24 cells 16 D. Glucose-derived endogenous acetate contributes to enhanced de novo fatty acid synthesis in T24R cells 19 E. ACSS2 inhibition decreases fatty acid synthesis and cell viability of T24R cells 24 F. ACSS2 expression increased in cisplatin-resistant patient tissue 30 โ…ฃ. Discussion 33 3. Part II: Acetate metabolism characterizes malignancy, metabolic nature, and prognosis of liver cancer 39 โ… . Introduction 39 โ…ก. Materials and methods 41 1. Chemicals and reagents 41 2. Cell culture and isotope labeling 41 3. Glucose and acetate uptake by cell liens 42 4. Glucose and acetate metabolism in orthotopic liver cancer and normal mice 42 5. Metabolite extraction 43 6. NMR measurement 44 7. LC-MS measurement for isotopomer distribution 44 8. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with human liver cancer tissues 45 9. Fluorescent signal quantification 46 10. Wound healing and clonogenic assay 46 11. Knockdown experiments with siRNA 47 12. DEN-induced rat liver cancer model 47 13. PET-CT imaging 47 14. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) 49 15. Survival analysis 49 16. Clinical data sources 49 17. Methylation analysis 50 18. Statistical analysis 50 โ…ข. Results 52 A. Acetate uptake and its association with cancer cell growth under varying glucose concentrations 52 B. Differential metabolic fates of acetate and differential gene expression in high- and low-ACSS2 cells 55 C. Modulation of ACSS2 activity affects HepG2 phenotypes with high acetate usage 61 D. High-ACSS2 HepG2 cells form anabolic and less malignant tumors in vivo 65 E. Clinical manifestation of high- and low-ACSS2 cancer patients 71 F. Metabolic characteristics of high- and low-ACSS2 human liver cancer 77 G. PET-CT imaging of low- and high-grade liver cancer patients 83 โ…ฃ. Discussion 86 4. Conclusions 89 References 91 Abstract in Korean 101 Appendix 104Docto

    ์†Œ์•„ ์กฐํ˜ˆ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์ด์‹ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ •๋งฅํˆฌ์—ฌ ๋ถ€์„คํŒ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์œ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ.Introduction: The dosage for once-daily intravenous busulfan in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been challenging mainly due to the high inter-individual variability of busulfan. This study was conducted to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and identify significant covariates for intravenous (IV) busulfan, and to derive an optimal once-daily IV busulfan dosing nomogram for pediatric patients undergoing HSCT. Methods: A population PK analysis was performed using 2,183 busulfan concentrations in 137 pediatric patients (age: 0.6 - 22.2 years), who received IV busulfan once-daily for 4 days before undergoing HSCT. Based on the final population PK model, an optimal once-daily IV busulfan dosing nomogram was derived. The percentage of simulated patients achieving the daily target area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) by the new nomogram was compared with that by other busulfan dosing regimens including the FDA regimen, the EMA regimen, and the empirical once-daily regimen without therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Results: A one-compartment open linear PK model incorporating patients body surface area, age, dosing day, and aspartate aminotransferase as a significant covariate adequately described the concentrationโ€“time profiles of busulfan. An optimal dosing nomogram based on the PK model performed significantly better than the other dosing regimens, resulting in >60% of patients achieving the target AUC while the percentage of patients exceeding the toxic AUC level was kept <25% during the entire treatment period. Conclusions: The once-daily busulfan dosing nomogram suggested in this study performed better than the other regimens in achieving the therapeutic target AUC, which can be useful for clinicians, particularly in a setting where TDM service is not readily available.ABSTRACT i CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS 6 Patients and treatments 6 Population PK analysis 7 Model qualification 11 Performance comparison of busulfan dosing regimens 11 RESULTS 14 Patient demographics 14 Population PK model 16 Model qualification 20 Optimal once-daily busulfan dosing nomogram 23 Comparison of dosing regimens 25 DISCUSSION 30 REFERENCES 36 APPENDICES 46 1. Model structure for simulations 46 2. Individual fitting plots 47 3. NONMEM control for the final model 56 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 59Docto

    SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜, ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„, ํ–‰๋™์˜๋„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ์ด์œ ๋ฆฌ.ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณผ์—ด๋œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ณผ ์œ„ํƒํŒ๋งค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ์žฌ๊ณ , ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ ฅ, ์˜จ,์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๋งค์žฅ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ž…์  ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ, ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋†’์€ ํŒ๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ง€์†์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์€ SNS ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, SNS๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์œ„ํƒํŒ๋งค ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์žฌ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํŒจ์…˜ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฐ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์—๊ฒŒ SNS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํŒ๋งค ์‹œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํŒ์ด‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”, ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์ธ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์™€ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด SNS ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ  vs. ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ ํ›„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ• ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•(e.g., ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ  vs. ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ ํ›„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•(e.g., ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ vs. ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ• ์ธ)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ณต์‡ผํ•‘์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ์ œํ’ˆ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž ๋ฐ SNS ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ์œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž ์ค‘ ๋งŒ25์„ธ~55์„ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฌ์„ฑ(251๋ช…)์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  SPSS 26.0, Process Macro v3.5๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋Œ€์‘ํ‘œ๋ณธt-test๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ SNS์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ์ •์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋’ค ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๋…๋ฆฝํ‘œ๋ณธ t-test๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋’ค ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ• ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋“  SNS์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐจ์›์„ ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋งŒ ์‹œ์ฒญํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋งŒ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋’ค ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์  ๊ฐ€์น˜, ๊ฐ์ •์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋…๋ฆฝํ‘œ๋ณธt-test๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋’ค ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ• ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋” ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ• ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋„์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •(+)์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ Process Macro model 1์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์˜๋ณต์‡ผํ•‘์„ฑํ–ฅ(๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ณผ์‹œ ์„ฑํ–ฅ, ์œ ํ–‰์ถ”๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ)์ด ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ณผ์‹œ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ์ •๋ณด์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ• ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์œ ํ–‰์ถ”๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ง„ํ–‰์ž ์„ญ์™ธ, ์ดฌ์˜์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์™€ ์ดฌ์˜์žฅ๋น„ ๋งˆ๋ จ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ณธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋งŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ ํ•œ์ •์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋‚˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์–ด ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํ•œ์ •์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํฌ์†Œ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ• ์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธ๊ธฐ ์ƒํ’ˆ(์˜ˆ: 00์ฐจ ๋งค์ง„), ์œ ํ–‰ ์ƒํ’ˆ, ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ(์˜ˆ: 00์ฐจ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋”)์ž„์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํŒ์ด‰์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ณ  ์œ ์พŒํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.Over-stocking due to overheated competition among fashion designer brands and consignment sales, insufficient brand power or productivity, high entry fees at online and offline stores, and high sales prices due to small production are struggling with the continued growth of designer brands. These limitations can be improved through SNS sales, which can reduce high commission fees, inventory burdens, and additional costs for marketing, and secure global users as customers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present an effective promotion strategy suitable for consumer characteristics when selling using SNS to fashion SMEs and small fashion designer brands. In this study, considering that native advertisements, which are types of information delivery, and types in which live streaming is exposed to SNS users are different, native advertisements vs. Live streaming after watching native advertisements, the types of information transmission were compared. In addition, the study was conducted by dividing scarcity messages such as quantity limit and price discount messages into promotional message types. The following research questions were established. First, the type of information delivery (e.g., native advertising vs. live streaming after watching native advertisements) compares the perception of SNS consumption value. Second, we examine the effect of SNS consumption value on designer brand product attitudes according to the type of message. Third, the designer brand product attitude according to the information delivery type is compared. Fourth, we examine the effect of designer brand product attitude on purchase intention on message type. Fifth, we examine how clothing shopping orientation moderates the relationship between SNS consumption value and fashion designer brand product attitude by applying promotional message types (e.g., scarcity vs. price discount). Through a professional research institution, a survey was collected on Korean women (251 people) aged 25 to 55 among those who used fashion designer products and experienced using SNS, and statistically analyzed using SPSS 26.0, Process Macro v3.5. First, as a result of comparing the perception of SNS consumption value according to the type of information delivery through the paired sample t-test, the perception of information value and emotional value was high when viewing native advertisements, and the economic value and social value were higher when watching live streaming after watching native advertisements. As a result of comparing the perception of SNS consumption value according to the type of promotional message through an independent sample t-test, it was found that consumers perceived all SNS consumption values higher when price discount messages were presented than scarcity messages. Second, the effect of SNS consumption value according to the type of promotional message on fashion designer brand product attitude was investigated through multiple regression analysis. In the case of scarcity messages, only social value was found to have a significant effect on product attitude when only native advertisements were viewed, and information value and emotional value were found to have a significant effect on product attitude when live streaming was viewed after native advertisements. Third, as a result of comparing the fashion designer brand attitude according to the information delivery type through the independent sample t-test, it was found that consumers showed a more favorable attitude toward designer brand products when a scarcity message was presented, and a price discount message was presented after watching a native advertisement. Fourth, as a result of examining the effect of fashion designer brand product attitude on purchase intention by promotional message type through simple regression analysis, it was found that both scarcity and price discount messages had a positive significant effect on purchase intention. Finally, when viewing native advertisements using Process Macro model 1, it was examined whether the effect of SNS consumption value on product attitudes was moderated by clothing shopping orientations (brand conspicuous consumption orientation, trend orientation). As a result, when the scarcity message was presented, the brand conspicuous consumption orientation strengthened the effect of information value on the designer brand product attitude, and when the price discount message was presented, trend orientation strengthened the effect of all SNS consumption values on the product attitude. Based on these results, small and medium-sized enterprise (SMEs) and individual designer brands need to verify the effectiveness of live streaming because it is difficult to conduct live broadcasting due to the capital burden due to the recruitment of broadcasting hosts and preparation of filming studios and filming equipment. Therefore, the following suggestions are made in an effective way when only native advertising is conducted. When companies sell scarcity products such as limited quantities, it is suggested to emphasize that the consumer's mood and image will also improve due to the luxury of the material or design of the product, and that it is a rare value product that no one can easily have because it is a limited product. In addition, when selling price-discounted products, it is suggested to emphasize that they are popular and trendy products. Companies that want to promote through live streaming with native advertisements suggest that the broadcast host actively make it a fun and enjoyable broadcast to attract consumers.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํŒจ์…˜๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์™€ SNSํŒ์ด‰ 5 1. ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ์œ ํ†ตํ™˜๊ฒฝ 5 2. SNS ์‡ผํ•‘ ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์ด์  8 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ SNS ํŒ๋งค์ด‰์ง„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 9 1. SNS ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜• 10 2. ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜• 15 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํŠน์„ฑ 19 1. SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜ 17 2. ์˜๋ณต์‡ผํ•‘์„ฑํ–ฅ 23 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉ 26 1. ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„ 26 2. ํ–‰๋™์˜๋„ 27 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 29 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 29 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์„ค์ • 29 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 38 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 39 1. ์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์„ ์ • 39 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 40 3. ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 41 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 48 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 49 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 49 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ธก์ • ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 54 1. SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 54 2. ์˜๋ณต์‡ผํ•‘์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 56 3. ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 58 4. ํ–‰๋™์˜๋„์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 59 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ†ต๊ณ„ 61 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 63 1. SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ง€๊ฐ ๋น„๊ต 64 2. ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 70 3. ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„ ๋น„๊ต 74 4. ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 78 5. ์˜๋ณต์‡ผํ•‘์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 79 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 85 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ 85 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  91 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  91 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹ค๋ฌด์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  91 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 95 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 97 ๋ถ€๋ก 110 Abstract 128 โ€ƒ ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋ฐ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ 43 ์˜๋ณต์‡ผํ•‘์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์ธก์ •๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋ฐ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ 45 ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„ ์ธก์ •๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋ฐ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ 46 ํ–‰๋™์˜๋„์˜ ์ธก์ •๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋ฐ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ 47 ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 50 ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ SNS ์ด์šฉ ๋ถ„์„ 53 SNS์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 55 ์˜๋ณต์‡ผํ•‘์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 57 ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 58 SNS ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์˜๋„์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 59 ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋„์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 60 ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 62 ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 63 ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์‹œ์ฒญ ํ›„ SNS์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 65 ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์‹œ์ฒญ ํ›„ SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ‘œ๋ณธ t-test 65 ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ SNS์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋น„๊ต 66 ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 68 ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ‘œ๋ณธ t-test 69 SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ(๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ) 71 SNS ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ(๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ ํ›„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ) 73 ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 75 ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ‘œ๋ณธ t-test 75 ํŒ์ด‰๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„ ๋น„๊ต(๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ ํ›„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ) 76 ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 77 ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ‘œ๋ณธ t-test 77 ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ (๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ ํ›„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ) 78 ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ ์‹œ, ์ •๋ณด์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ณผ์‹œ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 80 ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ• ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ ์‹œ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์œ ํ–‰์ถ”๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 81 ์ •๋ณด์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์œ ํ–‰์ถ”๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 82 ๊ฐ์ •์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์œ ํ–‰์ถ”๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 83 ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ• ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์ œํ’ˆํƒœ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์œ ํ–‰์ถ”๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 84 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ 12 ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ 12 ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด‘๊ณ (์Šคํฐ์„œ๋“œํ˜•) 14 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 38์„

    The Effect of Youthโ€™s Normative Cultural Background and Mediator Trust on their Willingness to Participate in Peer Conflict Mediation

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ผ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ๋ฐ•์„ฑํ˜.Peer conflicts among youth may be a constructive experience in conflict resolution education depending on how they are managed and resolved. In order to develop peer conflicts into a positive experience, it is important not only to apply appropriate conflict resolution methods, but also to encourage active participation of youth in conflict resolution with positive expectations. However, existing studies did not pay attention to the conflicted partiesโ€™ willingness to participate and subjective perceptions of peer conflict and conflict resolution. The studies also objectified peer conflicts or focused only on resolution procedures, supplemented the objective validity of conflict resolution methods, and promoted the conflict resolution capabilities of conflicted parties, so they could accept various resolution methods. However, a conflict resolution process not considering the partiesโ€™ willingness to participate in peer conflicts and conflict resolution as well as their subjective perceptions has limits in drawing their active participation. Negative attitudes toward peer conflicts and conflict resolution can negatively affect not only peer relationships and school life but also attitudes toward various institutions and norms that resolve conflict. Thus, it is necessary to change the negative attitude of conflicted parties to be positive. Conflicted parties' willingness to participate in and subjective perceptions of peer conflict resolution have important implications but have been neglected so far. Taking note of this, the study analyzes the factors affecting the willingness of conflicted parties to participate in conflict resolution and verifies their effectiveness. By doing so, this study seeks to present implications for conflicted parties to actively participate in a conflict resolution process to effectively resolve peer conflicts and to develop their experience of resolving peer conflicts into a constructive and educational conflict resolution experience. In order to establish educational and practical measures for conflict resolution, this study divided the factors affecting youth's willingness to participate in conflict resolution into individual tendency and social environmental factors. Among the various conflict resolution methods, this study focused on informal medication to resolve conflicts in daily life, as peers or teachers quickly intervene as mediators to help the conflicted parties resolve conflicts on their own. Based on the review of prior studies and theories, this study examined whether youth's normative cultural background and trust in mediator affected their willingness to participate in informal peer and teacher mediation. The study also analyzed the moderating effect of trust in mediator, in the impact of normative cultural background on willingness to participate in informal mediation. Specific hypotheses based on the above discussions are as follows: [Hypothesis 1] Normative cultural background of youth can influence their willingness to participate in peer conflict mediation. [Hypothesis 2] Trust in mediator can influence their willingness to participate in peer conflict mediation. [Hypothesis 3] Trust in mediator can adjust the impact of normative cultural background on willingness to participate in peer conflict mediation. To investigate the validity of these hypotheses, four middle schools located in Seoul were selected and a survey was conducted on their first through third graders. The independent variables were four types of normative cultural background, and the moderator variables were four types of trust in mediator. This study analyzed the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable (willingness to participate in peer mediation and teacher mediation), and it measured the moderating effect of trust in mediator. Finally, the study conducted multiple regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. The results were as follows. Each sub-element of youth's normative cultural background and trust in the mediator has a significantly different effect on their willingness to participate in peer mediation and teacher mediation, respectively. In addition, trust in mediator had a different moderating effect for each sub-component. These findings provide the following educational implications: First, it is necessary to review the normative cultural background of conflicted parties before selecting a method to resolve a peer conflict. As shown by the study results, the willingness to participate in informal mediation varies depending on what normative cultural background the youth have. Thus, to select a conflict resolution method that can draw a high willingness to participate, it is necessary to review the normative cultural background of the conflicted parties and select the appropriate method. Next, peers and teachers who can participate in the conflict resolution process as mediators should be trusted as mediators. In addition, if conflicted parties with a specific normative cultural background have a low willingness to participate in an informal mediation, it is necessary to identify and strengthen the sub-elements of trust in mediator to increase their willingness to participate. The experience of constructive conflict resolution by conflicted parties through active participation will change their attitudes toward conflict and conflict resolution, contributing to producing better results for both individuals and society. In particular, the youth will grow into democratic citizens who cooperate with others and society and respect various conflict resolution methods and social norms, based on their experience in constructive conflict resolution.์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌยทํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑด์„ค์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ต์œก์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์™€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์‹์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ๊ด€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์™€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ํ•™๊ต์ƒํ™œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ œ๋„, ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์†Œํ™€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์˜จ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์™€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์‹์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑด์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ , ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์กฐ์ •์— ํŠนํžˆ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์กฐ์ •์€ ์กฐ์ •์ž๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•œ ๋˜๋ž˜์นœ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์กฐ์ •์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๋ณต์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ž ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์กฐ์ •์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์š”์ธ์ธ ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ธ์€ ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€๊ณ , ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ธ์€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ(๊ณ„์ธต์ฃผ์˜, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฃผ์˜, ํ‰๋“ฑ์ฃผ์˜, ์šด๋ช…์ฃผ์˜)์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ธ์€ ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ(ํƒœ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜, ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜, ๋™์ผ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜, ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜)์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. [๊ฐ€์„ค 1] ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์€ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [๊ฐ€์„ค 1-1] ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์€ ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [๊ฐ€์„ค 1-2] ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [๊ฐ€์„ค 2] ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [๊ฐ€์„ค 2-1] ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [๊ฐ€์„ค 2-2] ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [๊ฐ€์„ค 3] ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [๊ฐ€์„ค 3-1] ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [๊ฐ€์„ค 3-2] ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 4๊ฐœ๊ต์˜ 1โˆผ3ํ•™๋…„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์œ„๊ณ„์  ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ๊ฐ ํ•˜์œ„์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„์š”์†Œ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ต์œก์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์ ์ธ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ทธ์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ๋˜๋ž˜์นœ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ •์ž๋กœ์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฐ›์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋˜๋ž˜์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์กฐ์ •์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ , ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํŠน์ • ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ๋˜๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์€ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑด์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 6 3. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ 8 1) ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 8 2) ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ 8 (1) ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€ 8 (2) ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 (3) ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ 9 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 10 1. ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€ 10 1) ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ 10 2) ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์  ์˜์˜ 12 3) ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ • 15 (1) ์กฐ์ •์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ํŠน์ง• 15 (2) ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 24 (3) ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ํŠน์ง• 29 4) ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€ 33 (1) ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 33 (2) ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 36 (3) ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์˜ ํŠน์ง• 37 2. ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ 39 1) ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 39 (1) ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 39 (2) ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 44 2) ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๊ณ ๋ ค์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 47 3) ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 50 (1) ๊ทœ์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด์„ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 50 (2) ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์œ ํ˜• 52 3. ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ 59 1) ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 59 2) ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ • 61 3) ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 63 (1) ํƒœ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ 66 (2) ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ 68 (3) ๋™์ผ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ 69 (4) ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ 70 4. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 71 1) ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€ 71 2) ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€ 74 3) ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ, ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ, ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€ 76 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 79 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 79 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 84 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 84 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 87 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ธ๊ณผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 88 1) ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ธ : ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€ 88 2) ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ธ : ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 89 3) ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ธ : ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ 91 4) ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ธ 92 (1) ์„ฑ๋ณ„ 92 (2) ์—ฐ๋ น 93 (3) ํ•™์—… ์„ฑ์  94 (4) ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 94 (5) ํ‰์†Œ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€ 95 (6) ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 96 5) ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 97 6) ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„์™€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ 98 (1) ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 99 (2) ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 100 (3) ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 101 4. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 102 โ…ฃ. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋…ผ์˜ 104 1. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 104 2. ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 106 3. ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 108 1) ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ 108 2) ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ 111 4. ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 113 1) ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ 113 2) ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ 114 5. ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 116 1) ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 116 (1) ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ •์ž ํƒœ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 116 (2) ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ •์ž ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 117 (3) ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ •์ž ๋™์ผ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 118 (4) ๋˜๋ž˜์กฐ์ •์ž ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 122 2) ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์ž ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 125 (1) ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์ž ํƒœ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 125 (2) ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์ž ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 128 (3) ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์ž ๋™์ผ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 130 (4) ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐ์ •์ž ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 134 6. ๋…ผ์˜ 135 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  142 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์š”์•ฝ 142 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 145 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 145 (1) ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜ 145 (2) ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ํ•จ์˜ 147 (3) ๊ต์œก์  ํ•จ์˜ 148 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 149 3. ์ œ์–ธ 150 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 155 ๋ถ€๋ก 171 Abstract 177๋ฐ•

    ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ํ›„ ํ”ผ๋กค์ค‘ํ•ฉ/ํ‘œ๋ฉด์†Œ์ˆ˜ํ™” ๊ฐ€๊ณต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ€์„ธ์ • ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ ์˜๋ฅ˜์†Œ์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ.์ตœ๊ทผ ์ „์žํŒŒ ์ฐจํ ์†Œ์žฌ, IT ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์œตํ•ฉ ์†Œ์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋„์„ฑ์ง๋ฌผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ์ง๋ฌผ์€ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „์ž์ „๋„ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘ ์™ธ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „๋„๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ง€์†์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ์—์Šคํ„ฐ ์ง๋ฌผ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋„์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์˜๋ฅ˜์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์šฉํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ง๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋†๋„์˜ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์— ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์นจ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋กค๊ณผ ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ์ˆ˜ํ™” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (FAS)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํด๋ฆฌ์—์Šคํ„ฐ ์ง๋ฌผ์— ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ ๋†๋„์™€ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์†Œ์ˆ˜ํ™”์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ•œ ํด๋ฆฌ์—์Šคํ„ฐ ์ง๋ฌผ์— ์†Œ์ˆ˜ํ™” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ ๋’ค ํ”ผ๋กค ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ตœ์†Œ 0.42kฮฉ/โ–ก์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ €ํ•ญ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์€ 148.1ยฐ, ๋™์ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ 10ยฐ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ํด๋ฆฌ์—์Šคํ„ฐ ์ง๋ฌผ์— ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผ๋กค ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋’ค, ์†Œ์ˆ˜ํ™” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 0.59kฮฉ/โ–ก์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ €ํ•ญ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ 157.6ยฐ, ๋™์ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ 4.5ยฐ์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 3 1. ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด 3 2. ์ „๋„์„ฑ ์ง๋ฌผ 7 2.1. ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž 8 2.2 ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ๋ฒ• 11 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์‹ค ํ—˜ 13 1. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์•ฝ 13 1.1. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ 13 1.2. ์‹œ์•ฝ 14 2. ๊ฐ€๊ณต 15 2.1. ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ 18 2.2. ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณต 19 2.3. ํ‘œ๋ฉด์†Œ์ˆ˜ํ™” 19 2.4. ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๋ถ€์—ฌ / ํ‘œ๋ฉด์†Œ์ˆ˜ํ™” ๋™์‹œ๊ฐ€๊ณต 20 3. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ํŠน์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 21 3.1. ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ 21 3.2. ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ –์Œ์„ฑ 22 3.3. ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ˜•ํƒœ 22 3.4. Add-on 23 3.5. ๋‘๊ป˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ 23 3.6. ์ธ์žฅ๊ฐ•๋„ 23 3.7. ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํˆฌ๊ณผ๋„ 24 3.8. ํˆฌ์Šต๋„ 25 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 26 1. ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ™” 26 1.1. ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ ๋‘๊ป˜ 26 1.2. ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ˜•ํƒœ 30 1.3. ์ธ์žฅ๊ฐ•๋„ 33 2. ํ‘œ๋ฉด์†Œ์ˆ˜ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ –์Œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” 35 3. ํ”ผ๋กค์ค‘ํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” 38 3.1. ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 38 3.2. ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 41 4. ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ/์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ™” 45 4.1. ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ 45 4.2. ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ –์Œ์„ฑ 49 4.3. ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ˜•ํƒœ 54 4.4. ๊ณต๊ธฐํˆฌ๊ณผ๋„ 58 4.5. ํˆฌ์Šต๋„ 60 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  63 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 66 Abstract 71Maste

    Bone and Energy Metabolism

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    Bone remodeling requires a large amount of energy, and is regulated by various hormones. Leptin, produced by adipocytes, is a well-known regulator of energy balance and is also involved in controlling bone mass through interaction with the central nervous system. Serotonin, downstream of leptin, is also emerging as a candidate for controlling energy balance and bone metabolism. Currently, bone is also considered to be an endocrine regulator of energy metabolism. Osteocalcin, secreted from osteoblasts, is known to be a key regulator of glucose and fat metabolism. In this review, we describe a novel concept that asserts that there exists a biological link between bone and energy metabolism, and we summarize what is currently known about the relationship between bone and energy metabolism.ope

    Pharmacokinetic features of benzophenone-3 after dermal application in humans

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ๊น€์„ฑ๊ท .Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is a component that blocks ultraviolet rays. It is mainly used in sunscreen agents and functional cosmetics, and is mostly exposed through the skin. several studies have reported the possibility of endocrine disturbance. Whereas pharmacokinetic studies on BP-3 have been reported in animal, it is not well known to the fate of BP-3 in human body following dermal exposure. The aim of this study is to determine pharmacokinetic characteristics of BP-3 in male subjects following single dermal application of 1 mg/cm2 of deuterium labeled BP-3. Blood and urine were collected for 72 hours and analyzed BP-3 and its metabolites using UPLC-MS/MS. In blood, after peak time eliminated decline two distinct phases in time-profile, while the metabolites followed first-order kinetics. Based on time-profiles, a multi-compartmental model constructed and validated. As a results, unconjugated BP-3 concentration in serum was lower than conjugated BP-3 concentration in serum. But it was similar to that of total BP-1 concentration in serum. Almost of the BP-3 and BP-1 in urine undergo conjugation or demethylation. And the fraction of urinary excretion for conjugated BP-3 (0.76 ยฑ 0.19%) was 4-fold upper than total BP-1 (0.19 ยฑ 0.13%), which was approximately 580-fold upper than unconjugated BP-3 (0.0013 ยฑ 0.0005%). This study provides information on absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of BP-3 in human body and the pharmacokinetic model can be utilized for estimating exposure dose of BP-3, contributing to more realistic exposure assessment in the Korean population based upon biomonitoring data.โ… . Introduction 1 โ…ก. Materials and methods 5 1. Chemicals and Reagents 5 2. Study Design and Sample Collection 6 3. Analytical procedure 7 3.1. Sample preparation 7 3.1.1 Blood sample preparation 7 3.1.2 Urine sample preparation 8 3.2. UPLC-MS/MS analysis 9 4. Pharmacokinetic analysis 12 4.1. Non-compartmental analysis 12 4.2. Development of the pharmacokinetic model 13 โ…ข. Results 15 1. Participant characteristics 15 2. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of benzophenone-3 and its metabolites 16 3. Pharmacokinetic modeling 20 โ…ฃ. Discussion 27 โ…ค. Conclusions 32 โ…ฅ. References 33 โ…ฆ. Supplementary information 38Maste

    ๋ถํ•œ์— ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™

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    ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ | ๋ถํ•œ์—์„œ๋„ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™์„ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค 5 1. ์™œ ์ฝ๋Š”๊ฐ€ 80๋…„๋Œ€์— ์‹น์„ ํ‹”์šฐ๋‹ค 8 ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™์„ ์ฝ์–ด๋„ ์ดˆ์ ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— 10 2. ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ฝ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ใ€Ž๋™๋ฌผ๋†์žฅใ€ ๋Œ€์‹  ใ€Ž๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋น„๊ทนใ€ 15 ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์ƒ์†Œํ•œ ์„ธ๋„ค๊ฐˆ ๋ฌธํ•™ 20 3. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฝ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋“  ๋‹ต์€ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค 26 ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์กด์žฌ 29 ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ | ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค์˜€๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์ฝ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค์˜€๋Š”๊ฐ€ 3

    A Case of Sarcoidosis Combined with Massive Ascites

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    Sarcoidosis is a multi-systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause, which most commonly involves lung, skin, eye, liver and lymph nodes. Herein, we report a case of sarcoidosis presented with massive ascites. A 47-year-old male patient visited our hospital with symptoms of general weakness and weight loss from past 4 months. Abdomen computed tomography showed multiple lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Lymph node biopsy demonstrated non-caseating granulomas. After biopsy, development of massive uncontrolled ascites was noted. Liver biopsy showed non-cirrhotic hepatic and portal fibrosis and omental biopsy showed submesothelial diffuse fibrosis and focal chronic inflammation, which were suggestive of hepatic and peritoneal involvement in sarcoidosis. Ascites was controlled after subsequent treatment with corticosteroids and methotrexate.ope
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