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    ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ ์œ ๋ž˜ ESBL ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ด ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฒ”.3์„ธ๋Œ€ ์„ธํŒ”๋กœ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ ์งˆํ™˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ตœํ›„์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–‘๋ˆ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”์„ธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ์—์„œ ESBL ๋ฐ AmpC ฮฒ-lactamase์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  (ESBL/AmpC ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ) ๊ณผ ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ด ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์ธ mobilized colistin resistance gene (mcr)์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  (mcr ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท )์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์œจ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ผ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์œ ์ž๋ˆ, ์œก์„ฑ๋ˆ, ๋น„์œก๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ผ์ง€๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„๋งŒ์‚ฌ, ์ž๋ˆ์‚ฌ, ์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ, ๋น„์œก์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์œก๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์–‘์€ ๋ผ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ท ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ESBL/AmpC ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ mcr ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ท ์›์ธ ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ท ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ดˆ์„์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ „ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ESBL/AmpC ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ mcr ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ทผ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์  ์œ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ด ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์ธ mcr-1.1 ๋ฐ mcr-3.1์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต์œ ์ „์ฒด๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 2017๋…„ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 3์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ผ์ง€ ๋†๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๊ฒฝ๋ถ, ์ถฉ๋‚จ, ์ „๋‚จ, ์ „๋ถ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” 11๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ผ์ง€ ๋†์žฅ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง (์ด์œ ์ž๋ˆ, ์œก์„ฑ๋ˆ, ๋น„์œก๋ˆ, ์ž„์‹ ๋ชจ๋ˆ)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ESBL/AmpC ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ mcr ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์ด ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์–‘๋ˆ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ESBL/AmpC ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ 55.1%๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์œ ์ž๋ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ESBL/AmpC ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ 86.3%๋กœ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„ (์œก์„ฑ๋ˆ 58.3%, ๋น„์œก๋ˆ 48.4%, ์ž„์‹ ๋ชจ๋ˆ 43.1%)์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ESBL ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ผ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋ถ„ํฌํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, AmpC ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์€ ์œก์„ฑ๋ˆ ๋ฐ ๋น„์œก๋ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. K-ํ‰๊ท  ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ESBL/AmpC ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ํด๋ก  ๋ถ„ํฌ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘๋ˆ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ผ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ ๊ฐ„ ๋†’์€ ํด๋ก ๋ถ„ํฌ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋†์žฅ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ„ ๊ต์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค(National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI)์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ์™€ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ฒด, ๋ˆ์œก ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ์™€ ESBL/AmpC ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ํด๋ก ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ ์ค‘ ํŠนํžˆ ST101-B1, ST648-F, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ST457-F ๋“ฑ ์žฅ์™ธ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ํด๋ก  ํƒ€์ž…์ด ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์žฅ์™ธ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๊ท ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถ•์žฅ, ๋ˆ์œก ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ์œ ํ†ต๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์—ผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ์—์„œ mcr-1 ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ 8.4%์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์œ ๊ธฐ(13.0%)์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์œ ์ž๋ˆ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฅ ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์žฅ์œ ์ „์ฒด๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ mcr-1 ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์ด ๋†์žฅ ๋‚ด ๋ผ์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, NCBI์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๋ˆ์œก, ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ท ์ฃผ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ํด๋ก  ํƒ€์ž…์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ณต์œ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” mcr-1์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ„ ์ „ํŒŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํด๋ก ์ „ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, mcr-1 ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์€ ์žฅ์™ธ ๋ฐ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ•„๋ฆ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€, ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์— ์ด์ ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ์ด์ ์€ food-chain ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ ์ƒ์กด์— ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ mcr-1 ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ์ƒ์กด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ „์ด ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด mcr-1์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋“ฑ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์› ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. mcr-1.1์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๋‚˜ ์‚ฝ์ž…์œ ์ „์ž (Insertion sequence)์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์œ ์ „์  ์นด์„ธํŠธ "mcr-1.1-pap2"๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ „์ด๋นˆ๋„ (6.30 logCFU/ml)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ด ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์ „ํŒŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด mcr-1.1์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, mcr-3.1์€ mcr-1.1์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ „์ด๋นˆ๋„ (0.97 logCFU/ml)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ ์‚ฝ์ž…์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์นด์„ธํŠธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” mcr-3.1์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ด ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „ํŒŒํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ mcr-3.1 ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ฏธ๋“œ๊ฐ€ IS26์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด (Chromosome)์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” mcr-3.1๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, mcr-3.1์ด ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ต์œ ์ „์ฒด๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด mcr-1.1 ๋ฐ mcr-3.1์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๋‹ฌํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ด ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ „๋žต์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ์ด ESBL/AmpC ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ mcr ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ท ์›์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค ๊ท ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ food-chain์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์  ์œ„ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์œก ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ESBL/AmpC ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ mcr ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์ธ ๋ผ์ง€๋†์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ท ์ฃผ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋‹ค๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์ „๋žต์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ผ์ง€ ๋†์žฅ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ„ ESBL/AmpC ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ mcr ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ท ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†์žฅ ๋‚ด ๊ต์ฐจ์˜ค์—ผ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ถ•์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์—ญํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.The third-generation cephalosporins and colistin have been regarded as the critically important antibiotics (CIA) for treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infection diseases in human. These antimicrobial agents have been continuously prescribed to prevent and control diseases in the swine industry. This trend made swine farms one of the most important reservoirs of extended-spectrum ฮฒ-lactamase (ESBL)-/AmpC ฮฒ-lactamase (AmpC)-producing and mobilized colistin resistance gene (mcr)-carrying Escherichia coli (ESBL/AmpC/MCR-EC). Pig production stages are divided into four stages, including weaning piglets, growing pigs, finishing pigs, and pregnant sows, and pigs of different stages are raised in separated barns. Since different diseases occur according to swine stages, the type and volume of antimicrobial treatment are different for each pig stage. Therefore, the distribution and characteristics of CIA-resistant bacteria could differ at each swine stage. In that point, understanding the distribution and characteristics of ESBL/AmpC/MCR-EC by swine stages could be an important cornerstone for control and management of CIA-resistant bacteria in swine farms. The present study aimed to investigate the risks of ESBL/AmpC/MCR-EC strains from swine farms according to swine production stages and to evaluate the potential threat of swine farm-derived strains to humans by understanding molecular epidemiological dynamics and resistance transfer mechanisms. For this study, multi-stage stratified sampling of swine feces was conducted for eleven swine farms located in South Korea between May 2017-March 2020, and whole genome sequence (WGS) of strains which uploaded in public database was utilized for comparative analysis. The ESBL/AmpC-EC strains were distributed throughout all swine stages (total prevalence: 55.1%). Prevalence and characteristics of ESBL/AmpC-EC strains were significantly different according to stages. Weaning piglets exhibited significantly higher prevalence (86.3%) relative to finishing pigs (48.4%). The CTX-M ฮฒ-lactamase was the dominant ESBL type for all swine production stages, with the dominant type of CTX-M-55. Whereas, CMY ฮฒ-lactamase was identified only in growing and finishing stages with the dominant type of CMY-2. The K-means similarity analysis showed clonal similarity between ESBL/AmpC-EC strains from different swine production stages within farms. This result suggests there is a high potential of cross-infection between stages, which enabling spread, persistence and reintroduction of ESBL/AmpC-EC clones within swine farms. In the comparative analysis using public database, the ESBL/AmpC types and clone types were shared between strains isolated from swine farms, pork meats and humans in South Korea. In particular, high-risk clones of swine farm-derived strains (ST101-B1, ST457-F, and ST648-F) were shared with strains from pork meats and humans. This result provides an indirect scientific evidence that swine farm-derived ESBL/AmpC-producing potentially high-risk clones could be transmitted to humans through food-chains. Total prevalence of mcr-1-carrying E. coli (MCR1-EC) was 8.4% in swine farms, with the highest prevalence from weaning piglets (13.0%). Weaning piglet-derived strains exhibited significantly higher multi-drug resistance (MDR) rate (quinolone, aminoglycoside, and chloramphenicol, etc.) compared to other stage-derived strains. WGS-based analysis showed that mcr-carrying intestinal pathogenic E. coli, with MDR and pathogenic advantages, were highly shared between swine stages. Whereas, between strains from different pig farms and sources (humans, pigs, and pork meats), highly heterogeneous clone types were identified. It suggests the lower contribution of clonal spread to colistin resistance spreading between environments. MCR1-EC with virulence advantages (e.g., intestinal/extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli or robust biofilm formation) accounted for nearly half of all strains. These results imply that MCR1-EC may act as an important source of mcr-1 horizontal transfer to other pathogenic bacteria in a harsh environment (e.g., food chain) based on its increased survivability. The mcr-1.1 showed high horizontal transfer frequency (6.30 logCFU/ml) and transferred with simple gene cassette without MDR and insertion sequences, mcr-1.1-pap2. This result suggests that mcr-1.1-mediated horizontal genetic transfer may provide a high contribution for colistin resistance spreading. Whereas, the mcr-3.1-cassette was bracketed by multiple insertion sequences (e.g., IS26, IS4321, etc.) and mainly transferred with MDR. This result implies that the transfer of mcr-3.1 would pose a significant challenge on public health by spreading with MDR. From this study, it was first reported that mcr-3.1-cassette may be integrated into bacterial chromosome via IS26-mediated transfer. This result implies that mcr-3.1 had dual pathways mediated by plasmid transfer (horizontal transmission) and chromosomal insertion (vertical transmission), enabling it to proliferate stably despite of its relatively lower horizontal transfer frequency (0.97 logCFU/ml). This study highlights the need for suitable strategies based on the different characteristics between mcr variants to control colistin resistance. In conclusion, swine farms may act a melting pot of high-risk pathogenic E. coli clones and CIA-associated resistance genes. This study provided an indirect scientific evidence swine farm-derived potentially high-risk zoonotic ESBL/AmpC/MCR-EC clones may be transferred to humans through food-chains using clonal spread and horizontal genetic transfer. Prevalence and characteristics of ESBL/AmpC/MCR-EC strains were significantly different according to stages in swine farms, an important reservoir of CIA-resistant bacteria, highlighting the importance of a multi-stage systemic policy to monitor and control CIA-resistant bacteria. WGS-based genetic relatedness analysis suggested the high possibility of cross-infection within swine farms, emphasizing the need for reduction of cross-infection in farms. This study is expected to contribute to the improvement of antimicrobial resistance management strategies by presenting scientific evidence and epidemiological models for an in-depth approach to different antibiotic resistance in the livestock industry.General introduction 1 Literature review 6 1. Antimicrobial use and resistance in swine industry 6 2. Antimicrobial resistance: from swine farms to humans 9 3. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance 10 3.1. Intrinsic antimicrobial resistance 10 3.2. Acquired antimicrobial resistance 11 4. Extended-spectrum ฮฒ-lactamase (ESBL) 13 4.1. Resistance mechanisms of ฮฒ-lactam drugs 13 4.2. ฮฒ-lactamase types 13 4.3. ESBL ฮฒ-lactamase types 14 4.4. AmpC ฮฒ-lactamase types 14 4.5. Global occurrence of ESBL/AmpC ฮฒ-lactamase 16 5. Mobilized colistrin resistance gene (mcr) 18 5.1. Colistin 18 5.2. Mechanisms of colistin resistance 18 5.3. mcr variants 19 5.4. Global occurrence of mcr 20 6. Comparative genomic analysis for resistance mechanisms 22 6.1. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 22 6.2. Horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance 23 6.3. Clonal spread of multi-drug resistant bacteria 24 Chapter 1. Prevalence, characteristics and clonal distribution of extended-spectrum ฮฒ-lactamase- and AmpC ฮฒ-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli following the swine production stages, and potential risks to humans 25 Abstract 26 1.1 Introduction 28 1.2 Material and Methods 30 1.3 Results 38 1.4 Discussion and Conclusion 45 Chapter 2. Prevalence, characteristics, and clonal distribution of Escherichia coli carrying mobilized colistin resistance gene mcr-1.1 in swine farms and their differences according to swine production stages 74 Abstract 75 2.1 Introduction 77 2.2 Material and Methods 79 2.3 Results 88 2.4 Discussion and Conclusion 95 Chapter 3. Different threats posed by two major mobilized colistin resistance genes โ€“mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.1โ€“ revealed through comparative genomic analysis 125 Abstract 126 3.1 Introduction 127 3.2 Material and Methods 128 3.3 Results 131 3.4 Discussion and Conclusion 137 General Discussion and Conclusion 162 Reference 166 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 201๋ฐ•

    1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „ํ˜•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ง€๋Šฅ์ •๋ณด์œตํ•ฉํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ด์ค‘์‹.Now that households are miniaturized and single-person households continue to increase, various single-person household problems such as social isolation, loneliness, health and housing shortages have also increased. Among the various attempts to solve the problem of single-person households, a new form of residence called shared housing has been proposed as a new solution to housing and social problems. The Co-living House, which balances independent space for privacy with large living spaces shared with others, has become a key to solving problems such as poor residential problems, social isolation and loneliness under the direction of living alone and alone. However, in-depth research on Co-living House is still insufficient compared to the emerging solution, so it is necessary to take a closer look at the life experiences emerging from this new residential form. As a result of conducting semi-structured interviews with Co-living House residents to explore what inconveniences and needs they had in the shared residential experience of Co-living House, many complaints were mentioned in the community and communication sectors. Shared residents were women of similar socioeconomic status who shared the same living space, so there was a need for practical exchanges to unite and part for similar purposes, but the atmosphere got worse and no exchange activities were being carried out smoothly. In this situation, we defined this purpose-driven flexible community as 'on-demand association' in the name of 'on-demand association', followed by investigations into what features emerge in the activity, what current services are there to promote, and what factors they support specific on-demand associations. Throughout the whole process of union proposals, recruitment, coordination, performance, and settlement and dissolution, there was a fear of safety that came from the fact that union participants did not know who their counterparts were. There were also attempts to set up prior definitions of the coalition's activities and atmosphere to prevent unnecessary misunderstanding. These features are actually implemented through a variety of functional features in many platform services that promote coalition formation. These include an interface that allows participants, views, comments, and number of indicators of interest to be viewed and compared at first sight, and efforts to promote safety and trust as much as possible through various authentication functions. However, despite the current services that support these diverse functions, Co-living House tenants still want to interact within the house, as mentioned in the shared residential experience interview. In order to find out why these unions are not well formed now, despite the large number of needs for exchanges and relatively safer associations with strangers, we investigated the differences between people's expectations and actual speech expressions. The most important thing when inquiring was to understand the atmosphere, so the expressions that induce empathy of the other person used for this were not often seen in formal recruitment, and a long article of effort was made by adding specific information and rhetoric to look kind. According to some communication theories, people tend to express their opinions more actively when they are afraid of different situations, and when others feel similar to their own, they want to continue reading other people's thoughts, demands and atmosphere, and are afraid to get unresponsive or callous. Taken together, it was determined that the lack of communities and communication affecting the shared residential experience of Co-living House could be supplemented by the activation of a wider range of on-demand Coalitions and the proposal of easier and more affordable Coalitions. Therefore, it was intended to design tools directly for Co-living House residents to mediate the on-demand union in the house to derive the themes and attributes of the alliance that tenants think are most needed and suitable for the house. After drawing prototypes and receiving team-specific feedback from participating design workshops, we analyzed the properties that prototypes contain, and aggregated interviews on the appropriate on-demand federated services to analyze the most appropriate on-demand Coalitions theme and their detailed properties. From this, the theme of trading resources between tenants, the theme of co-purchasing, and the theme of the challenge that runs toward joint goals in the long run were derived. We analyzed the theme of the union once again based on the spatiality, timeliness, and relational attributes of the union in shared housing inevitably. This allowed us to identify aspects of which attributes were associated with each other, and to better understand the on-demand coalition in a special environment called the Co-living House. Thus, looking at the shared residential experience within the Co-living House as a new exchange form of on-demand association, we pay attention to the properties of associations that should be considered in a special environment called Co-living. It is also meaningful in that it derived it from data drawn by residents themselves through participatory design methods and provided residents with opportunities to participate in and exchange positive house activities. Through a two-axis framework of insights, themes and attributes obtained in the study, I hope to provide planners who devise services that mediate on-demand Coalition in a co-living environment with the opportunity to think more diversely about their requirements.๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์™ธ๋กœ์›€, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์ฃผํƒ๋‚œ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘˜ ๋•Œ, ๊ณต์œ  ์ฃผํƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„“์€ ์ƒํ™œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋Š”, ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋˜ ๊ฐ™์ด, ํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒํ™œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํ•˜์— ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์„œ์  ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ์™ธ๋กœ์›€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด, ๊ณต์œ  ์ฃผํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์ ์  ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—, ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ๊ณผ ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์™€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์œ  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์˜์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ญ‰์น˜๊ณ  ํ—ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ 19์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒน์ณ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ํ™œ๋™๋„ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ชฉ์  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ โ€˜์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™œ๋™ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์ด๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠน์ • ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ง‘, ์กฐ์œจ, ์ˆ˜ํ–‰, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์‚ฐ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ต๋ช…์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋ชจ์ง‘์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๋งˆ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฑ…์ž„ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ๋™ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์„ธํŒ…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์ด, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ํ”ผ์ณ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž, ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜, ๋Œ“๊ธ€, ๊ด€์‹ฌ ํ‘œ์‹œ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฒซ๋ˆˆ์— ์ผ๋žŒ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋‚˜, ๊ฐ์ข… ์ธ์ฆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์œ  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์•„์˜ˆ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„๊ต์  ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ์ž˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ์™€ ์ œ์•ˆ ์ „ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ง์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋– ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ํŒŒ์•…์ด์–ด์„œ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„๋“ค์ด ์ •์‹ ๋ชจ์ง‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์นœ์ ˆํ•ด๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์—ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ธด ๊ธ€์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉด ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋‚˜ ๋ƒ‰๋‹ดํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์–ป์„๊นŒ๋ด ๋‘๋ ค์›Œ์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ง์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•จ์ด, ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์—†๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์™„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์—, ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ๋‚ด ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ์™€ ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ถœํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋””์ž์ธ ์›Œํฌ์ƒต์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒ€๋ณ„ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ํ›„ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์ด ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๋งค๊ฐœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ์™€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž…์ฃผ์ž ๊ฐ„ ์ž์›์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ…Œ๋งˆ, ๊ณต๋™๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ํ…Œ๋งˆ, ์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋™ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๋ฅผ, ๊ณต์œ  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์† ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์†์„ฑ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ฑ, ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ์†์„ฑ์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์†์„ฑ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์•ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ์–‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ, ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ธ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์™€ ํ…Œ๋งˆ์™€ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋‘ ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํš์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ํ•„์š”์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ 2 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ์ฃผํƒ 4 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 8 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 9 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 15 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ •์˜ 15 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• ์กฐ์‚ฌ 19 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 22 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์‰ฌ์šด ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 29 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋น™ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์† ์˜จ๋””๋งจ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํƒ์ƒ‰ 36 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋””์ž์ธ ์›Œํฌ์ƒต์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ์™€ ์†์„ฑ ํƒ์ƒ‰ 36 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 55 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 55 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 58 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 59 Abstract 62์„

    Effect of Nutritional Intervention by the Nutrition Support Team on Postnatal Growth in Preterm Infants

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    "Purpose: Nutritional intervention by an interdisciplinary nutrition support team (NST) can potentially improve postnatal growth outcomes in preterm infants. This study aimed to measure the growth impact of a nutritional intervention package performed by an NST in a quality improvement effort in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: Fifty-two infants born below 2,000 g and admitted to NICU participated in the Quality Improvement (QI) program between March 2016 and February 2017. The nutritional intervention was applied according to newly established nutritional guidelines on parenteral and enteral nutrition, and an NST performed a weekly nutritional assessment. The Z-scores of weight, height, and head circumference were calculated according to the gestational age and sex. The clinical impact on postnatal growth was compared between the QI and pre-QI groups. The pre-QI group included 69 infants admitted in the same NICU between 2014 and 2015. Results: The time to the initiation of enteral nutrition decreased significantly (P๏ผœ0.001). Changes in weight (P=0.027), head circumference (P=0.003), Z-scores between birth, and 40 weeks postconceptional age (PCA) were significantly larger in the QI than the pre-QI group. The percentage of infants weighing below the 10th percentile at one month after birth and at 40 weeks PCA was higher in the pre-QI than the QI group. Conclusion: The implementation of evidence-based best practices for preterm nutrition resulted in significant improvements in the growth outcomes in preterm infants."22othe

    ์ฑ„์ทจ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ง€์™€ ๊ทธ ์—์Šคํ„ฐ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ž„์‚ฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,2000.Maste

    Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy of GaN thick films and polarity effects on crystal growth

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2002.Docto

    TSSG๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ GdAlโ‚ƒ(BOโ‚ƒ)โ‚„๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์„ฑ์žฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ฌด๊ธฐ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,1997.Maste

    ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋‹จ TIA ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์…˜ ๋“€์˜ค๋ฐ”์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ 4-๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๊ท ํ˜•์ฝ”๋”ฉ 4b4w ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  ํšŒ๋กœ

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    DoctorTwo transceiver circuits are proposed for low-energy and low-EMI single-ended memory interface; one is a low-energy single-ended duobinary transceiver circuit with a TIA RX termination and the other is a low-EMI 4b4w single-ended parallel transceiver circuit with four-level balanced coding. Firstly, the low-energy single-ended duobinary transceiver is proposed for the point-to-point DRAM interface with an energy efficiency of 0.56 pJ/bit at 7 Gb/s. The transmitter power is reduced by decreasing the signal swing of transmission channel to 80 mV and replacing the multiplexer and the binary output driver in the transmitter by a duobinary output driver. A trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) is used at the receiver end of transmission channel. The TIA works as a receiver termination and also amplifies the input signal for subsequent processing. Analysis of the feedback loop delay and the nonlinearity of the TIA shows that they do not impose serious problems. The TIA output signal is applied to a duobinary-to-NRZ converter, which is implemented by using a direct feedback 1-tap DFE circuit with a tap-coefficient of 1.0. The reference voltage of the duobinary-to-NRZ converter is calibrated automatically to enable a small-swing signaling. The proposed transceiver chip in a 65 nm CMOS process works at 4.5 Gb/s with a 3" FR4 microstrip line, and at 7 Gb/s with a 0.6" FR4. Secondly, the low-EMI four-bit four-wire (4b4w) single-ended parallel transceiver is proposed for the point-to-point DRAM interface with the H-field peak reduction of 13.65 dB at 8 Gb/s. In the proposed parallel link, four-level balanced coding is employed to minimize simultaneous switching noise at transmitter, to utilize differential sensing without a reference voltage at receiver, and to maintain the same pin efficiency of 100% as the conventional single-ended parallel link. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is also reduced because the sum of currents across all the wires zero with the proposed coding scheme. A modified capacitive pre-emphasis scheme for four-level signaling is also proposed at transmitter to compensate for inter-symbol interference by boosting the magnitude of the transition of the transmitter output signal with a different amount. The transmitted four-level signals are recovered by the differential comparators with an offset compensation and the simple decoder at receiver. The proposed transceiver chip in a 65 nm CMOS process consumes 2.39 pJ/bit with a 1.2 V supply and a 2" FR4 channel at 8 Gb/s

    The effect of the organizational context of interdisciplinary majors on the learning process of undergraduate students

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œกํ–‰์ •์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ์‹ ์ •์ฒ .The purpose of this study is to analyze in depth how the organization context affects the learning process of students who study interdisciplinary major by analyzing the organizational context and learning process of the interdisciplinary major students. Amid the rapidly changing society, the government tried to strengthen the connection between the university and society through various financial support projects such as BK21 and universities tried to respond to this movement by utilizing highly adaptable interdisciplinary majors. However, there has been no in-depth study on how curriculum is formed and on how students study in these new educational units. Therefore, this study tries to understand in details the reality of interdisciplinary majors in practice. The research questions are as follows. First, how is the academic organization of interdisciplinary majors different from that of the typical academic organization? Second, how is student's learning experience different from that of typical academic organizations due to the academic organizational characteristics of interdisciplinary majors? For this purpose, a qualitative case study was conducted targeting three interdisciplinary majors in Seoul National University. The framework of Terenzini & Reason(2014), which studied the effect of university organizational context on students' learning, was partially modified to provide a structural framework for this study. This study mainly uses literature research method and interviews. Various data sources such as self-written evaluation report on the interdisciplinary majors and interview scripts with 11 students and 6 professors and staff members were analyzed. The results of this study are as follows. First, the steering committee for the operation of interdisciplinary majors is an organization with high level of structural complexity, low formalization, and high centralization. The complexity of the organization is higher than that of other existing departments in that professors of more than one major generally participate, but it has a high degree of centralization in that actual decision-making and work are concentrated on the head professor. In addition, it shows low formalization level in order to be flexible in the establishment and abolition of the organization. Second, the level of decentralization of the university organization, differing graduation requirements, and low linkage among existing courses affect the level of participation of professors and the degree of interest of students in the interdisciplinary major. In particular, low formalization level and support at the headquarters level lead to different educational environments for each major, including the degree of support from the host department, the number of original courses, and the level of use of part-time instructors. Third, Seoul National University is a research-oriented university with a high tendency for professors prioritizing research and in particular, a strong departmentalized culture. As a result, it is difficult to appoint a professor exclusive to interdisciplinary major and the operation of the interdisciplinary major is highly dependent on the host department. This hinders the supply of resources in that they target students from many different colleges. Fourth, thanks to the flexibility of the interdisciplinary major, conditions for flexible curriculum change enough to reflect new fields are settled. Thus, students with high demand for new fields are likely to participate. However, it is difficult to utilize the flexibility due to low incentive for professors to invest in interdisciplinary major. Fifth, students experience a broad and shallow curriculum in the interdisciplinary major. On the one hand, this seems to be due to the curriculum consisting of courses provided by the established departments. On the other hand, it is because it is difficult to open their own original courses. In addition, weak interaction between established departments also acts as an obstacle for students' deep learning. These conditions make students without a clear vision of the course feel confused about the objective of the curriculum. Sixth, students broaden their perspectives and interests by taking classes of various departments and interacting with students from different majors. In particular, as interdisciplinary majors provide more original courses and more team-centered classes, there is a higher the level of interaction among students. On the other hand, there are cases where there is no interaction among students in the same course, which causes difficulties in learning. Based on these research results, this study presents the following policy recommendations. First, in order to increase the effectiveness of the interdisciplinary major, it is necessary to pay attention not only to curriculum design, but also to student experience of the curriculum. In particular, it is necessary to clearly recognize the level of resources required for the operation of the relevant majors and consider the level of connectivity between the existing curriculum and the new curriculum. Second, it is necessary to systematically consider the composition of the steering committee for the operation of the interdisciplinary major. In particular, specific institutional measures are needed to encourage the participation of a small number of dedicated professors in order to avoid the high level of complexity and to lower the centralization on the head professor. In particular, it should be noted that these institutional measures are sustainable only when they are consistent with the mission of the university. Third, a separate coordination unit is needed to manage the interdisciplinary major. Such adjustment unit should operate in a way that enhances adaptability, which is the strength of the interdisciplinary major. Specifically, it should function as a unit that can promote linkage with society, existing department units and headquarters, students, and operating faculty and instructors. Thus, it must participate as a member of the steering committee of each interdisciplinary major. Fourth, it is necessary to reach a certain level of agreement on the necessity and future direction of interdisciplinary education among members of the university. Interdisciplinary education is consumed in various contexts in our society, but the concept is rather vague. In this regard, it is necessary to create a common vision through the process of sharing opinions of members through public discourse at the university level. Otherwise, the policy will lose sustainability. Finally, various policies related to interdisciplinary majors at the level of the Ministry of Education should be reviewed more carefully. The interdisciplinary major is an educational unit in which it is difficult to guarantee quality education from an organizational point of view. In particular, it is difficult to exceed the quality of education provided by the participating departments. Therefore, it should be noted that the quality of education can be guaranteed only when a rigorous review of the organizational context in which the interdisciplinary majors precedes.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์„ ์ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ์ •์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ์žฌ์ •์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ ์‘์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ต์œก๋‹จ์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์žฌํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์˜ ํ•™์‚ฌ์กฐ์ง์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•™์‚ฌ์กฐ์ง์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์˜ ํ•™์‚ฌ์กฐ์ง์  ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์Šต๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์‚ฌ์กฐ์ง ์†Œ์† ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€? ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์Šต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ Terenzini & Reason(2014)์˜ ํ‹€์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํฐ ํ‹€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์ฃผ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์ฒดํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ํ•™์ƒ 11๋ช…, ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ต์ง์› 6๋ช… ๋“ฑ ์ด 17๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด๋‹ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šด์˜์œ„์›ํšŒ ์กฐ์ง์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๋ณต์žกํ™”, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”, ๋†’์€ ์ง‘๊ถŒํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•™๊ณผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ „๊ณต์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์กฐ์ง๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐ ์—…๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ž„๊ต์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ง‘๊ถŒํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณต์‹ํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋Œ€ํ•™์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ถ„๊ถŒํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€, ํ•™๊ณผ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๊ณต ์ด์ˆ˜ ์ •์ฑ…, ๊ธฐ์กด ์ „๊ณต ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณต์‹์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€์› ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ณต๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•™๊ณผ์˜ ์ง€์›, ์ž์ฒด๊ฐœ์„ค ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ ๊ฐœ์„ค, ๋น„์ „์ž„ ๊ต์› ํ™œ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ต์œกํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋Œ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ•™๊ณผ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต ์ž์ฒด ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž„์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์šด์˜๋„ ํ•™๊ณผ ์˜์กด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›ํ™œํ•œ ์ž์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰์— ๋ฐฉํ•ด ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ž์ฒด ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์žฌํ•œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•™๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์šด์˜์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์œ ์ธ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต์—์„œ ๋„“๊ณ  ์–•์€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•™๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ โ€œ์ œ๊ณตโ€๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž์ฒด๊ฐœ์„ค ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ค๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ „๊ณต ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ฌํ™” ํ•™์Šต์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง„์ž… ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜์‹์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ „๊ณต์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๊ณต ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐœ์„ค ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ํŒ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „๊ณต์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ œ์–ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—๋งŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์šด์˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šด์˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ์ž„๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ—Œ์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋…๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ œ๋„์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ๋„์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์กฐ์ • ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ • ๋‹จ์œ„๋Š” ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์˜ ๊ฐ•์ ์ธ ์ ์‘์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์›์˜ ํ™•๋ณด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ฐ˜์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„, ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•™๊ณผ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„, ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„, ์šด์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์กฐ์ • ๋‹จ์œ„๋Š” ๊ฐ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต ์šด์˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ํ•™๋‚ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค ๊ฐ„์— ์œตํ•ฉ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œตํ•ฉ๊ต์œก์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ํ•™๊ต ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ณต๋ก ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ๋น„์ „์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๊ต์œก๋ถ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐ์ข… ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋” ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์€ ์กฐ์ง ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ต์œก๋‹จ์œ„์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์˜์กด์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ต์œก๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์งˆ ๋ณด์žฅ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต ๋‹จ์œ„๋งŒ์„ ์ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กธ์—…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ๋ฒ•์ โ€ง์ œ๋„์  ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ํ•™์‚ฌ์กฐ์ง 6 1. ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํšจ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 6 2. ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์กฐ์ง ํŠน์„ฑ 10 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์œตํ•ฉ๊ต์œก 19 1. ์œตํ•ฉ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ 19 2. ์ „๊ณต ์œตํ•ฉ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ œ๋„ํ™” 31 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต 33 1. ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 33 2. ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต 41 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 43 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 48 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 48 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 54 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 58 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋งฅ๋ฝ 58 1. ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 58 2. ํ•™๋‚ด ์ „๊ณต ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ „๊ณต ์ •์ฑ… ํŠน์„ฑ 72 3. ํ•™๋‚ด ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋ฌธํ™” ํŠน์„ฑ 95 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต ๋‚ด ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ์ • 100 1. ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 101 2. ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 111 3. ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 116 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ 120 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋งฅ๋ฝ 120 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ „๊ณต ๋‚ด ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ์ • 128 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 139 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  139 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ œ์–ธ 143 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 148 Abstract 163์„

    Analysis of hand forces and surface changes based on pinch postures of elderly women and women in their 20s

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๋‚จ์œค์ž.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์†์˜ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ์† ๋ถ€์œ„์— ์ฐฉ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ 9๋ช…(์—ฐ๋ น 68ยฑ4์„ธ, ์‹ ์žฅ 159.20ยฑ 2.90ใŽ, ์ฒด์ค‘ 57ยฑ5.54ใŽ)์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ์†์˜ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๊ณผ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์••๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 9๋ช…(์—ฐ๋ น 26ยฑ3์„ธ, ์‹ ์žฅ 161.10ยฑ3.20ใŽ, ์ฒด์ค‘ 50.02ยฑ 4.49ใŽ)๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†์„ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ง€๊ณจ, ์ค‘์ˆ˜๊ณจ, ์ˆ˜๊ทผ๊ณจ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ํŽธํ•œ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ธ์ฒด ์••๋ ฅ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ 20์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์š”์•ฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†์˜ ์ •์  ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์€ ๊ณ ๋ น ๋ฐ 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์† ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์ˆ˜๊ณจ์˜ ์—„์ง€์™€ ๊ฒ€์ง€์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์—ด์‡ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง€๊ณจ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ง€ ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค(xยฒ=12.12**, p<.01). ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท ์€ ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ(t=-4.17***, p<.001), ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท  ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ˆ˜์ง€๊ณจ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ง€์™€ ์ค‘์ˆ˜๊ณจ์—์„œ ์—ด์‡  ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์—„์ง€ ๋ถ€์œ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ€์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์ด 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ Y=-.40X+5.93, F=379.98***, P<.001, 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ Y=-.41X+3.63, F=356.87***, P<.001). ๋˜ํ•œ, ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์••๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ท ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ปธ๊ณ (๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ 26.89ยฑ19.23ใŽช, 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 40.40ยฑ30.20ใŽช, xยฒ=3.89***, p<.001), ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์„ธ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ์—„์ง€์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ปธ๋‹ค(์„ธ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์ง‘๊ธฐ 40.22ยฑ25.76ใŽช, xยฒ=11.60**, p<.01, ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์ง‘๊ธฐ 46.89ยฑ29.21ใŽช, xยฒ=22.36***, p<.001). ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ด์‡  ์ง‘๊ธฐ์™€ ์„ธ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 20์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์ด ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ 30.42%, 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 7.08%). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†์˜ ๋™์  ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์†์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„ ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์†์˜ ํž˜๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐฉ์šฉํ˜• ์† ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ ํŠนํžˆ ์—„์ง€์˜ ์‹ ๊ทผ ๋ถ€์œ„์™€ ๊ฒ€์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง€๊ณจ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์‹œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋งž์Œ์ƒˆ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ณด์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of hand forces and surface changes in elderly women. This study compared the ratios of changes in length and angle, finger pressure, and pinch force according to the hand region between elderly women aged 65-74 years and women aged 20-29 years, in the four pinch postures. Participants hands were scanned in 4 different pinch postures and a relaxed hand posture using a 3D Handy Scanner. The anatomical regions of the hand were divided into the phalanx, metacarpal, and carpal on the 3D scan data, and the ratio of skin changes was confirmed according to the length between the two landmark points and the angle among the three landmark points. In addition, the pressure of each finger and the pinch force were analyzed by a hand pressure gauge while pinching an object for 20 seconds. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. When the hands were in the static posture, there were more correlated items among women in their 20s than in elderly women. There was no significant difference in the ratio changes of length and angle among the 4 pinch postures in both groups. However, among the hand regions, there was a significant difference in the ratio changes of length and angle in the thumb and index finger of the metacarpal between elderly women and women in their 20s. The index finger had a larger length change ratio in the phalanx area in women in their 20s, especially during the key pinch posture. The mean difference in the length change ratio was statistically higher in elderly women than in women in their 20s, but the mean difference in angle change ratio was not significant. The ratio of length change was especially large in the index finger of the phalanx area and in the thumb of the metacarpal area only in elderly women during the key pinch posture. Moreover, the ratio changes in the length and angle of each hand region were negatively correlated, and the ratio changes of length according to angle changes in elderly women were significantly larger than those in women in their 20s. Regarding finger pressure, elderly women showed the greatest pressure on their thumbs in all pinch postures, and there was no significant difference in the pinch force between both groups in the key pinch and three digit pinch postures, but for 20 seconds, the ratio of decline in pinch force was greater in elderly women than in women in their 20s. This study examined the characteristic changes in an elderly woman's hand due to aging. It is essential to consider the extensor muscles of the thumb and the phalanx of the index finger when designing a wearable hand robot capable of supporting the power and function of the weakened elderly female hand. Moreover, it should be capable of compensating for a large reduction rate in the pinch force. Therefore, the basic data presented in this study are significant as they can be used for the development and optimization of products that can support the pinch function of the elderly. Moreover, this study might help to establish criteria for hand forces and surface changes for elderly women.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ธ์ฒด ์ธก์ • 4 1. ์† ์น˜์ˆ˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 2. ์† ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 8 3. ์ฒดํ‘œ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ธก์ • ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์†์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์šด๋™๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 13 1. ์†์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ 13 2. ์†์˜ ์šด๋™๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 14 3. ๋…ธํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 15 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์••๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ ฅ 16 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 17 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ 19 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ • 19 2. ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€์  ๋ฐ ์ž์„ธ ์„ค์ • 21 3. 3์ฐจ์› ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ถ„์„ 26 4. ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์••๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 28 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 31 1. ์ •์  ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ์† ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 32 2. ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ์† ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ ๋ถ„์„ 33 3. ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ ์ฐจ์ด ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ 34 4. ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 35 5. ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์••๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 36 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 37 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ •์  ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ์† ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 37 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ์† ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ 41 1. ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ 41 2. ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ 46 3. ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 52 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ฒดํ‘œ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 54 1. ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ๊ท€์‹ ๋„์ถœ 54 2. ์† ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 60 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์••๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ ฅ 63 1. ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์‹œ ๊ฐ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์••๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 63 2. ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ 20๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 66 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์š” ์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  69 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 71 Abstract 76Maste
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