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    ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์  ๋” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜: KOICA ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์  ๋”๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ๊น€ํƒœ๊ท .Gender essentialism is a notion that women are the vulnerable or mothers or untapped resources for economic development on the belief that womens essence is given and universal. Women have been discriminated by gender and transnational organizations for women and feminists demanded the international community to fight the gender-based discrimination against women and the international community agreed to do it. For example, the Beijing Platform for Action declared in 1995 address how to fight the gender-based discrimination with transformation of the prescribed gender roles. The gender-based discrimination can result from gender essentialism that favors masculinism, so feminists insisted that gender equality with transforming the prescribed gender roles to construct new gender roles is necessary for gender equality. Accordingly, many countries which agreed to the Beijing Platform for Action adopted policies and strategies for gender equality and the international development cooperation business also started to provide international development assistance for gender equality. The development assistance is, however, dependent on domestic politics and policies that could be not coherent with the global norms. Besides, the meaning of gender equality can be conveniently fixed, shrunk, stretched, and bent for national interests. Therefore, the discourse of gender equality is important for setting up an orientation of policies related to gender equality. In the case of South Korea, domestic policies have been disadvantageous to women and gender essentialism was conceived in policies. Besides, Korean ODA governance is based on a government-initiated network at which the governments agendas are set prioritized. Therefore, the governments discourse and policies of gender issues are highly connected to Korean ODA for gender equality. According to the findings of this study, from Lee Myung-bak administration that was affected by the previous administrations to Moon Jae-ins administration, Korean policies conceived gender essentialism. Thus, KOICAs ODA projects for gender equality have not gender-sensitive. Therefore, the discourse of gender equality needs to be discussed to challenge gender essentialism.์  ๋” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜๋ž€, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ ํ•˜์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ทจ์•ฝ์ธต ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•œ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€๋…์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์  ๋” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์  ๋”์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 1995๋…„์— ์„ ์–ธ๋œ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ํ–‰๋™๊ฐ•๋ น์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์  ๋” ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์  ๋” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์  ๋”์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์  ๋” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜ ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„๋กฏ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์  ๋” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์  ๋” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ํ–‰๋™๊ฐ•๋ น์— ๋™์˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์ด์ต์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜๊ณ , ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜๊ณ , ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ ค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์  ๋” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋…น์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์˜์ œ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ์„ ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์  ๋”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ์—๋„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ด์ „ ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ์ •๋ถ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌธ์žฌ์ธ ์ •๊ถŒ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ ์ฑ…๋“ค์€ ์  ๋” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์  ๋” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํƒ€ํŒŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ… . Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose of Research and Research Questions 1 โ…ก. Literature Review 3 2.1. From Discussion on Gender Equality of Development to Implementation of Gender Mainstreaming by International Community and South Korea 3 2.2. The Discourse of the Equality between Women and Men over Gender Equality Relevant with Gender Essentialism 8 2.3. Korean Domestic Policies Connected to the Korean ODA Policies through Korean Government-Initiated Network 16 โ…ข. Analytical Framework and Methodology 19 3.1. Analytical Framework 19 3.2. Research Methodology 26 โ…ฃ. Gender Blind Policies by LEE Myung-baks Administration and ODA for Global Korea 29 4.1. The Discourse of Gender Equality in Korean Policies until Lee Myung-baks Administration 29 4.2. The Discourse Dynamics of Gender Equality in the Policies by Lee Myung-bak Administration Related to ODA 35 4.3. The Discourse of Gender Equality in the Strategies of ODA During Lee Myung-bak Administration 45 โ…ค. Gender Blind Policies of Park Geun-hyes Administration and ODA for Gender Equality for the Better Life for Girls 50 5.1. The Discourse of Gender Equality in Korean Policies until Park Geun-hyes Administration 50 5.2. The Discourse Dynamics of Gender Equality in the Policies by Park Geun-hye Administration Related to ODA 55 5.3. The Discourse of Gender Equality in the Strategies of ODA at Park Geun-hye Administration 65 โ…ฅ. Conflict between Feminism and Masculinism During Moon Jae-ins Administration and Its Influence on ODA for Gender Equality 69 6.1. The Discourse of Gender Equality in Korean Policies until Moon Jae-ins Administration 69 6.2. The Discourse Dynamics of Gender Equality in the Policies by Moon Jae-in Administration Related to ODA 74 6.3. The Discourse of Gender Equality in the Strategies of ODA at Moon Jae-ins Administration 80 โ…ฆ. KOICAs ODA Projects for Gender Equality Conceiving Gender Essentialism from Lee Myung-bak Administration to Moon Jae-in Administration 83 7.1. The Targeted Projects for Gender Equality from 2012 to 2019 83 7.2. The New Village Movement Projects Marked 1 or 2 by the DAC Gender Equality Policy Marker 85 7.3. The Green Growth Projects Marked 1 or 2 by the DAC Gender Equality Policy Marker 88 7.4. Better Life for Girls Projects Marked 1 or 2 by the DAC Gender Equality Policy Marker 90 7.5. Project for response to gender-based violence between 2018-2019 92 โ…ฆ. Conclusion 94 8.1. Discussion 94 8.2. Recommendation 96 8.3. Limitation 98 References 100 Abstract in Korean 110Maste

    DDR5 ํด๋ฝ ๋ฒ„ํผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ LC PLL์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022. 8. ์ •๋•๊ท .This thesis describes a wide-range, fast-locking LC PLL for DDR5 clock buffer application. To operate LC PLL at wide range of input frequency, proposed PLL uses LC VCO with 28GHz center frequency and calculates appropriate division ratio of programmable divider for certain input frequen-cy at transient state. Calculating division ratio is achieved by using integer counter and fractional counter, detecting frequency of input clock at transient state. After calculating division ratio, proposed PLL operates as 3rd order charge pump PLL with optimum current value to lock fast. Proposed PLL is described with Systemverilog and simulation results shows that proposed LC PLL operates at 1 ~ 4.2GHz input frequency, while successfully acquires to lock at under 1ฮผs. Also, LC-VCO is designed in a 40nm CMOS and simulation results shows that tuning range of VCO is ยฑ9.25% with respect to center frequency of 28.2GHz, and VCO dissipates 26.4mW and phase noise is โ€“104.86dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset, operating at center fre-quency with 1.1V supply voltage.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ DDR5 Clock Buffer๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ, ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฝ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” LC PLL์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ LC PLL์„ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ PLL์€ 28GHz๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์ธ LC VCO์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ณผ๋„ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์— ์•Œ๋งž๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œdivider์˜ ์ œ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ๊ณผ๋„ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ž…๋ ฅ ํด๋ฝ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ˆ˜ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์™€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ดํ›„, ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ PLL์€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฝ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ 3์ฐจ์˜ Charge pump PLL๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ PLL์€ systemverilog๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ LC PLL์€ 1 ~ 4.2GHz์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 1us ์ด๋‚ด์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฝ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, LC-VCO๊ฐ€ 40nm CMOS ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ VCO์˜ ํŠœ๋‹ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ 28.2GHz์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ยฑ9.25%์ด๊ณ , ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ 1.1V ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ „์••์—์„œ 26.4mW์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ , phase noise๊ฐ€ 1MHz ์˜คํ”„์…‹์—์„œ -104.86dBc/Hz์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION 1 1.2 THESIS ORGANIZATION 3 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND ON LC PLL 4 2.1 BASIS OF PLL 4 2.2 FREQUENCY RANGE AND LOCK TIME OF PLL 11 2.2.1 FREQUENCY RANGE 11 2.2.2 LOCK TIME 13 2.3 BASIS OF LC VCO 15 CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF LC PLL FOR DDR5 CLOCK BUFFER 18 3.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION 18 3.2 OVERALL ARCHITECTURE 20 3.3 OPERATION PRINCIPLE 24 3.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF LC VCO 33 3.5 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN CHOICE OF LC PLL FOR DDR5 CLOCK BUFFER 35 CHAPTER 4 SIMULATION RESULT 37 4.1 PLL 37 4.2 LC VCO 42 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY 47 ์ดˆ ๋ก 49์„

    ํ›„์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Zn(S,O) Buffer Layer์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ , ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 2. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘์šฐ.The structural and optical properties of Zn(S,O) buffer layers were investigated by post-annealing in air. As the annealing temperature increased to 500โ„ƒ, the optical bandgap of the Zn(S,O) thin films decreased from 3.59 eV to 2.97 eV.This optical bandgap narrowing was correlated with the composition change of the films by post-annealing. The S/Zn ratio decreased from 0.60 to 0.47, as confirmed by EDX analysis. TheZn(S,O) thin film applied to blocking layer in dye-sensitized solar cells diminished the power-conversion efficiency. One possible reason is that the Zn(S,O) blocking layer prohibits the injection of electron from ZnO to FTO, because of thickZn(S,O) layer. Micrometer-sized polydispersed Al doped ZnO aggregates made up of nanoparticles were synthesizedby a hydrolysis method for photoelectrode in DSSCs. The Al doping on ZnO aggregates resulted the decrease ofopen-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Jsc). Consequently, the power-conversion efficiency decreased to 0.92%. The local strain and grain size of ZnO increased with increasing doping concentration.In addition,the morphology of ZnO nanoparticles that compose the aggregateswas changed to nanorod. The nanorodwill decrease the surface area for dye adsorption than nanoparticle and it may cause decreased cell efficiency.Abstract List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1. Overview 1.1 CIGS Solar Cells 1.2 Buffer Layer of CIGS Solar Cells 1.3 Introduction to Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 1.4 References Chapter 2. Post-Annealing Effects on the Structural and Optical Properties of Zn(S,O) Buffer Layer for Thin-Film Solar Cells 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Experiments 2.3 Results and Discussion 2.4 Conclusions 2.5 References Chapter 3. The Effect of Al Doping on the Performancein Nanoporous ZnO-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Experiments 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.4 Conclusions 3.5 References ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋กMaste

    ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ(ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๊ณค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ—˜์ž์˜ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์ œ ์‘๋‹ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ฑ„์ ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋ณ€์ธ์ธ ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์  ํŠน์ง•์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ถ”์ •์€ ์ฑ„์ ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •, ์ฆ‰ ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฑ„์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๋•Œ ํ•ด์„์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ„์ ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‹€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•™๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ถ”๋ก ๊ณผ ์ถ”๋‹จ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ์ธ์ง€์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ์™ธ์ ยท๋‚ด์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ์ทจํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ํŒ๋‹จ, ์ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘ยท๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๊ตฌ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์€ ๊ตญ์ œํ†ต์šฉํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ต์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ—˜์ž ์‘๋‹ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ„์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 4๊ฐœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜• ์ฑ„์  ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜์—๋Š” ์ด 18๋ช…์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ—˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์‘์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ฑ„์  ์—ฐ์Šต ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  12๋ช…์˜ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ๋ณธ ์ฑ„์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 5๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ 13์ธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ธ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณผ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋…น์Œํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ณ ์ „๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ„์— ๋†’์€ ๋‚ด์  ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ, ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ตญ๋ฉด๋ผ์‰ฌ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ก  ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ฑ„์ ์ž๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ„์ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ด๋‚˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ค€๊ฑฐ, ์ฒ™๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ„์ ์„ ํ•œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง‘์ค‘ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’์ธ 3์ ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž์™€ ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์ธ 5์ ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ›„๊ด‘์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉ๋„ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์ ์ˆ˜์—ด ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ํŽธํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋ฐ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ตญ๋ฉด๋ผ์‰ฌ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ „์‚ฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ๋ฐœํ™”๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์ฆ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ˆœ์ฐจํ˜• ์ฑ„์ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ค‘ยทํ•˜์œ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ˆ˜ํ—˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข…ํ•ฉํ˜• ์ฑ„์ ์„ ํ•œ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์ฐจํ˜• ์ฑ„์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‘๋‹ต์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข…ํ•ฉํ˜• ์ฑ„์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‘๋‹ต ์ •๋ณด๋‚˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž๋ณ„๋กœ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ—˜์ž ์‘๋‹ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ž‘๋™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘์œ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‘๋‹ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์€ ์ค‘์œ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‘๋‹ต์ด ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„๋‚˜ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‘๋‹ต์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ฐํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉํ˜• ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ์‘๋‹ต์˜ ๋‹ดํ™” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฑ„์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋จผ์ € ์ฑ„์ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ฑ„์ ์—๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์ค‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‘๋‹ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์ด ์ž˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ„์ ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์ ์ธ ์ฑ„์ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ธ์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€์  ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ—˜์ž์˜ ์‘๋‹ต ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์ ์ธ ์ฑ„์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฑ„์ ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‘๋‹ต ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ ยท๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ฑ„์  ์ฒ™๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๊ต์œก์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๊ต์œก์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฑ„์  ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌํ™”, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด, ๋‚ด์  ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์œ ์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฑ„์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ์„ฑ์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Various factors may intervene in the rating process of the speaking assessment that affects the progress of the rating and causes different test results among the raters. A variable noted in previous studies is the effect on the characteristics of the rater, which can be understood by explaining the rating process in regards to both how the rating method was applied in some situations and how the scores were determined based on the rating process. With this variable in mind, the present study uses a mixed method research design to empirically explore the rating process as a direct variable involved in rating speaking assessment. The study seeks to identify the rating process of a speaking assessment by analyzing the rater effect and the rating process. To this end, we establish a theoretical model to explain the rating process of the speaking assessment, which is made up of perception, the judgment of information, and a score decision. This is a hypothetical model that entails what the various variables involved in the rating process are and how they influence the rating process. We explain that the rater's cognition is based on the inferencing and heuristics points, which are presented in the discussion of the language assessment and cognitive psychology field during the rating process. In addition, we discuss changes in the rating process that could occur due to external and internal factors concerned with the rater. Next, to find out the specific features and patterns of the rating process for a speaking assessment, a computer-based, Korean-speaking achievement test collected the test-takers' responses. The speaking assessment consists of a mid- to high-level structured response item to specifically identify how the scorers perform. The writing of the tasks is based on the International Standard Curriculum of Korean Language and Korean language textbooks. In order to look at the combined rating patterns of the raters, the rating scale is based on the previous study for task perform, pronunciation, language use, and discourse organizing. After test-takers (N=18) applied for the test, twelve of their responses, which exclude the main material, were scored. Teachers (N=13) participated as raters and were asked the verbal report during their scoring process. The test result data was collected from the raters, and it was first analyzed with the Classical Test Theory (CTT) and then in a Many-Facet Rasch Model (MFRM) to determine the rater effect. The specific analyses of the rater effect are based on subjective rating tendency, central tendency, randomness, halo effect, and interaction bias. The results of the CTT analysis show high internal consistency confidence among the raters in the rating, but the raters show a relatively low correlation. The ANOVA on variables of rater characteristics does not show significant differences among groups. The analysis of the MFRM shows some instances where the rating tendency is either not consistent or it is outside of the expectations of the analysis model. This factor depends on the test items, criteria, and scales. Overall, the results of the analysis of the rater effect show that raters are generally lenient and that some raters score rigidly or leniently depending on specific items, criteria, and scale. The central tendency analysis shows a rater concentrating on the median of scale and another rater focusing on the maximum of scale. The randomness and halo effect analysis show corresponding cases with the analysis of the MFRM and the comparison of the score line. Rater bias analysis shows that interactions with the raters and tasks have the greatest probability of error with the highest frequency in the "experience speaking" item. Next, to identify the flow and characteristics of the speaking assessment rating process, the raters themselves analyzed the rating process report. To analyze the overall aspects of the rating process, we selected examinees from the test results of the four item types at the median, the highest, and the lowest levels, and looked at the differences in reporting the rating process. The analysis shows that the raters score sequentially in most of the items and groups, while the ratio of comprehensive rating remains relatively high in the rating process for mid- and lower-level test-takers in the experience speaking item. The rating process report of a sequential scoring case shows that the rater tends to determine the score based on the overall impression of the response and in the case of a summative rating, the score is determined by considering the response information or characteristics. In addition, the differences in the amount and type of warrants or assumptions that were formed to determine scores in the rating process were seen by each rater because of the effect of perceptual level and memory system operation on the responses of the test-takers. In particular, reports of the rating process for median-level responses often show a quantitative approach based on perceptual information. This is interpreted as an active use of perceptual information to overcome the difficulty in determining the level and score compared to those at the highest or lowest levels. The report of the rating process of an integrated question using data shows a tendency to determine the overall assessment criteria score based on the consideration of a responses level of ability regarding discourse composition. Next, we examine the rating process report for cases in which the rater effect is shown in the analysis of the rater effect. The rating process report analysis of cases showing strict scoring trends confirms that when total performance is first scored, the same trend applies to the scoring of the remaining criteria thereby present to the severity of the rating trend. Reports of rating processes with lenient rating trends indicate relatively lenient scoring or random grading in situations where evidence collection for responses is not well-performed. If there is a tendency to use the assessment scale on a limited basis, the rating process considers impression-based approaches and the assumptions, which are interpreted as a phenomenon. This is because information that is not aggregated by test-takers is not considered in the rating process while trying to integrate their responses into the existing memory system. Finally, the rating process, which shows a random scoring tendency, is characterized by a simple structure compared to the other raters, which is considered random because the rating process relies on subjective interpretations of the rating scale without considering the judgment of the response and the theoretical and empirical assumptions for the scoring. In order to utilize the research results in the training of raters for the Korean speaking assessment, the implications of the raters' education are derived from the results of the research and based on this, the principles and methods of a process-based approach are presented.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ 7 1) ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 2) ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 3) ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 14 4) ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 17 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 20 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 20 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 (1) ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–‘์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 23 (2) ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 25 II. ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์  ๋ณ€์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ† ๋Œ€ 30 1. ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 30 1) ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์  30 (1) ์ถ”๋ก ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • 32 (2) ์ถ”๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • 36 2) ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 40 (1) ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ •๋ณด ์ฒญ์ทจ ๋ฐ ํŒ์ • 43 (2) ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • 50 2. ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 55 1) ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์™ธ์  ์š”์ธ 55 (1) ์ˆ˜ํ—˜์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 55 (2) ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ 56 (3) ์ฑ„์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 57 2) ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๋‚ด์  ์š”์ธ 58 (1) ์ฒญ์ทจ ์ •๋ณด ํŒ๋ณ„์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ 59 (2) ์ฑ„์  ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ ์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ 60 (3) ์ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ 61 3. ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์œ ํ˜• 63 1) ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ๋ชจํ˜• 63 (1) ์ง€๊ฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฑ„์  ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๊ณผ์ • 65 (2) ์ธ์ง€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ณผ์ • 66 (3) ์ƒ์œ„ ์ธ์ง€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ • 67 2) ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ํ˜•์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ์œ ํ˜• 68 (1) ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ์œ ํ˜• 69 (2) ์ฑ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ์œ ํ˜• 71 (3) ์ฑ„์  ์ฒ™๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ์œ ํ˜• 72 III. ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 74 1. ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์•ˆ 74 1) ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 75 (1) ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ ์ • 75 (2) ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์„ ์ • 76 (3) ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ์ž‘์„ฑ 77 2) ์ฑ„์  ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฑ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ ์ • 86 (1) ์ฑ„์  ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 86 (2) ์ฑ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ ์ • 90 2. ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 92 1) ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 92 (1) ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๊ณผ์ • 92 (2) ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ 93 2) ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 97 (1) ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์ ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 97 (2) ์ฒ™๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 105 IV. ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ 124 1. ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ 124 1) ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 125 (1) ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 125 (2) ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๊ณผ์ • 126 2) ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 127 (1) ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ˜•์‹ํ™” 128 (2) ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋…ผ์ฆ ์š”์†Œ ๋ถ„์„ 130 2. ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 135 1) ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณผ์ • 135 (1) ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 135 (2) ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 136 (3) ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 139 2) ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 140 (1) ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๊ณ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 141 (2) ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 193 V. ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ์šฉ 214 1. ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 214 1) ์ฑ„์ ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  215 (1) ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ 215 (2) ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ค€๊ฑฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ 216 (3) ์ฑ„์  ์ฒ™๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ 217 2) ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  219 (1) ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™” 219 (2) ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ค€๊ฑฐ ์ธ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™” 220 (3) ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ํ™œ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™” 221 (4) ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™” 222 2. ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ 223 1) ์ฑ„์  ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌํ™” 224 2) ์ฑ„์  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด 225 3) ์ฑ„์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์œ ์ง€ 226 3. ์ฑ„์  ๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๊ต์œก์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 227 1) ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 227 2) ์ฑ„์ ์ž ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ๋‚ด์šฉ 231 VI. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  233 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 233 2. ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ œ์–ธ 237 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 239 ๋ถ€๋ก 253 Abstract 273Docto

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    ์‚ผ์ถœ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ด€๋ จ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ›„์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด-ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์ฐฉ : ์–‘์•ˆ ๋น„๊ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Dept. of Medicine/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋ชฉ์ : ์—ฐ๋ น๊ด€๋ จ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋กœ์„œ ํ›„์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด-ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์ฐฉ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋‹จ์•ˆ๋งŒ ์‚ผ์ถœ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ด€๋ จ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ 251๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘๊ฐ„์„ญ๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜๊ณผ ํ˜•๊ด‘์•ˆ์ €์ดฌ์˜์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ ์•ˆ์€ ์‚ผ์ถœ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ด€๋ จ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ์˜ ์ง•ํ›„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด-ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์ฐฉ์€ ๊ด‘๊ฐ„์„ญ๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜ ์ƒ์—์„œ ํ›„์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๋ง‰์ด ๋ง๋ง‰ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์— ์œ ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋  ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ›„์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด-ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์œ ์ฐฉ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ํ›„์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด-ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์ฐฉ์€ ์ด 56๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž(22.3%)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์–‘์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 3๋ก€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด-ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์ฐฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ (44/53, 83%), ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด-ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์ฐฉ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(6/53, 11.3%; P=0.0007). ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด-ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์ฐฉ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‚ผ์ถœ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ด€๋ จ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ถ€์œ„ ์œ„์ชฝ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(50/50). ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํ›„์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด-๋ง๋ง‰ ์œ ์ฐฉ์€ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ด€๋ จ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด-๋ง๋ง‰ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์ด ์‚ผ์ถœ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ด€๋ จ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Purpose: To evaluate posterior vitreomacular adhesion as a risk factor for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA) of 251 consecutive patients with unilateral exudative AMD. Fellow eyes had no sign of exudative AMD. Vitreomacular adhesion was defined when posterior hyaloid line attached to inner retinal surface was seen in OCT. We compared the incidence of posterior vitreomacular adhesion between the two eyes and the association between CNV location and vitreomacular adhesion. Results: We found posterior vitreomacular adhesion in 56 patients (22.3%), and 3 cases in which it was present in both eyes. CNV was mostly present in eyes with vitreomacular adhesion (44/53, 83%), and rarely found in eyes without vitreomacular adhesion (6/53, 11.3%; P=0.0007). The location of vitreomacular adhesion was always observed over the area of the CNV in exudative eyes (50/50). Conclusion: Posterior vitreomacular adhesion is associated with CNV in AMD. Chronic vitreomacular traction may be a risk factor for the development of exudative AMD.ope

    Synthesis and Properties of Novel Polypyromellitimides with Side Chains

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    Docto

    ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆํ™˜์ž์˜ ์•ˆ์™€์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ „์—์„œ TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis(TWEAK)์˜ ์—ญํ• 

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    Purpose: To investigate the role of effect of TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) on inflammatory pathogenesis in orbital fibroblasts in Gravesโ€™ orbitopathy (GO). Methods: Orbital fibroblasts were cultured from orbital adipose/connective tissues of patients with GO and healthy control subjects. Effects of treatment IL-1ฮฒ and TNF-on TWEAK and its receptors TNFR-1, TNFR-2 and fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14(Fn14) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. To evaluate the role of TWEAK in inflammation, cells were first treated with exogenous TWEAK with various time (10 min -72h) and dose (10 โ€“ 500 ng/ml) to find mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1. Other multiple cytokine mRNA expressions were investigated after treatment of rTWEAK. To find the role of Fn14 in the pathogenesis of TWEAK induced cytokine upregulation, Fn14 inhibitor (ITEM4) were treated prior to stimulation of cells with rTWEAK (100 ng/ml, 24h) and cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression were analyzed using real time RT-PCR and ELISA. ELISA of hyaluronan was performed after treatment of rTWEAK with or without Fn14 inhibitor and other signal pathway inhibitors. Lastly, serum TWEK levels were measured and compared between 40 GO patients and 30 non-GO controls. Results: Expression levels of TWEAK and TNF- mRNA levels were significantly higher in GO tissue samples (n=11) than in non-GO tissue samples (n=7). TWEAK, TNFR-1, TNFR-2 and Fn14 mRNA, and TWEAK, Fn14 protein in GO orbital fibroblasts increased upon IL-1ฮฒ and TNF- treatment. Treatment with rTWEAK significantly upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA including IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1. rTWEAK also significantly elevated protein secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 dose and time dependently, further in GO cells than in non-GO cells. Fn14 blocker, ITEM-4 as well as inhibitors of signal pathway molecules suppressed rTWEAK induced pro-inflammatory cytokine protein release. rTWEAK also elevated hyaluronan production, which were significantly suppressed by Fn14 blocker. Serum levels of TWEAK were significantly higher in GO patients (mean 328.7 67.3 pg/ml) than in non-GO control subjects (mean 231.0 43.6 pg/ml). Conclusion: Tissue and serum level of TWEAK was significantly higher in GO than in non-GO subjects. IL-1ฮฒ and TNF- upregulated TWEAK and receptor expression and vice versa, rTWEAK also stimulated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines more in GO cells. Blocking Fn14, TWEAK receptor led to decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hyaluronan which were reported main in the pathogenesis of GO. Thus, modulation of TWEAK activity might have therapeutic potential in the suppression of inflammation and remodeling in GO. ๋ชฉ์ : ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ์˜ ์•ˆ์™€์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) ์ด ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ ํ™˜์ž ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์™€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์™€ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TWEAK, TNFR-1, TNFR-2์™€ Fn14 mRNA์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์•ˆ์™€์กฐ์ง๊ฐ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ํšจ์†Œ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ ELISA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ตํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ผ์ฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ TWEAK์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ผ์ฐจ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ ์•ˆ์™€์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์ด์ƒ, IL-1b์™€ TNF-a ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  TWEAK, Fn14 mRNA์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ recombinant TWEAK์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„, ์•ˆ์™€์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์˜ mRNA, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ, ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ ์•ˆ์™€์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋น„๊ต ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fn14 ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒ˜์น˜ ํ•˜์—ฌ, TWEAK์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ELISA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , TWEAK์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•˜์ด๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ํ›„, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด Fn14 ํ•ญ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ELISA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: TWEAK์˜ mRNA ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ ์•ˆ์™€์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋” ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ ํ™˜์ž ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์—์„œ TWEAK๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. IL-1์™€ TNF-๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ ์•ˆ์™€์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ TWEAK mRNA์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, recombinant TWEAK์ž๊ทน์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 mRNA์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋น„๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ ์•ˆ์™€์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fn14ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Fn14๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋ฉด, TWEAK์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, TWEAK์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํžˆ์•„๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ TWEAK์ด (40๋ช…, 328.7 67.3 pg/ml) ์ •์ƒ์ธ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ TWEAK (30๋ช…, 231.0 43.6 pg/ml) ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ TWEAK์˜ biomarker๋กœ์„œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์•ˆ์™€์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์ผ์ฐจ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ ์•ˆ์™€์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ TWEAK์€ ์—ผ์ฆ ๊ธฐ์ „๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. Fn14์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ด ์—ผ์ฆ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ด€๋ จ ํžˆ์•„๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์€, TWEAK/Fn14์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ fff..๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ฆ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค.open๋ฐ•

    Design and power control for powertrain system of series-hybrid military vehicle

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2011.2. ์กฐ๋ณดํ˜•.Docto
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