240 research outputs found

    Quantum scale biomimicry of low dimensional growth: An unusual complex amorphous precursor route to TiO2 band confinement by shape adaptive biopolymer-like flexibility for energy applications

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    Crystallization via an amorphous pathway is often preferred by biologically driven processes enabling living species to better regulate activation energies to crystal formation that are intrinsically linked to shape and size of dynamically evolving morphologies. Templated ordering of 3-dimensional space around amorphous embedded non-equilibrium phases at heterogeneous polymer-metal interfaces signify important routes for the genesis of low-dimensional materials under stress-induced polymer confinement. We report the surface induced catalytic loss of P=O ligands to bond activated aromatization of C-C C=C and Ti=N resulting in confinement of porphyrin-TiO(2 )within polymer nanocages via particle attachment. Restricted growth nucleation of TiO2 to the quantum scale (ห‚= 2 nm) is synthetically assisted by nitrogen, phosphine and hydrocarbon polymer chemistry via self-assembly. Here, the amorphous arrest phase of TiO, is reminiscent of biogenic amorphous crystal growth patterns and polymer coordination has both a chemical and biomimetic significance arising from quantum scale confinement which is atomically challenging. The relative ease in adaptability of non-equilibrium phases renders host structures more shape compliant to congruent guests increasing the possibility of geometrical confinement. Here, we provide evidence for synthetic biomimicry akin to bio-polymerization mechanisms to steer disorder-to-order transitions via solvent plasticization-like behaviour. This challenges the rationale of quantum driven confinement processes by conventional processes. Further, we show the change in optoelectronic properties under quantum confinement is intrinsically related to size that affects their optical absorption band energy range in DSSC.This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by Korea government (MEST) NRF-2012R1A1A2008196, NRF 2012R1A2A2A01047189, NRF 2017R1A2B4008801, 2016R1D1A1A02936936, (NRF-2018R1A4A1059976, NRF-2018R1A2A1A13078704) and NRF Basic Research Programme in Science and Engineering by the Ministry of Education (No. 2017R1D1A1B03036226) and by the INDO-KOREA JNC program of the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant No. 2017K1A3A1A68. We thank BMSI (A*STAR) and NSCC for support. SJF is funded by grant IAF25 PPH17/01/a0/009 funded by A* STAR/NRF/EDB. CSV is the founder of a spinoff biotech Sinopsee Therapeutics. The current work has no conflicting interests with the company. We would like to express our very great appreciation to Ms. Hyoseon Kim for her technical expertise during HRTEM imaging

    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Biliary Adenofibroma

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    Biliary adenofibroma is a rare tumor with a bile duct origin characterized by a complex tubulocystic non-mucin secreting biliary epithelium with abundant fibrous stroma. The MRI features of biliary adenofibroma are not well established. The authors encountered two patients with biliary adenofibroma and reviewed the literature focusing on the MRI findings. A well-circumscribed multicystic tumor with septal enhancement and no intrahepatic bile duct communication may be the characteristic MRI findings of biliary adenofibroma.ope

    Reference Values for Skeletal Muscle Mass at the Third Lumbar Vertebral Level Measured by Computed Tomography in a Healthy Korean Population

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    Background: Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and is associated with negative clinical outcomes. This study aimed to establish sex-specific cutoff values for the skeletal muscle area (SMA) and skeletal muscle index (SMI) at the third lumbar vertebral (L3) level using computed tomography (CT) imaging to identify sarcopenia in healthy Korean liver donors. Methods: This retrospective study included 659 healthy liver donors (408 men and 251 women) aged 20 to 60 years who had undergone abdominal CT examinations between January 2017 and December 2018. Assessment of body composition was performed with an automated segmentation technique using a deep-learning system. Sex-specific SMA and SMI distributions were assessed, and cutoff values for determining sarcopenia were defined as values at either two standard deviations (SDs) below the mean reference value or below the fifth percentile. Results: Using the SD definition, cutoff values for SMA and SMI were 117.04 cm2 and 39.33 cm2/m2, respectively, in men and 71.39 cm2 and 27.77 cm2/m2, respectively, in women. Using the fifth percentile definition, cutoff values for SMA and SMI were 126.88 cm2 and 40.96 cm2/m2, respectively, in men and 78.85 cm2 and 30.60 cm2/m2, respectively, in women. Conclusion: Our data provide sex-specific cutoff values for the SMA and SMI at the L3 level measured by CT imaging in a healthy Korean population, which may be applicable for identifying sarcopenia in this population.ope

    ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ๊ฐ•์˜ํ˜ธ.1. Background Low-quality services of emergency medical institutions, unclear function of institution classification, and overcrowding of emergency departments (ED) of regional emergency medical centers (regional centers) have been major problems in the Korean emergency medical services system (EMSS). In 2015, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak spread from patients waiting for hospitalization in the overcrowded ED. The MERS outbreak was an event that revealed the vulnerability of EMSS and opened the policy window to solve the problem of EMSS in Korea. Several policies for EMSS improvement were implemented after the 2015 MERS outbreak focusing the improvement of emergency medical services (EMS) delivery system and ED infection control. This study investigates the policy processes for improving emergency EMSS and infection control program after the MERS outbreak. The purpose of this study was to examine the policy processes regarding EMSS from the view of policy actors and draw lessons for improving the EMSS in Korea. 2. Methods A mixed method was utilized to identify and explain the complex subject of the policy processes of Korean EMSS during and after the MERS outbreak in 2015. As a quantitative study, changes in EMSS after MERS were investigated according to the WHOs model of a national health system infrastructure. Literature review and data analysis of Korean Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database were conducted. In Korea, the NHIS covers all citizens. A quantitative analysis was performed on 16,965,755 cases using ED during 2014-2016. In-depth interviews were conducted on 30 experts, who were involved in the emergency medical policy process, including clinicians, policy experts, and hospital management experts. The total interview time was 55 hours and 4 minutes. Changes in EMSS and the policy process after the MERS outbreak were evaluated from the view of policy actors. In this study, quantitative data was interpreted qualitatively, and independent qualitative evaluation was conducted, as well. Therefore, this research is a mixed-methods study focusing on qualitative research. SAS version 9.4 was used for the quantitative analysis and NVivo 12.0 was used for the qualitative analysis. 3. Results The quantitative analysis results showed that in the area of EMS delivery system, the human resource of ED and number of regional centers have been increased and facility, equipment, and manpower standards have been revised in order to expand emergency medical resources. As a result, the number of medical personnel and emergency intensive care units in regional centers increased and profitability of ED improved as well. The number of monthly ED visits temporarily decreased during the MERS outbreak but then recovered afterward. As ED overcrowding indicators were emphasized in the evaluation of EMS institutions, monthly mean ED length of stay of regional centers was decreased. However, despite the emphasis on providing critical care, transfer rate of severe emergency patients was not decreased. In the policy processes of EMS, experts evaluated that EMS delivery system was set up as a pseudo-agenda and exploration and comparison of policy alternatives were not sufficiently carried out. As a result, the physicians did not comply with the policy implementation and policy goals were not achieved. In the area of ED infection control program, the human resources for infection control and the number of isolation unit of ED were increased. Budgets for emerging infectious disease management were increased and profitability of infection control was also improved. The EMS Act was revised to respond to emerging infectious diseases and indicators related to infection control were strengthened in evaluation of EMS institutions. In the qualitative research, experts said that since the ED infection control program was such an intuitive and obvious problem, it was easy to become a policy-agenda. Despite the resistance of small hospitals, ED infection control program was implemented by powerful policy measures such as the revision of the Law. As a result, policy goals of expanding the infection control resources and improving the infection management environment were able to be achieved. From results of observing EMS policy process, the following characteristics of policy actors were found. First, there was difference of opinions within the physician subgroup as well as between government and medical professionals. ED staff, other department staff, and hospital executives, who have different views on policy alternatives could have all served as veto points in the policy process. Second, while the EMSS expert organization, which was an unofficial participant in the emergency medical policy process, could have played both roles of cause group and sectional group in the policy process, their sectional position has been emphasized, thereby weakening their insider status during policy process. Third, policy actors understood the publicness of EMS differently in terms of its ownership and function. The ED staff insisted that government support is needed because emergency medical care is based on public interest, however, some staffs were unwilling to provide less profitable cares, leading to conflict. Main characteristics of the emergency medical policy process that made it difficult to successfully implement are as follows: First, there was lack of consideration regarding variation of EMSS in Korea, such as distribution of medical resources among different regions, incentives to hospitals, and understanding of functional variations in ED. Second, the problem of the EMS delivery system was a problem of the low quality of emergency medical care. Third, the lack of professionalism in some physicians has lowered the capacity of emergency medical care, as well as trust between patient and doctor, therefore made the problem more difficult to solve. 4. Discussion Based on the analysis of the policy processes of the EMSS after the MERS outbreak in Korea, following lessons are suggested. First, setting the goals of EMS from the perspectives of citizen is warranted. The final performance goal should focus on improving health status of citizen and satisfaction with emergency medical care. Second, to close the gaps among policy actors in understanding policy content and policy process, actors should work together to explore the root causes of the problems and establish a policy agenda together. Third, a policy alternative should be causal in solving the problems in EMSS considering variation of EMS. Fourth, compliance with policies could be secured by internal persuasion among policy actors with proper incentives and reasonable punishment, especially EMSS expert organization. Fifth, policy outcomes should be evaluated based on both policy output and side effects together to identify policy impact. Sixth, policy governance regarding EMSS should be established and the roles of EMSS expert organization should be strengthened as the cause group rather than sectional group. This study examined the emergency medical policy processes from the view of policy actors through the 2015 MERS outbreak in Korea. The improvement of EMSS should be based on understanding of the emergency medical policy process and policy actors.1. ์„œ๋ก  ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ข…๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐ€ํ™”๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„(emergency medical services system, EMSS)์˜ ๊ณ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ ๊ณผ๋ฐ€ํ™”๋œ ์ƒ๊ธ‰์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์› ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์—์„œ ์ž…์›๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ํ™˜์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS) ์œ ํ–‰์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์ž ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐฝ์ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰ ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰ ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰ ์ดํ›„ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(Mixed methods research)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๊ณต๋‹จ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰ ์ดํ›„ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋ณ„๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ 1989๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰ ์ „ํ›„ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ์ด์šฉ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๊ณต๋‹จ DB์˜ 2014-2016๋…„ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ์ด์šฉ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ฑด 16,965,755๊ฑด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„, ์ •์ฑ… ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€, ๋ณ‘์› ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„ ๋“ฑ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ 30๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์€ 55์‹œ๊ฐ„ 4๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์งˆ์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์งˆ์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์งˆ์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์—๋Š” SAS version 9.4๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์งˆ์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„์€ NVivo 12.0์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ž์›์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ถŒ์—ญ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์„ผํ„ฐ(๊ถŒ์—ญ์„ผํ„ฐ)๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์„คยท์žฅ๋น„ยท์ธ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ถŒ์—ญ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‘๊ธ‰์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค ๋ณ‘์ƒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ฌ๋น›์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ณ‘์› ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋น›์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ณ‘์› ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ๊ณผ๋ฐ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์žฌ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์—ฐ๋™์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์„ผํ„ฐ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ ์žฌ์‹คํ™˜์ž ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ์›”๋ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ™˜์ž ์ˆ˜๋Š” 2015๋…„ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ํ›„ ์ง€์† ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‚˜, ๊ถŒ์—ญ์„ผํ„ฐ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์›”๋ณ„ ์žฌ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ท ์€ 2014-2016๋…„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž ์ง„๋ฃŒ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์ค‘์ฆํ•ด๋‹นํ™˜์ž ์ตœ์ข…์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ œ๊ณต ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ 2017-2018๋…„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์ฆ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ „์›์œจ์€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์€ ์œ„์žฅ์˜์ œ(pseudo agenda)๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์•ˆ ํƒ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ค‘์ฃผ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ง‘๋‹จ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ •์ฑ…์ง‘ํ–‰์— ์ˆœ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ํ›„์—๋„ ์ •์ฑ…๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ถŒ์—ญ์„ผํ„ฐ ์‹œ์„คยท์žฅ๋น„ยท์ธ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‹ค ์„ค์น˜๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๊ฐœ์ •๋˜์–ด ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ž์›์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ์ข…๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๋Œ€์‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณ‘์› ๋‚ด ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋กœ ์˜์ œํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ทœ์ œ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ค‘์†Œ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๊ฐœ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘ํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ž์›ํ™•๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์ฑ…ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ •๋ถ€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜์‚ฌ ํ•˜์œ„์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฌํ•ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„, ๋ฐฐํ›„์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„, ๋ณ‘์› ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์€ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์ (veto point)์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์ธ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ „๋ฌธํ•™ํšŒ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋Œ€์˜์ง‘๋‹จ์ด์ž ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž์˜ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์ฑ…ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ„ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์€ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜์—ญ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์  ์ถ”์ง„์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ž์› ๋ถ„ํฌ, ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ธ, ๋ณ‘์› ๋‚ด ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณง ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง์—…์„ฑ(professionalism) ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™˜์ž-์˜์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œ์ผœ ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ณ‘์› ์ ๋ฆผํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์•…ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 4. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰ ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ตœ์ข… ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ •์ฑ…ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ์ธ์‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ขํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ฑ…์˜์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ์ธ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์—†๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ง‘ํ–‰๋˜์–ด๋„ ์ •์ฑ…๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ˆœ์‘์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ ์ด์ „์— ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์  ์„ค๋“ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ •์ฑ…์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ „๋ฌธํ•™ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œ์ผœ ๋Œ€์˜์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2015๋…„ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…ํ–‰์œ„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.I. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 1) ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 1 2) 2015๋…„ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„ 4 3) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 6 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  10 II. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 12 1. ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 12 1) WHO ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 12 2) ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์ข…์†์žก์ด 14 2. ์ •์ฑ…๋ก  18 1) ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ดํ•ด 18 2) ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ดํ•ด 25 III. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 35 1. ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 35 2. ์–‘์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 43 1) ์–‘์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 43 2) ์–‘์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 46 3. ์งˆ์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 54 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 54 2) ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘ ์„ค๊ณ„ 55 3) ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 67 4. ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 70 IV. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 72 1. ์–‘์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 72 1) ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„ 72 2) ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ 121 2. ์งˆ์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 134 1) ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 134 2) ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„ 137 3) ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ 249 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ 297 1) 2015 ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰์˜ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์˜ 297 2) ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰ ์ดํ›„ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ 298 3) ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํŠน์ง• 340 V. ๋…ผ์˜ 363 1. ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ • ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 363 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 380 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 383 1) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ์˜์˜ 383 2) ์ •์ฑ…์  ์˜์˜ 384 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  385 1) ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์Šค ์œ ํ–‰ ์ดํ›„ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 385 2) ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ • ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 386 3) ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์—์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  388 VI. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 390Docto

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    ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ฝ์ž์˜ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์žฃ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์ด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋•Œ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋…น์ธ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ํ‹€์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๊ณต์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ์ผ์ƒํ™”๋œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ๋„์‹œ์ƒํ™œ์— ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๋Œ€์ƒ์ž, ๋…ธ์ธ๊ณผ ์žฅ์• ์ธ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋„์‹œ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ๊ณ ๋‹ฌํ”ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ณผ ์œก์•„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •๊ณผ ๋Œ๋ด„์˜ ๋ซ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์—…์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์†์‹ค๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณต๊ท€์—†์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์—ฐํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค

    ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ์ค‘์‹ฌ(CBD)๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 8. ์ด์ง€ํ™.Edward Glaeser์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ธ 1996๋…„~2006๋…„์— Central Business District(CBD)๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์ด ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ, ๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ gentrification์„ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์ด ๋ฐ€์ง‘ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“์ธต์ด ๋ฐ€์ง‘ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๋“ฑ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์†Œ๋“์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํŽธ์˜ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“์ธต์ด ๋ฐ€์ง‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋Š” tipping point์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ tipping point๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ˆ˜, ์ธต์ˆ˜, ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ต์œก ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํŽธ์˜์‹œ์„ค(amenity)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน๊ธฐ ์ค‘, ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 2005๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2012๋…„ 5์›”๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ OLS regression with robust error ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” Glaeser์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์†Œ๋“, ๋Œ€์กธ์ž ์ด์ƒ ๋น„์œจ, ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์†Œ๋“์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋‹น ์ง์žฅ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋„์‹œ์ค‘์‹ฌ(CBD)์˜ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ”, ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฐ€๋„(๋ฉด์ ๋‹น ๊ณ ์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ)๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋„์‹œ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ–‰์ •๊ตฌ์—ญ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต์™ธ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•˜์—, ๊ด‘์—ญ๋„์‹œํ†ต๊ณ„๊ถŒ ์„ค์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊น€๋™์ˆ˜ et. al์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„, ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊น€ํ•ด์™€ ์–‘์‚ฐ, ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฐ์‹œ, ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋…ผ์‚ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„๋ฃก์‹œ, ๊ด‘์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚˜์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋„์‹œ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„์˜ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋„์‹œ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ ์ง€์—ญ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์ „์„ธ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „์„ธ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒจํŠธ ํ•ด์ œํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋„์‹œ ์™ธ๊ณฝ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด gentrification์ด ๋„์‹œ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์ด ์™ธ๊ณฝ์—์„œ ๋†’๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ทผ ํ†ตํ•™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋„์‹œ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์™ธ๊ณฝ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  โ…ก. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1. ํ•ด์™ธ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ CBD๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ CBD๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ค๋ช… 1.1 ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ง€์ˆ˜ 1.2. ๋„์‹œ์ค‘์‹ฌ(CBD)์˜ ์ •์˜ 1.3. ์†Œ๋“ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 1.4. ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„, ๋Œ€์กธ์ž ๋น„์œจ 2. ๊ด‘์—ญ๋„์‹œํ†ต๊ณ„๊ถŒ์˜ ์„ค์ • 3. ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ค์ • โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1. ์ฃผํƒ๋งค๋งค๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 2. ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3. ์ฃผํƒ ์ „์„ธ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 4. Stepwise Regression์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ 5. ์ •๋ถ€ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™” 6. ์ธ๊ตฌ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ทผํ†ตํ•™ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€ํ™” โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  Appendix AbstractMaste

    Portal Vein Flow by Doppler Ultrasonography and Liver Volume by Computed Tomography in Living Donor Candidates: Correlation with Indocyanine Green Test

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    OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to investigate the correlation between indocyanine green test results and imaging parameters in living liver donor candidates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study included 219 healthy donor candidates who were evaluated with Doppler ultrasonography (portal vein time average flow), computed tomography (liver volume), liver biopsy (fat fraction), and indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes. RESULTS: Portal vein time average flow (r= -0.375), fat-free liver volume/body weight ratio (r = -0.239), and portal vein time average flow ร— fat-free liver volume/body weight ratio (r = -0.424) showed significant correlations with indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes (all P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Imaging parameters were significantly correlated with indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes in living liver donor candidates.ope

    ์ทŒ์žฅ์„ ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ CT ๋‹จ๋… ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์  MRI ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์กด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„

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    Purpose To compare the recurrence pattern, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) after curative surgery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in patients who un derwent preoperative evaluation with CT alone or in combination with MRI, and to compare the prognosis according to the first recurrence site. Materials and Methods We retrospectively evaluated 152 patients who underwent R0 resec tion of PDAC. Preoperative CT or combined CT and MRI were performed for 103 and 49 patients, respectively. Two radiologists recorded the location and date of the first recurrence in consen sus. The recurrence pattern, DFS, and OS were compared between the two groups. OS was an alyzed according to the first recurrence site. Results In both groups, liver metastasis was the most common recurrence pattern. DFS (p = 0.247) or OS (p = 0.067) showed no significant difference between the two groups. OS accord ing to the first recurrence site was the lowest for liver metastasis, followed by locoregional re currence (p < 0.001). Conclusion There were no significant differences in the recurrence pattern, DFS, or OS between patients evaluated with preoperative CT alone or with CT and MRI after curative resection of PDAC. Liver metastasis was the most common tumor recurrence pattern with the lowest OS.ope

    Relationship of body mass index and abdominal fat with radiation dose received during preoperative liver CT in potential living liver donors: a cross-sectional study

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    Background: Although contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) is currently the most widely-used imaging modality for the preoperative evaluation of potential living liver donors, radiation exposure remains a major concern. The present study aimed to determine the relationship of body mass index (BMI) and abdominal fat with the effective radiation dose received during liver CT scans as part of a pre-donation work-up in potential living donors. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 695 potential living donors (mean age, 30.5ยฑ9.7 years; 445 men and 250 women) who had undergone preoperative liver CT scans between 2017 and 2018. The following measures were evaluated: BMI, abdominal fat as measured at the level of the third lumbar vertebra, and effective dose based on the dose length product (DLP). Correlations between the effective dose and other variables were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The mean BMI, total fat area (TFA), and effective dose were 23.6ยฑ3.3 kg/m2, 218.7ยฑ110.0 cm2, and 9.4ยฑ3.3 mSv, respectively. The effective dose during liver CT scans had a strong positive correlation with both BMI (r=0.715; P<0.001) and TFA (r=0.792; P<0.001). As BMI and TFA increased, so did the effective dose. Conclusions: Higher BMI and TFA significantly increased the radiation dose received during liver CT scans in potential living donors.ope
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