160 research outputs found

    Force Identification for Nonlinear Structures using the Dynamic Response Sensitivity

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ๊น€๋„๋…„.Force identification is an inverse procedure that estimates the applied forces based on the measured dynamic responses. This paper introduces a novel force identification method for nonlinear finite element models via sensitivity of dynamic response with respect to the load parameters in the time domain. Unlike conventional state space method, the formulation introduced in this study is based on the implicit Newmark method and Newton-Raphson algorithm to solve nonlinear flexible dynamic problems. Since the sensitivities at respective discretized time step are evaluated in geometrically nonlinear framework, robust and accurate prediction of the exciting force in nonlinear problems can be made. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of the presented method, nonlinear floating beam and 3D shell problems with various loading conditions are provided in this paper. The results show that the proposed method can accurately determine the magnitude of the input forces even with the presence of the noise effect.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Method 3 2.1 The governing equation of motion 4 2.2 The sensitivity model 5 2.3 The recursive estimation 6 2.4 Time discretization for extreme conditions 8 Chapter 3. Numerical examples 10 3.1 A nonlinear beam 10 3.2 Multi-body system 15 3.2.1 Pre-stressed 16 3.2.2 Large rotation 20 3.3 3D shell 22 Chapter 4. Conclusion 23 Bibliography 25 Abstract in Korean 26Maste

    PPAR delta ์ž‘์šฉ์ œ์˜ ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ

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    Dept. of Medicine/๋ฐ•์‚ฌIt is generally known that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammation, and cell differentiation. Currently, three genes in the PPAR family, PPAR-ฮฑ, PPAR-ฮณ, and PPAR-ฮด were discovered. Although PPAR-ฮฑ (fibrate) and PPAR-ฮณ (thiazolidinediones) have been used as chemical tools to uncover other biological roles for the PPARs, PPAR-ฮด has not been fully investigated. In this study, we examined the effects of the PPARฮด agonist GW0742 on fatty liver changes in a type 2 diabetic rat model and HepG2 cells. We investigated the effects of PPARฮด agonist GW0742 on fatty liver changes in obese diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats and nondiabetic control Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats. Intraheptic triglyceride contents were investigated in the liver tissue of OLETF rats. Expression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-ฮฑ (TNF-ฮฑ), monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-ฮณ coactivator (PGC)-1ฮฑ gene were evaluated in OLETF rats and HepG2 cells. Rats treated with GW0742 (10 mg/kg/day) from 26 to 36 weeks showed low glucose levels, improved insulin sensitivity, and attenuated fatty infiltration of the liver. In liver tissues, mRNA expressions of TNF-ฮฑ, MCP-1, and PGC-1ฮฑ were significantly decreased in diabetic rats treated with GW0742 compared to the diabetic control rats. We also observed that GW0742 had inhibitory effects on palmitate induced fatty accumulation and inflammatory markers in HepG2 cells.The PPARฮด agonist (GW0742) may attenuate hepatic fat accumulation by anti-inflammatory mechanism and by reducing hepatic PGC-1ฮฑ gene expression.ope

    All's Well That Ends Well: ๊ฐ•์ธํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ทน

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    Shakespeare ํฌ๊ทน์˜ ํŠน์ง• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚จ๋…€๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทน๋“ค์—์„œ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ, Portia, Beatrice, Rosalind, Viola๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ธฐํฌ๊ทน์˜ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์€ Shakespeare ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ƒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ Shakespeare์˜ ๋‚ญ๋งŒํฌ๊ทน๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ์˜๊ตญ ํฌ๊ทน์„ ์–‘๋ถ„ํ–ˆ๋˜ Ben Jonson์˜ ํ’์žํฌ๊ทน์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ„ํ•˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Greene์ด๋‚˜ Lyly์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚ญ๋งŒํฌ๊ทน ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— Shakespeare์˜ ๋‚ญ๋งŒํฌ๊ทน์˜ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์ง„์ทจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Ÿ์ทจํ•ด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ ๋‚จ์ž์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‹œ์ข…์ผ๊ด€ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ์ฅ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‹ ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€๋žต, ์ž์งˆ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ทน ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ทน ๋‚ด๋ถ€์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ „ํญ์ ์ธ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋“ค ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๊ทน ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทน ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์ฐฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค

    Korean version of Functioning After Pediatric Cochlear Implantation (K-FAPCI)

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    ์–ธ์–ด๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋‚œ์ฒญ ์œ ์•„์˜ ๊ตฌ์–ด ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(competence)์€ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆ„์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฒญ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ธ 5์„ธ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์–ด ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ฒ™๋„ (Functioning After Pediatric Cochlear Implantation, FAPCI)๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health ; ICF) ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. FAPCI๋Š” ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ(performance)์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž„์ƒ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰(capacity) ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ FAPCI๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์œ ์•„์™€ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” FAPCI์˜ ๋ฒˆ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์ธก์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€(psychometric evaluation) ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์•ˆ์€ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋™๋“ฑ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฌธ, ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฌธํ•ญ, ๋ฐ˜์‘์ฒ™๋„ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋™์‹œ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๊ณผ ์—ญ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ฒˆ์•ˆ๋ณธ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ฒˆ์•ˆ๋ณธ์€ ์งˆ์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† , ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ๋ฉด์ ‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ด์šฉํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ FAPCI(K-FAPCI)์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์™€ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„์™€ ์ •์ƒ ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž๋กœ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ 129๋ช…๊ณผ 301๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, K-FAPCI์˜ ์ด 23๋ฌธํ•ญ๊ณผ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ฒ™๋„๋Š” ์›๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€๋ฉด ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜์—ญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 23๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋‚ด์ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(Cronbachโ€™s ฮฑ = 0.980). ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ-์žฌ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋„ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋‚ด ์ผ์น˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(ICC = 0.995, p < .0001). ๊ณต์ธํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” K-FAPCI์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์— ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(r = 0.783, p < .0001). ์™ธ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ K-FAPCI ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•„์ง„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ(p < .0001)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ฒญ๊ฐ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ K-FAPCI ์ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ K-FAPCI ์ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 6๊ฐœ์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ K-FAPCI ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ 90%๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ™œ์—ฐ๋ น์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ K-FAPCI ์ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ K-FAPCI ์ ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค(p < .0001). ์ƒํ™œ์—ฐ๋ น 72๊ฐœ์›”์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ์•ผ ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ K-FAPCI ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณก์„ ์˜ 10%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„์˜ K-FAPCI ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์€ ๋™๋ฐ˜์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(p < .0001). ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ฒ™๋„ (K-FAPCI) ๋Š” 2์„ธโˆผ5์„ธ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ฐ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. K-FAPCI๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ์ค€ ์ฐธ์กฐ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์™€์šฐ์ด์‹ ์œ ์•„๊ตฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ K-FAPCI ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ค€๊ฑฐ ์ฐธ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์žฌํ™œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Communicative performance represents a childโ€™s ability to communicate in real-life situations and is related to but conceptually distinct from communicative capacities. The parent-completed Functioning After Pediatric Cochlear Implantation (FAPCI) survey was the first psychometrically-validated instrument developed to quantify verbal communicative performance in 2โˆผ5 years-old cochlear implanted (CI) children. This study aimed to translate the FAPCI into Korean and to examine the psychometric properties of the Korean version of FAPCI (K-FAPCI). This study was also conducted to evaluate communicative performance of CI children and normal hearing (NH) children through the measures of the K-FAPCI. The translation was based on the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation. K-FAPCI data were obtained cross-sectionally from the caregivers of 129 CI children (ages 20 moโˆผ5 yrs) and 301 NH children (ages 12 moโˆผ5 yrs). All CI children have used the Nucleus cochlear implant device for at least 6 months. Their caregivers filled out the 23-item K-FAPCI questionnaire. To evaluate psychometric properties, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were used. Factor analysis was performed to examine the construct validity. To provide further evidence for validity, the correlation of the K-FAPCI and PPVT-K was performed. Growth curves of expected the K-FAPCI scores over time in NH children were developed using quantile regression. ANCOVA was used for the comparison between the two groups. Through the multiple regression analysis, associations among various factors (e.g., chronological age, duration of implant use, age at implantation, presence of additional disabilities, and severe inner ear malformation) and K-FAPCI scores in CI children were examined. K-FAPCI had high internal consistency (Cronbachโ€™s ฮฑ = 0.980) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.995, p < .0001). Factor analysis revealed unidimensional scale of communicative performance. The score of K-FAPCI significantly correlated with the raw score of PPVT-K (r = 0.783, p < .001). The K-FAPCI scores of CI children were significantly associated with both increased chronological age and duration of implant use. The K-FAPCI scores of NH children were significantly associated with increased chronological age. In NH children, K-FAPCI scores increased rapidly until a plateau was created at around age 36 months, and growth curves by population percentiles in expected scores over time were developed. On the whole, the K-FAPCI scores were significantly lower in CI children than that of NH children when controlling for the chronological age, and the slope of the median line of K-FAPCI scores was less steep, which closely approached but did not reach that of NH children by age 5โˆผ6 years. According to the multiple regression analysis, factors such as the duration of implant use and presence of additional disabilities were significantly associated with the K-FAPCIใ€€scores in CI children (p < .0001). In conclusion, the K-FAPCI is a Korean adaptation of the FAPCI instrument and is appropriate for measuring the communicative performance of Korean-speaking CI children. Our results demonstrate concordance with results obtained using the English version of the instrument. The temporal development of communicative performance after implantation as measured by K-FAPCI will be valuable in guiding and evaluating family-centered habilitation.ope

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    Study on 'The Inhuman' Appearing in Korean Novel's in1980s

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๋ฐฉ๋ฏผํ˜ธ.This paper examines the problematic characteristics of Korean literature in 1908s by perceiving and imaging the inhuman. The main task of it is to consider how novels written in that period relativized the concept and the status of the man, based on the humanism and extended the horizon of thoughts about being human. The perceptions and imaginations of the literature about the inhuman in 1980s are important, in that they provide a methodology for critically analyzing the humanism specific to 1980s. On the basis of such a critical mind, the inhuman was introduced to reveal epistemological/ontological limits embedded in the existing concept of subject, and it provides an issue and a direction for thinking about possible changes in the human existence and life. It was 1980s that the power of capital, which overcame Korean political/economic crisis based on its own dynamics, regulated human beings/life. The fact that aspirations for and the feasibility of human beings better life in this period appeared more prominently than ever suggests that it is necessary to recognize the human (nature) as changeable. Hence, the human raises questions about the epistemological condition on which human beings are selectively perceived and the ontological perspective on a limit and the essence of humanity, as the methodologies for differently perceiving and imagining human beings for the good life. An analysis on the human based on the problematization is focused on the critical relationship human beings have with the norm of cognitivity, how the condition of general human beings is corrected by appropriating the norm, the newly organized human order, etc. They are embodied into the following modalities through the relationship between the condition and the behavior of the novel subjects in 1980s: Speculation and practice of intellectual subjects who critically recognized the traditional subject-object hierarchy embedded in the project for humanizing the masses/worker(Chapter 2); females performance to correct the conditions of being human, culture and labor, by appropriating the human norm prescribed as logocentric and androcentric(Chapter 3); bodies demand for translation, which are regarded as impractical ones and emerge as figures escaping from the limit of the human(Chapter 4). Chapter 2 analyzes the phenomenon in which intellectual subjects critical speculation and practice, who disclose the conspiracy and the exploitation, embedded in the position of subject under the post-colonial condition, transform the hierarchy and the composition of the subject and the other. It primarily analyzes the texts of Park Taesun and Jo Sehui, who raised a question about the hierarchy relationship between intellectuals (the subject) and the masses (the other), established based on the humanistic foundation, and tried to transform it. Park Taesuns texts critically illuminate the position of intellections, established based on the conspiracy between intellectuals and power, under the post-colonial condition. The criticism on the epistemological norm which exclusively objectifies the masses is practiced to seek out a place in which human beings who are placed on the outside of the norm, can survive. ๏ฝขTime Travel๏ฝฃ(1983) and ๏ฝขRoot of Silence๏ฝฃ(1985) written by Jo Sehui make an issue of the hierarchy relationship between the subject, who reproduces my happiness by exploiting your unhappiness, and the other. They disclose the mechanism of the subject who suppresses and exploits the other through the colony(the other) called Sabuk in us, and try a radical project called the share of unhappiness to disintegrate such a hierarchy relation. Chapter 3 analyzed the phenomenon in which females placed in the outside of the human norm prescribed as logocentric and androcentric corrected the conditions of being human, culture and labor, through the performance of growth. The conditions of building the human subject in the Korean time and space during 1908s include culture and labor, and cultural and labor novels, specific to the period can be identified as the discourse system born in such an epistemological norm. When the growth of cultural subjects in both lee Munyeols ๏ฝขA Portrait of Younger Days๏ฝฃ(1983) and Gang Seokgyeongs ๏ฝขThe Room in the Forest๏ฝฃ(1985/1995) is confronted with each other, the falsity of the gendered building norm appears. The texts on labor, written by Seok Jeongnam and Bang Hyeonseok show the changing process in which the performance of solidarity among human beings, who are deeply aware of gender and class gap, re-express the labor characteristics. Chapter 4 analyzes the phenomenon in which the translation required by post-humanized bodies provides a foundation for building a new ethical subject, by changing the perspective on the human by referencing to the texts written by Im Cheol-u, Kim Yeonghyeon and Choi Yun. Im Cheol-us ๏ฝขInfertility Period๏ฝฃ(1985), ๏ฝขSummer Having a Stillbirth๏ฝฃ(1985) and Kim Yeonghyeons ๏ฝขInsect๏ฝฃ(1985) raise questions about the uncognivity of human existence and life, undermined by the violent history and ask to change the perspective on the human, through confessions made by insects, beasts and teared bodies. This paper could newly elucidate the critical relationship novel subjects in 1980s have with the norm of human cognitivity, how the condition of general human beings is corrected by appropriating the norm, the newly organized human order, by making an issue of the inhuman. It can be found that such novels in 1980s have extended the condition of cognition and the horizon of interpretation, by introducing gap to the human subject. The literature in 1980s is expected to be reinterpreted as a resource for thinking about changes necessary for human beings living here and now and their life.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์†Œ์„ค์ด ํœด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์ธ๊ฐ„Man์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ง€์‹, ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์›€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ์ง€ํ‰์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ๊ณ ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋‹ค. ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ด๋‚˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๏งคๆƒณ์  ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ˜•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ํœด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฐ๋„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์ ยท์กด์žฌ๋ก ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋…ผ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋™ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ •์น˜์ ยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด ์†์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ด ๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์น˜์—ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ธ๊ฐ„(๋ณธ์„ฑ)์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์ด๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™์˜๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์ง€์ ์—์„œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์ „์ œ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์™€ ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์ด ์†Œ์„ค๋“ค์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์›€์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ์„œ์‚ฌ์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋œ ํƒ€์ž์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ณต๋ชจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์„ฑ์„ ํญ๋กœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์ „์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋จ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์—์„œ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์›€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€, ์ด ์„œ์‚ฌ์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„Man์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์‹์ธ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ค‘ยท๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ™” ๊ธฐํš์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ฒด-๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ(2์žฅ), ํƒ€์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋จ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰(3์žฅ), ์ฃผ์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ํƒˆ่„ซ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ™”ํ•œ ๋ชธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ(4์žฅ)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•ํƒœ์ˆœ๊ณผ ์กฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ, ํƒˆ์ค‘์‹ฌํ™” ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ์ฒด-ํƒ€์ž์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์— ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐ•ํƒœ์ˆœ์˜ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง- 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹๋ฏผ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ณต๋ชจ์„ฑ์„ ์ž๊ฐํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ธ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ๋ก ์€ ๋‹น๋Œ€๋ฏผ์ค‘์˜ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์— ๋†“์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์„ ์ธ์‹ยท์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋ง์ด ์ฐฉ์ทจ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ํƒ€์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ์กฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚œ์žฅ์ด๊ฐ€ ์˜์•„์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต์— ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์€ ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ํƒ€์ž, ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ–‰์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์š•๋ง์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ํœด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์  ํ† ๋Œ€ ์œ„์— ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ์ง€์‹์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒ€์ž ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํƒ€์ž๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๋จhumanness์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ด๋ฌธ์—ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์„๊ฒฝ, ์„์ •๋‚จ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ˜„์„์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฌธ์—ด์˜ ์ Š์€ ๋‚ ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์„๊ฒฝ์˜ ๏ฝข์ˆฒ์†์˜ ๋ฐฉ๏ฝฃ์˜ ๊ต์–‘ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผ ์„ธ์›Œ, ์  ๋”ํ™”๋œ ํ˜•์„ฑbuildungs์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋””ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„์ •๋‚จ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ˜„์„์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๋ฌธํ•™ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ธํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ช…๋œ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํƒ€์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ „์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธฐํ˜•์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋จ์„ ๊ฐ•์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ยท๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ž์›์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ฃผ์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ท€์ž์™€ ๊น€์˜ํ˜„, ์ž„์ฒ ์šฐ์™€ ์ตœ์œค์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์  ๊ณผ์ž‰์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋งŒํ•œ, ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ์ง์Šน ๋˜๋Š” ํ›ผ์†๋˜๊ณ  ์ฐข๊ธด ๋ชธ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ท€์ž์™€ ๊น€์˜ํ˜„์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์•ž์—์„œ ํƒˆ่„ซ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ™”ํ•œ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์‹ ่ฎŠ่บซ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋จ์„ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ•ํƒˆํ•˜๋Š” ์–ต์••๊ณผ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„(์„ฑ)์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ํƒˆ่„ซ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์กด์˜ ์—ญ์„ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ž„์ฒ ์šฐ์™€ ์ตœ์œค์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์›€personhood์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•œ ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ›ผ์†๋˜๊ณ  ์ฐข๊ธด ๋ชธ๋“ค์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์„ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‡„์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ณต๋ก ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ค‘ยท๋…ธ๋™์žยท์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”์šด๋™์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ๋‹น์œ„์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์—ํ† ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ยท๋ฐฐ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง€์œ„์™€ ์ž๊ฒฉ์— ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ์ด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ์„œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ์ž„์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„์˜ ์นจ์ฒด๋กœ ๋˜๋น„์ถ”๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ•™์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ท ์—ดยท์ „๋ณตยทํ•ด์ฒด๋ฅผ, ํœด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ „ํ†ต ์œ„์— ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ์ธ๊ฐ„Man์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ง€์‹, ์ง€์œ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ฐจ์ดdiffรฉrance์˜ ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์†Œ์„ค์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๊ทธ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋น„้ž์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋กœ๊ณ ์Šค์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ยท์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์˜จ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ถ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ์ž์›์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ 22 โ…ก. ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ธ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฒด/๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 38 1. ์ง€์‹-๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ณต๋ชจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋น„ํŒ 38 2. ์ฐฉ์ทจ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ–‰์˜ ๊ณต์œ  60 โ…ข. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋จ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ˆ˜์ • 83 1. ์  ๋”ํ™”๋œ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋””ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค 83 2. ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ์ฐจ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์„ฑ์˜ ์žฌํ‘œ๋ช… 120 โ…ฃ. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชธ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์›€์˜ ์ง€ํ‰ ํ™•์žฅ 138 1. ํƒˆ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ™”ํ•œ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€์‹ ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์‡„ 138 2. ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‹ค๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ -์ •์น˜์  ํ† ๋Œ€์˜ ์‡„์‹  187 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  187 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 190 Abstractr 208๋ฐ•
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