63 research outputs found
Ciliary Phosphoinositide Regulates Ciliary Protein Trafficking in Drosophila
Cilia are highly specialized antennae-like cellular organelles. Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase E (INPP5E) converts PI(4,5)P2 into PI4P and is required for proper ciliary function. Although Inpp5e mutations are associated with ciliopathies in humans and mice, the precise molecular role INPP5E plays in cilia remains unclear. Here, we report that Drosophila INPP5E (dINPP5E) regulates ciliary protein trafficking by controlling the phosphoinositide composition of ciliary membranes. Mutations in dInpp5e lead to hearing deficits due to the mislocalization of dTULP and mechanotransduction channels, Inactive and NOMPC, in chordotonal cilia. Both loss of dINPP5E and ectopic expression of the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase Skittles increase PI(4,5)P2 levels in the ciliary base. The fact that Skittles expression phenocopies the dInpp5e mutants confirms a central role for PI(4,5)P2 in the regulation of dTULP, Inactive, and NOMPC localization. These data suggest that the spatial localization and levels of PI(4,5)P2 in ciliary membranes are important regulators of ciliary trafficking and function.ope
Absolute quantification of dual phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase using mass spectrometry
Thesis(masters) --μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μλͺ
κ³ΌνλΆ,2008.2.Maste
Analysis on usefulness of economic evaluation of R&D preliminary feasibility study
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ νμ λνμ : νμ λνμ μ μ±
νκ³Ό μ μ±
ν μ 곡, 2016. 2. κΈνμ.λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ μ μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬λ₯Ό ν΅κ³Όνμ¬ μ€μ μνλκ³ μλ κ΅κ° R&Dμ¬μ
μ κ²½μ μ μ±κ³Όλ₯Ό λΆμνμ¬ μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ κ²½μ μ± νκ°μ μ μ©μ±μ κ²μ¦νκ³ , μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ κ²½μ μ± νκ°κ° μ κΈ°λ₯μ νμ§ λͺ»νκ³ μλ€λ©΄ μ¬λ‘λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ κ·Έ μμΈμ νμ
νκ³ κ°μ λ°©μμ λμΆνλ λ° μλ€.
λ¨Όμ 08~14 μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬λ₯Ό ν΅κ³Όν κ΅κ° R&Dμ¬μ
μ λμμΌλ‘ κ²½μ μ± νκ° κ²°κ³ΌμΈ B/C(E/C)λΆμ κ°μ΄ λμμλ‘ μ€μ κ²½μ μ μ±κ³ΌμΈ μμ° 100λ§μλΉ μ°νκ· κΈ°μ λ£ μ§μμ‘ λλ μμ° 1000λ§μλΉ μ°νκ· μ¬μ
ν 건μλ λμμ§λ₯Ό λΆμνμλ€. μ€μ¦λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό, μ΄λ€ λ³μ κ°μλ λ§€μ° μ½ν μκ΄κ΄κ³κ° λνλ¬λ€.
μ¦ μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬κ° ν¬μ ν¨μ¨μ± μ κ³ μ μν μ νμ§ λͺ»νκ³ μλ€λ κ²μΈλ°, κ·Έ μμΈμ ν¬κ² μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ κ²½μ μ± λΆμ μ체μ μμΈ‘μ΄ μλͺ»λ κ²½μ°μ κ²½μ μ νλΉμ±μ΄ νμΈλ μ¬μ
μ΄ κ³νλλ‘ μ§νβ€κ΄λ¦¬λμ§ μλ κ²½μ°λ‘ λλ μ μλ€. μ μμ κ²½μ° μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ κ²½μ μ± λΆμμ νκ³ λ° κ°μ λ°©ν₯μ λν μ°κ΅¬κ° μ§μμ μΌλ‘ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§κ³ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ νμ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λ체νμκ³ , λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ νμμΈ μ¬μ
μ§ν λ° κ΄λ¦¬μμ λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό 골λ μ¨λ νλ‘μ νΈμ¬μ
κ³Ό μ μ§κΆ€λ볡ν©μμ±κ°λ°μ¬μ
μ¬λ‘λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λΆμνμλ€.
λ μ¬λ‘μμ 곡ν΅μ μΌλ‘ μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬λ₯Ό ν΅κ³Όν μ¬μ
μμ°μ μ€νλ μ λμ μμ° νΈμ±μ΄ μ€μ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§μ§ μμμμ μ μ μλ€. μ¬μ
μ μννκΈ° μν 첫λ²μ§Έ μκ±΄μΈ μ μ μ¬μμ΄ ν보λμ§ μμ μνμμ λΉμ΄ μμν μ±κ³Όλ₯Ό κΈ°λνκΈ° μ΄λ ΅λ€.
λΆμΌλ³ νΉμ±μ λ°λ₯Έ μμΈμ λΆμν΄ λ³΄λ©΄, μ°μ£Όν곡기μ κ³Ό κ°μ΄ λ―Έκ΅ λ± μ μ§κ΅ κΈ°μ μ λν μΆκ²©ν R&Dμ κ²½μ° μ μ§κ΅κ³Όμ 곡λκ°λ°μ΄ νμμ μ΄λ―λ‘ μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ κ²½μ μ± μμΈ‘μμ κ³μ½ μλκ΅μ λ³μκΉμ§ κ³ λ €νκΈ° μ΄λ ΅λ€λ κ²μ΄ νΉμ§μ νκ³μ΄λ€. μλͺ
곡νκΈ°μ μ κ²½μ° μ‘°λ₯μΈν루μμμ κ°μ΄ μκΈ°μΉ μμ μ μΌλ³μ νμ°μΌλ‘ μΌλΆ μ¬μ
λ¨μ μ¬μ
μ§νμ μ°¨μ§μ΄ μκΈ°λ λ± νκ²½μ μν₯μ λ λ§μ΄ λ
ΈμΆλμ΄ μλ€.
μ΄ λ°μλ 골λ μ¨λ νλ‘μ νΈμ κ°μ λ€λΆμ² 곡λμ¬μ
μ κ²½μ° μ¬μ
μ λ°μ 곡ν΅λ λͺ©ν λ¬μ±μ μν μ¬μ
체κ³λ³΄λ€λ ν΄λΉ λΆμ² μκ΄ μ
무 μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ μΆμ§ 체κ³λ₯Ό ꡬμ±νμ¬ μ¬μ
μ ν¨μ¨μ±μ΄ λ¨μ΄μ§κΈ°λ νλ€.
λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘ μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ λμμ΄ λλ 500μ΅μ΄μ λκ·λͺ¨ μ¬μ
μ κ²½μ° μ₯κΈ°κ°μ μνλκΈ° λλ¬Έμ ꡬ체μ μΈ μ±κ³Όλͺ©νλ₯Ό κ°μ§κ³ μ μ§νλ λ° μ΄λ €μμ΄ λ°λ₯Έλ€. μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ κ³νν λͺ©νμ μ¬μ
μ μ±κ³Όλͺ©νκ° λ¬λΌμ§λ©΄ μ¬μ
μνμ λ°λ₯Έ κ²½μ μ νΈμ΅λ μμΈ‘μΉμ λ¬λΌμ§ κ²μΌλ‘ μμλλ€.
μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ λμ
μ·¨μ§μΈ μ¬μ ν¨μ¨μ± λ¬μ±μ μν΄μλ μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ μμΈ‘μΉλ₯Ό λμ΄λ κ²λ μ€μνμ§λ§ νλΉμ±μ μ
μ¦λ°μ κ³νλλ‘ μ¬μ
μ μ§νβ€κ΄λ¦¬νλ κ²μ΄ νμνλ€. μ¦ μ¬μ
μ§νμ λ³νλ μ μλ νκ²½μ μ λμ μμΈμ λν μμΈ‘μ±μ λμ΄κ³ , νΉν μ±κ³Όλͺ©νκ° λ³κ²½λμ§ μλλ‘ μ¬μ
κ³ν μ립 μ ν΄λΉ R&Dμ λν μ¬μ μ‘°μ¬λ₯Ό κ°νν΄μΌ νλ€.
λν μ±κ³Όλ₯Ό κ³νλλ‘ κ΄λ¦¬νκΈ° μν΄μλ νκ³μ°λμ μ¬μ
κΈ°κ°μ μΌμΉμν¬ νμκ° μλ€.
κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬λ₯Ό ν΅κ³Όν λκ·λͺ¨ μ¬μ
μ κ²½μ° μ체β§μμβ§νΉμ νκ°μ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ κΈ°μ‘΄ κ³νκ³Ό μ€μ μ¬μ
μ§νμμ κ΄΄λ¦¬κ° μκΈ°λ μμΈμ λΆμνμ¬ μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬ μ λμ κ°μ μ μν μ μνμ μν μ ν μ μλλ‘ κ°λ³ νκ°κ° ꡬ체μ μ΄κ³ μ€μ§μ μΌλ‘ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ ΈμΌ νλ€.
λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘ κ³νμ μΆ©μ€ν μ¬μ
μ§ν λ° κ΄λ¦¬λ₯Ό μν κ°μ₯ κΈ°λ³Έμ μ΄κ³ λ μ€μν μ건μ κ³νμ μ€νλ μμ°νΈμ±μ΄λ€.The objective of this research is to verify that preliminary feasibility studies are useful in evaluating the economic performance of national R&D projects that are currently in progress that has passed the feasibility studies. If the feasibility studies are proven not useful, its causes are sought to be identified through case studies to devise plans for improvement.
First, for R&D projects that have passed the preliminary feasibility test during the period '08~'14, the correlation between the B/C(E/C) value and actual economic performance, namely the average annual technology fee collected per KRW 1 million or average number of annual commercialization cases per KRW 10 million budget showed positive correlation. The results showed that the correlation between the factors was extremely weak.
Thus, feasibility studies have not been useful in increasing investment efficiency. This is either because the prediction of the preliminary feasibility study per se is inaccurate or because the businesses that have been confirmed through the tests are not being run according to the previously stated plans. Because the former reason is currently a topic of ongoing research, this research has analyzed the latter reason, business execution and managerial problems, through case studies.
Through the case studies of the Golden Seed Product project and the Integrated geostationary multi-purpose satellite development project, the reason that businesses that have passed feasibility studies are not being run according to previously stated plans can be summarized into the following: 1. discrepancies existed between the budget plan in the feasibility study and the actual budget in reality, 2. for R&Ds that chase or benchmark technologies of advanced countries joint development is necessary, and it is difficult to consider factors that affect the situations of advanced countries when predicting the economic feasibility in the preliminary feasibility studies, and 3. businesses that engage in inter-departmental collaborative businesses deviate from the general goals of the business and instead shift towards fulfilling the tasks of the sub-departments.β
. μλ‘ 1
A. μ°κ΅¬μ νμμ± λ° λͺ©μ 1
B. μ°κ΅¬λμ λ° μ°κ΅¬λ°©λ² 3
1. μ°κ΅¬ λμ 3
2. μ°κ΅¬ λ°©λ² 8
β
‘. μ΄λ‘ μ λ°°κ²½ λ° μ νμ°κ΅¬ κ³ μ°° 10
A. μ°κ΅¬κ°λ°μ¬μ
μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬ κ°μ 10
1. μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ λμ
λ°°κ²½ λ° μμ 10
2. μ°κ΅¬κ°λ°μ¬μ
μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬ λμμ¬μ
λ° μΆμ§μ μ°¨ 11
3. μ°κ΅¬κ°λ°μ¬μ
μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬ λΆμλ°©λ² 12
B. μ νμ°κ΅¬ κ²ν 14
1. R&D μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ λ°©λ²λ‘ μ λν μ°κ΅¬ 14
2. R&D μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ μ±κ³Όνκ°μμ μ°κ³μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬ 16
3. R&D μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬μ μ μ©μ±μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬ 18
β
’. 08~14 μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬ ν΅κ³Ό μ¬μ
μ κ²½μ μ μ±κ³Ό λΆμ 19
A. μ°κ΅¬ μ€κ³ 19
1. λΆμ λμ 19
2. λΆμ λ°©λ² 21
3. λΆμ λμ μ¬μ
μ κ°μ λ° νΉμ± 22
B. μ±κ³Ό λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό : NTIS DBλ₯Ό ν λλ‘ ν μ€μ¦λΆμ 31
C. μκ²° 39
β
£. μμΈ λΆμ 41
A. μ¬λ‘ μ μ μ 쑰건 41
B. μ¬λ‘ μ°κ΅¬ 42
1. 골λ μ¨λ νλ‘μ νΈ 42
κ°. μ¬μ
κ°μ λ° νν© 42
λ. μμ° λ°μμ μ μ μ± 43
λ€. μ¬μ
μ§νμ μΆ©μ€μ± οΌ μ±κ³Όλͺ©ν, μΆμ§μ λ΅, μΆμ§μ²΄κ³, μ¬μ
λ΄μ© 45
2. μ μ§κΆ€λ볡ν©μμ±κ°λ°μ¬μ
50
κ°. μ¬μ
κ°μ λ° νν© 50
λ. μμ° λ°μμ μ μ μ± 51
λ€. μ¬μ
μ§νμ μΆ©μ€μ± οΌ μΆμ§μ λ΅, μΆμ§μ²΄κ³, μ¬μ
λ΄μ© 53
C. μκ²° 56
β
€. κ²°λ‘ 58
A. μ°κ΅¬κ²°κ³Ό μμ½ λ° μμ¬μ (κ°μ λ°©ν₯) 58
B. μ°κ΅¬μ νκ³ λ° ν₯ν μ°κ΅¬κ³Όμ 60
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 62
λΆλ‘ 66
μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬ ν΅κ³Ό ν μΆμ§ μ€μΈ μ¬μ
νν© (14λ
) 66
μν ν΅κ³Ό μ¬μ
λͺ
μΉ λ° μμ° λ³ν (08~13) 68
μλΉνλΉμ±μ‘°μ¬ ν΅κ³Ό ν μΆμ§ μ€μΈ μ¬μ
λͺ©λ‘ λ° κ²½μ μ μ±κ³Ό νν©(08~13) 72
Abstract 74Maste
ν¨λͺ¨μΈν¬ MAPK μ νΈ μ λ¬κ³μμμ ν°λ‘μ μ§μ°ν λ¨λ°±μ§μ λμ κ³Ό λΆμ
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μλͺ
κ³ΌνλΆ, 2015. 2. λ°μν.Identification and characterization of a novel posttranslational modification is crucial for understanding of accurate signaling regulation mechanism. As many signaling pathways are conserved in eukaryotes from yeast to human, yeast could be a good model system for studying the mechanism of posttranslational modifications in cellular signaling pathways. Protein tyrosine nitration is a selective posttranslational modification that is involved in many diseases caused by oxidative stress. Recently, it is suggested that many signaling proteins are supposed to be nitrated on specific tyrosine residues and these tyrosine nitration regulate protein activity or localization and signaling flux. However, due to low abundance or tyrosine nitration and relevance of specific disease, protein tyrosine nitration in yeast was not studied well. In this study, we profiled and investigated the role of protein tyrosine nitration in yeast S. cerevisiae. Introducing enrichment methods using chemical and immunoprecipitation into LC-MS/MS, we successfully identified tyrosine nitrated proteins in yeast in vivo. This is the first nitroproteome study in yeast during signal transduction. 23 proteins were identified as nitrated in enrichment methods, and the overall level of nitration was increased after pheromone stimulation. Sequence and structural analysis showed that most tyrosine residues, surrounded by acidic residues and located in solvent accessible site, could be easily nitrated. These results imply that the environment of tyrosine residue is important to allow of tyrosine nitration, thus protein tyrosine nitration is a selective and reversible modification regulated during mating signal transduction. In addition, we showed that tyrosine nitration of Ste7 was increased during mating signaling and predicted Tyr 381 as a putative nitration residue. Substitution of Tyr 381 to Phe reduced mating signaling flux by inhibition of Ste7 activity, and this mechanism seems to be conserved in other MAPK signaling pathway in yeast such as Hog signaling pathway. Taken together, we suggest that tyrosine nitration is a novel modification which is regulated during MAPK signaling pathway in yeast. Also, proteins identified in this study could provide a clue for searching nitration targets in other signaling pathway or other species.ABSTRACT i
COPYRIGHT INFORMATION iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES xi
ABBREVIATION xii
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Identification and analysis of protein tyrosine nitration in yeast model system 5
SUMMARY 6
INTRODUCTION 7
MATERIALS AND METHODS 10
Yeast strains and plasmids construction 10
Preparation of S. cerevisiae cellular extracts 10
Tryptic digestion of total cell lysate 11
Enrichment of nitroproteins using fluorinated carbon tags 11
LC-MS/MS analysis 12
Identification of nitrated peptides 12
Immunoprecipitation and western blot 13
Comparison of protein expression and nitration levels 14
Peptide sequences and protein structures analysis 14
Inference of nitroprotein functions from a functional network 15
Construction of network model 15
RESULTS 17
Identification of nitrated proteins from S. cerevisiae in vivo 17
Relative quantification of nitrated peptide in S.cerevisiae 19
Relationship between protein tyrosine nitration and the amount of protein in yeast 19
Selectivity of protein tyrosine nitration 20
Inference of functions and network analysis of nitroproteins in mating signal transduction pathway 23
DISCUSSION 36
Chapter 3. Protein tyrosine nitration in yeast mating signaling pathway 39
SUMMARY 40
INTRODUCTION 41
MATERIALS AND METHODS 44
Yeast strains and plasmids construction 44
Preparation of S. cerevisiae cellular extracts 44
Immunoprecipitation and western blot 45
Tryptic digestion of total cell lysate 45
LC-MS/MS analysis 46
Identification of nitrated peptides 46
Mating assay 47
RESULTS 48
Identification of nitrated proteins from Ste5 mating complex 48
Sequence and structural analysis of nitrated proteins from mating complex 49
Functional study of nitrated proteins from mating complex 51
DISCUSSION 62
Chapter 4. Catalytic activity of Ste7 MAPKK is regulated by tyrosine nitration at conserved Tyr 381 residue. 64
SUMMARY 65
INTRODUCTION 66
MATERIALS AND METHODS 68
Yeast strains and plasmids construction 68
Preparation of S. cerevisiae cellular extracts 68
Immunoprecipitation and western blot 69
Mating assay 69
RESULTS 71
Ste7 MAPKK is a candidate protein tyrosine nitration target. 71
Tyrosine nitration on Y381 ismay be important for proper mating signal transduction. 72
Mutation on Ste7 Y381 does not affect interactions with kinases or scaffold protein. 73
Y381F affects phosphorylation states of Ste7 74
Y381F decreases Ste7 catalytic activity itself 75
Ste7 Y381F act as dominant negative to inhibit endogenous Ste7 75
Hog pathway is downregulated by mutation on conserved nitration residue Y541 of Pbs2 MAPKK 76
DISCUSSION 101
Chapter 5. Conclusion 105
REFERENCES 107
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 118Docto
νκ΅ν μ°¨μΈλ μμ μ μ μ© κ°λ₯ν μ΅λ μΌμ μμμ κ°λ°
Thesis (master`s)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μμν΅κ³΅νκ³Ό,1997.Maste
μμ 보νΈκ³ν΅μ κ³ μμ μ± μννΈμ¨μ΄μ λν νμΈ, κ²μ¦ λ° μνμ ν΅ν©μ μ κ·Ό λ°©λ²
Thesis (doctoral)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μμν΅κ³΅νκ³Ό,2001.Docto
The Emergence and Meaning of Sporting women in North Korea: Focus on North Korean Female Elite Sports in 1950s-60s
μ΄ κΈμ νμμ ο½’2019 λΆνμ°κ΅¬νν μ μ§νμ νμ νμο½£(2019.10.11. λΆνλνμ λνκ΅)μμ λ°νν λΆνμμ μ΄λνλ μ¬μ±(Sporting women)μ λ±μ₯κ³Ό μλ―Έ: 1950-60λ
λ λΆν μ¬μ± μ 문체μ‘μ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ λ
Όλ¬Έμ ν λλ‘ μμ λ° λ³΄μν λ
Όλ¬Έμ΄λ€.λ¨μ± μ€μ¬μ νλμΈ κ·Όλ 체μ‘μ μ¬μ±μ΄ 체μ‘νλμ μμ΄ μ£Όλ³μ μ‘΄μ¬λ‘ μμΉνκ² νλ€. λν μλ³Έμ£Όμ 체μ‘μ΄ μμ
νλκ³ λ―Έλμ΄μ 체μ‘μ κ²°ν©μ΄ μμ
νλ₯Ό κ°μν μν€λ©΄μ 체μ‘νμ₯ λ΄ μ λμκ³λ₯Ό κ°νμν€λ κ²½ν₯μ΄ λλ ·ν΄μ§κ³ μλ€. μ΄λ° λ§₯λ½μμ μ¬νμ£Όμ λΆνμμ μ΄λνλ μ¬μ±λ€μ μ£Όλ³νλμ§ μμλμ§μ μλ¬Έμ κ°μ§κ³ μ΄λνλ μ¬μ±μ λν μΈμμ κ²ν ν ν 1950-60λ
λ λΆνμμ μ΄λνλ μ¬μ±μ΄ μ²μ λ±μ₯νλ λ°°κ²½κ³Ό μ΄λ€μ λν λ΄λ‘ μ μ΄ν΄λ³Έλ€.
μ¬νμ£Όμ 체μ‘μ μ£Όμ λͺ©νλ μΈλ―Όμ 체μλ₯Ό ν₯μν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ λ
Έλμμ°λ ₯μ λμ΄κ³ κ΅λ°©λ ₯μ 보μ₯νλ λ°μ μμκ³ μ΄κ²μ΄ μ¬νμ£Όμ μ¬μ±λ€μ 체μ‘νλμ κΆμ₯νλ μ€μν μ΄λ‘ μ κ·Όκ±°μλ€. λΆνμ μ²΄μ‘ μμ μλ ¨μ 체μ‘μ μ±
μ λμ
νμ¬ μ±λ³μ λ λ κ°μΈμ μμκ³Ό 건κ°, μ§λ¨μ μν λͺΈμ λ§λ€κΈ° μν 체μ‘νλμ κΆμ₯νλ€. κ΅μ‘κΈ°νμ μ 곡과 κ° μ§λ¨λ³λ‘ μ§νλλ 체μ‘νλμ ν΅ν΄ λΆνμ μ΄λνλ μ¬μ±λ€μ΄ λ±μ₯νκΈ° μμνλ€. 1950-60λ
λ μλμ μΈ λΆν μ¬ν λ΄λΆμμ κ°ν μ 체λ₯Ό ν λλ‘ κ°λ³ λ₯λ ₯μ κ³λ°νμ¬ λ°μ λ λͺ¨μ΅μ 보μ¬μ£Όλ μ΄λνλ μ¬μ±λ€μ λΆν μ¬μ±λ€μ μλ‘μ΄ μν λͺ¨λΈλ‘ λ±μ₯νκ³ μ΄λ€μ μ²λ¦¬λ§μ΄λμ μμ§μ΄μ λ°μ νλ λ
μ±μ νλ³ΈμΌλ‘ λ΄λ‘ νλμλ€. λΆνμ 맀체μμ μ¬νλλ μ΄λνλ μ¬μ±λ€μ κ°ν μ μ²΄κ° μ¬μ±λ΅μ§ λͺ»ν νΉμ λ¨μ±μ μΈ μ 체λ‘μ λΆκ°λλ κ²μ΄ μλλΌ μ¬νμ£Όμμ λ§₯λ½ μμμ μΉμμΌν μ¬μ±μ λͺΈ λμ μ§λ¨μ μν νΌνΌν λͺΈμ μΆκ΅¬λ₯Ό λ°μνκ³ μμμ νμΈν μ μμλ€.Modern sports which is a male-dominated activity, has allowed women to be positioned as peripheral in sports activities. In addition, as capitalist sports become commercialized and the combination of media and sports accelerates commercialization, there is a clear tendency to strengthen the gender order system in the sports arena.
In this context, this article examines the perception of sporting women in the socialist North Korea, questioning whether they have not been marginalized and then, it will look at the background of the sporting womens emergence in the 1950s and 60s and their discourse on them.
The main goal of socialist sports was to enhance labor productivity and build up national defense by improving the people's physique, which was an important theoretical basis for encouraging the sports activities of socialist women. Physical education and sports in North Korea has also introduced the Soviet Union's sports policy to encourage sports activities to create a body for individual hygiene, health and groupings, regardless of gender.
Sporting women began to emerge through the provision of educational opportunities and sports activities conducted by works and schools. In the 1950s and 1960s, women who exercise in the North developed their individual abilities based on strong bodies became new role models for women in the North Korea The discourse on sporting women was symbols of the Cheollima Movement and a sample of the developing woman in republic. This study have confirmed that the strong bodies of sporting women recreated in the North Korean media do not emerge as unfeminine or male bodies, but reflect the strong body pursuit for groups instead of those of sexier women in the context of socialism
κ°μμ 곡λ§μ κ°λ₯Ό λ³νν μꡬλ΄μ©λ¬Ό μ κ±°μ ν silicone μμ μΆ©μ λ¬Ό μ μ©μ μμμ μ΄λμ± νκ°
Thesis(doctor`s)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μμνκ³Ό μμμΈκ³Όνμ 곡,2006.Docto
Producing particles according to the age and the length of utterance of normal children in the period of basic grammar
μΈμ΄λ³λ¦¬ν νλκ³Όμ /μμ¬[νκΈ]μ μμλμ ν λ±λ§ μκΈ°λ₯Ό μ§λ λ μΈ λ±λ§λ‘ μ°κ²°λλ λ°νλ‘ λ°μ νλ©΄μ λ¬Έλ²ννμλ₯Ό νλνλλ°, λ¬Έμ₯μ μλ―Έλ₯Ό μ ννκ² μ΄ν΄νκΈ° μν΄μλ μ‘°μ¬λ μ΄λ―Έλ₯Ό λ€μνκ² λ³νμμΌ μ°μΆνμ¬μΌ νλ€. μ μμλμ μ‘°μ¬ μ°μΆμ λν μμΈν λ°λ¬ μλ£λ μΈμ΄μ₯μ μλκ³Ό κ΄λ ¨νμ¬ μ‘°κΈ°μ§λ¨ λ° μΉλ£μ μ€μν μ§νκ° λ μ μλλ°, νΉν λ¨μμΈμ΄μ₯μ μλμ μ‘°μ¬μ μ€λ₯λ₯Ό λΉλ²ν 보μ΄κΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ΄λ¬ν μλ£κ° λμ± μꡬλλ€. λ°λΌμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μμΈ μ§μμ κ±°μ£Όνλ λ§ 2μΈ 6κ°μλΆν° 4μΈ 6κ°μκΉμ§μ μ μμλμ 6κ°μ λ¨μμ λ€ μ§λ¨μΌλ‘ λλ λ€, μλ°νλ₯Ό μμ§νμ¬ κ·Έλ€μ μ‘°μ¬ λ°λ¬μ μ΄ν΄λ³΄κ³ μ νλ€. μ μμλμ μνμ°λ Ή λ° νκ· λ°νκΈΈμ΄(MLU)μ λ°λΌ μ‘°μ¬μ μ΄μ νμ, μ΄λΉλμ, μ€μ νμ, μ€μ μ νμ λΉκ΅ν κ²°κ³Όλ λ€μκ³Ό κ°λ€. 첫째, μ‘°μ¬μ μ΄μ νμμ μ΄λΉλμλ 2μΈ νλ°λΆν° 3μΈ νλ°κΉμ§ μ μ°¨μ μΌλ‘ μ¦κ°νμμ§λ§, 3μΈ νλ°κ³Ό 4μΈ μ λ°μλ μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό 보μ΄μ§ μμλ€. λμ§Έ, νκ· λ±λ§κΈΈμ΄(MLU-w)μ νκ· ννμκΈΈμ΄(MLU-m)κ° κΈΈμ΄μ§μλ‘ μ‘°μ¬μ μ΄μ νμμ μ΄λΉλμκ° μ μνκ² μ¦κ°νμλ€. μ
μ§Έ, μ‘°μ¬μ μ€μ νμλ 2μΈ νλ°μ κ°μ₯ λ§μ΄ λνλ¬μΌλ©°, κ·Έ μ΄νμλ κ°μνμ¬ 3μΈ μ λ°λΆν° 4μΈ μ λ°μ μ΄λ₯΄κΈ°κΉμ§ λΉμ·νμλ€. μ‘°μ¬μ μ€μ μ νμ μ΄ν΄λ³΄λ©΄, βλμΉ(substitution)βμ κ²½μ° μ°λ Ήμ΄ μ¦κ°ν μλ‘ μ μνκ² κ°μνμμ§λ§, βμλ΅(omission)βκ³Ό βμ΄μ€μ¬μ©(duplicative use)βμ κ²½μ° μ§λ¨ κ°μ μ μν μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό 보μ΄μ§ μμλ€. λ·μ§Έ, νκ· λ±λ§κΈΈμ΄(MLU-w)μ νκ· ννμκΈΈμ΄(MLU-m)λ μ‘°μ¬μ μ€μ νμ λ° μ€μ μ νκ³Ό μ μν μκ΄κ΄κ³κ° μμλ€. 2μΈ νλ°μμ 4μΈ μ λ° μλλ€μ μ‘°μ¬ λ°λ¬μ νκ°νλ λ° νκ· λ±λ§κΈΈμ΄λ νκ· ννμκΈΈμ΄κ° μ μ ν μ°Έκ³ μλ£κ° λ κ²μΌλ‘ 보μΈλ€. λν μ‘°μ¬ μ°μΆμ μ€μ μλ£λ μ μμλμ ν΅ν΄ μ‘°μ¬μ μ€λ₯κ° λΉλ²ν SLI μλλ€μ λ³λ³ν΄λΌ μ μλ κΈ°μ€μ΄ λ κ²μΌλ‘ 보μΈλ€. μ΄μμ κ²°κ³Όλ μ μλ°λ¬κ³Όμ μ μ‘°μ¬ μ°μΆμ λν μ 보λ₯Ό μ 곡ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μΈμ΄μ₯μ μλμ μ§λ¨ λ° μΉλ£μ μ€κ±°(criteria)λ₯Ό μ 곡νμλ€λ μμλ₯Ό μ§λλ€.
[μλ¬Έ]Detail information related with particle production in normal children could be an important index for early diagnosis and treatment of language disorder. This information is more important in children with specific language impairment(SLI) because they frequently show errors in the use of particles. In this study, children aged from 2 years 6 months to 4 years and 6 months residing in Seoul were divided into 4 groups in an age increment of 6 months and their spontaneous utterances were collected to examine their development in particle production. The following results were obtained after analyzing the number of total particle types, number of total particle frequencies, number of particle errors, and types of particle errors according to their chronological age and mean length utterance(MLU) in these normal children. First, the number of total particle types and number of total particle frequencies increased gradually from the late part of 2 years to the late part of 3 years. However, no significant difference was shown in children in late 3 years and those in late 4 years. Second, as MLU-w and MLU-m increased, the number of total particle types and number of total particle frequencies were significantly increased. Third, the number of particle errors was the highest in children in late 2 years and decreased afterwards. It was similar in children in early 3 years to those in early 4 years. In the case of the error types, substitution decreased as chronological ages increased. However, no significant differences were seen in the case of omission and duplicative use. Fourth, MLU-w and MLU-m showed no significant correlation with the number of particle errors and types of particle errors. MLU-w or MLU-m could be useful as a reference in evaluating the development of particles in children in late 2 years to early 4 years. Furthermore, errors related with particle production could be a criterion in differentiating normal children with SLI showing frequent errors in particle production. The results obtained in this study are significant for the diagnosis and treatment of language impairment by providing information related with particle production in normal children.ope
(A)Study of conflicting psychology through the deformed bodies
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μ‘°μκ³Ό μ‘°μμ 곡,2007.Maste
- β¦