63 research outputs found

    Ciliary Phosphoinositide Regulates Ciliary Protein Trafficking in Drosophila

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    Cilia are highly specialized antennae-like cellular organelles. Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase E (INPP5E) converts PI(4,5)P2 into PI4P and is required for proper ciliary function. Although Inpp5e mutations are associated with ciliopathies in humans and mice, the precise molecular role INPP5E plays in cilia remains unclear. Here, we report that Drosophila INPP5E (dINPP5E) regulates ciliary protein trafficking by controlling the phosphoinositide composition of ciliary membranes. Mutations in dInpp5e lead to hearing deficits due to the mislocalization of dTULP and mechanotransduction channels, Inactive and NOMPC, in chordotonal cilia. Both loss of dINPP5E and ectopic expression of the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase Skittles increase PI(4,5)P2 levels in the ciliary base. The fact that Skittles expression phenocopies the dInpp5e mutants confirms a central role for PI(4,5)P2 in the regulation of dTULP, Inactive, and NOMPC localization. These data suggest that the spatial localization and levels of PI(4,5)P2 in ciliary membranes are important regulators of ciliary trafficking and function.ope

    Absolute quantification of dual phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase using mass spectrometry

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    Thesis(masters) --μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λΆ€,2008.2.Maste

    Analysis on usefulness of economic evaluation of R&D preliminary feasibility study

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ ν–‰μ •λŒ€ν•™μ› : ν–‰μ •λŒ€ν•™μ› μ •μ±…ν•™κ³Ό μ •μ±…ν•™ 전곡, 2016. 2. κΈˆν˜„μ„­.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬λ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•˜μ—¬ μ‹€μ œ μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ΅­κ°€ R&Dμ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 경제적 μ„±κ³Όλ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ κ²½μ œμ„± ν‰κ°€μ˜ μœ μš©μ„±μ„ κ²€μ¦ν•˜κ³ , μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ κ²½μ œμ„± 평가가 제 κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 사둀뢄석을 톡해 κ·Έ 원인을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³  κ°œμ„ λ°©μ•ˆμ„ λ„μΆœν•˜λŠ” 데 μžˆλ‹€. λ¨Όμ € 08~14 μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬λ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•œ κ΅­κ°€ R&D사업을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ κ²½μ œμ„± 평가 결과인 B/C(E/C)뢄석 값이 λ†’μ„μˆ˜λ‘ μ‹€μ œ 경제적 성과인 μ˜ˆμ‚° 100λ§Œμ›λ‹Ή 연평균 기술료 μ§•μˆ˜μ•‘ λ˜λŠ” μ˜ˆμ‚° 1000λ§Œμ›λ‹Ή 연평균 사업화 κ±΄μˆ˜λ„ 높은지λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 싀증뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό, 이듀 λ³€μˆ˜ κ°„μ—λŠ” 맀우 μ•½ν•œ 상관관계가 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 즉 μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬κ°€ 투자 νš¨μœ¨μ„± 제고의 역할을 ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것인데, κ·Έ 원인은 크게 μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ κ²½μ œμ„± 뢄석 자체의 예츑이 잘λͺ»λœ κ²½μš°μ™€ 경제적 타당성이 ν™•μΈλœ 사업이 κ³„νšλŒ€λ‘œ μ§‘ν–‰β€€κ΄€λ¦¬λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 경우둜 λ‚˜λˆŒ 수 μžˆλ‹€. μ „μžμ˜ 경우 μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ κ²½μ œμ„± λΆ„μ„μ˜ ν•œκ³„ 및 κ°œμ„ λ°©ν–₯에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ 이루어지고 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 선행연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 λŒ€μ²΄ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” ν›„μžμΈ 사업집행 및 κ΄€λ¦¬μƒμ˜ 문제λ₯Ό κ³¨λ“ μ”¨λ“œ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ‚¬μ—…κ³Ό μ •μ§€κΆ€λ„λ³΅ν•©μœ„μ„±κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—… 사둀λ₯Ό 톡해 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 두 μ‚¬λ‘€μ—μ„œ κ³΅ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬λ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•œ μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ˆμ‚°μ— μ€€ν•˜λŠ” μ •λ„μ˜ μ˜ˆμ‚° νŽΈμ„±μ΄ μ‹€μ œ 이루어지지 μ•Šμ•˜μŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€. 사업을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 첫번째 μš”κ±΄μΈ 적정 μž¬μ›μ΄ ν™•λ³΄λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ λ‹Ήμ΄ˆ μ˜ˆμƒν•œ μ„±κ³Όλ₯Ό κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€. 뢄야별 νŠΉμ„±μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 원인을 뢄석해 보면, μš°μ£Όν•­κ³΅κΈ°μˆ κ³Ό 같이 λ―Έκ΅­ λ“± 선진ꡭ κΈ°μˆ μ— λŒ€ν•œ μΆ”κ²©ν˜• R&D의 경우 μ„ μ§„κ΅­κ³Όμ˜ κ³΅λ™κ°œλ°œμ΄ ν•„μˆ˜μ μ΄λ―€λ‘œ μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ κ²½μ œμ„± μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ‹œμ— 계약 μƒλŒ€κ΅­μ˜ λ³€μˆ˜κΉŒμ§€ κ³ λ €ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€λŠ” 것이 νŠΉμ§•μ  ν•œκ³„μ΄λ‹€. 생λͺ…κ³΅ν•™κΈ°μˆ μ˜ 경우 μ‘°λ₯˜μΈν”Œλ£¨μ—”μžμ™€ 같이 예기치 μ•Šμ€ μ „μ—Όλ³‘μ˜ ν™•μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ 일뢀 μ‚¬μ—…λ‹¨μ˜ 사업집행에 차질이 μƒκΈ°λŠ” λ“± ν™˜κ²½μ  영ν–₯에 더 많이 λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€. 이 밖에도 κ³¨λ“ μ”¨λ“œ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ™€ 같은 λ‹€λΆ€μ²˜ κ³΅λ™μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 경우 사업 μ „λ°˜μ˜ κ³΅ν†΅λœ λͺ©ν‘œ 달성을 μœ„ν•œ μ‚¬μ—…μ²΄κ³„λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” ν•΄λ‹Ή λΆ€μ²˜ μ†Œκ΄€ 업무 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 좔진 체계λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ΄ 떨어지기도 ν•œλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ λŒ€μƒμ΄ λ˜λŠ” 500얡이상 λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 경우 μž₯κΈ°κ°„μ˜ μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ꡬ체적인 μ„±κ³Όλͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό 가지고 μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 데 어렀움이 λ”°λ₯Έλ‹€. μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ‹œ κ³„νšν•œ λͺ©ν‘œμ™€ μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ μ„±κ³Όλͺ©ν‘œκ°€ 달라지면 사업 μˆ˜ν–‰μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 경제적 νŽΈμ΅λ„ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μΉ˜μ™€ λ‹¬λΌμ§ˆ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆμƒλœλ‹€. μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ λ„μž…μ·¨μ§€μΈ μž¬μ • νš¨μœ¨μ„± 달성을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ 예츑치λ₯Ό λ†’μ΄λŠ” 것도 μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 타당성을 μž…μ¦λ°›μ€ κ³„νšλŒ€λ‘œ 사업을 μ§‘ν–‰β€€κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 것이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. 즉 사업 μ§‘ν–‰μ‹œ 변화될 수 μžˆλŠ” ν™˜κ²½μ  μ œλ„μ  μš”μΈμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„±μ„ 높이고, 특히 μ„±κ³Όλͺ©ν‘œκ°€ λ³€κ²½λ˜μ§€ μ•Šλ„λ‘ 사업 κ³„νš 수립 μ‹œ ν•΄λ‹Ή R&D에 λŒ€ν•œ 사전쑰사λ₯Ό κ°•ν™”ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ„±κ³Όλ₯Ό κ³„νšλŒ€λ‘œ κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” νšŒκ³„μ—°λ„μ™€ 사업기간을 μΌμΉ˜μ‹œν‚¬ ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 그리고 μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬λ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•œ λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 경우 μžμ²΄β€§μƒμœ„β€§νŠΉμ •ν‰κ°€μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 톡해 κΈ°μ‘΄ κ³„νšκ³Ό μ‹€μ œ 사업 μ§‘ν–‰μƒμ˜ 괴리가 μƒκΈ°λŠ” 원인을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬ μ œλ„μ˜ κ°œμ„ μ„ μœ„ν•œ μ„ μˆœν™˜μ  역할을 ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ κ°œλ³„ 평가가 ꡬ체적이고 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ 이루어져야 ν•œλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ κ³„νšμ— μΆ©μ‹€ν•œ 사업집행 및 관리λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ κ°€μž₯ 기본적이고도 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μš”κ±΄μ€ κ³„νšμ— μ€€ν•˜λŠ” μ˜ˆμ‚°νŽΈμ„±μ΄λ‹€.The objective of this research is to verify that preliminary feasibility studies are useful in evaluating the economic performance of national R&D projects that are currently in progress that has passed the feasibility studies. If the feasibility studies are proven not useful, its causes are sought to be identified through case studies to devise plans for improvement. First, for R&D projects that have passed the preliminary feasibility test during the period '08~'14, the correlation between the B/C(E/C) value and actual economic performance, namely the average annual technology fee collected per KRW 1 million or average number of annual commercialization cases per KRW 10 million budget showed positive correlation. The results showed that the correlation between the factors was extremely weak. Thus, feasibility studies have not been useful in increasing investment efficiency. This is either because the prediction of the preliminary feasibility study per se is inaccurate or because the businesses that have been confirmed through the tests are not being run according to the previously stated plans. Because the former reason is currently a topic of ongoing research, this research has analyzed the latter reason, business execution and managerial problems, through case studies. Through the case studies of the Golden Seed Product project and the Integrated geostationary multi-purpose satellite development project, the reason that businesses that have passed feasibility studies are not being run according to previously stated plans can be summarized into the following: 1. discrepancies existed between the budget plan in the feasibility study and the actual budget in reality, 2. for R&Ds that chase or benchmark technologies of advanced countries joint development is necessary, and it is difficult to consider factors that affect the situations of advanced countries when predicting the economic feasibility in the preliminary feasibility studies, and 3. businesses that engage in inter-departmental collaborative businesses deviate from the general goals of the business and instead shift towards fulfilling the tasks of the sub-departments.β… . μ„œλ‘  1 A. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 및 λͺ©μ  1 B. μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒ 및 연ꡬ방법 3 1. 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒ 3 2. 연ꡬ 방법 8 β…‘. 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 및 선행연ꡬ κ³ μ°° 10 A. μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—… μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬ κ°œμš” 10 1. μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ λ„μž…λ°°κ²½ 및 의의 10 2. μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—… μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬ λŒ€μƒμ‚¬μ—… 및 μΆ”μ§„μ ˆμ°¨ 11 3. μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—… μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬ 뢄석방법 12 B. 선행연ꡬ κ²€ν†  14 1. R&D μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ 방법둠에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ 14 2. R&D μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ™€ μ„±κ³Όν‰κ°€μ™€μ˜ 연계에 κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ 16 3. R&D μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ μœ μš©μ„±μ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ 18 β…’. 08~14 μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬ 톡과 μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 경제적 μ„±κ³Ό 뢄석 19 A. 연ꡬ 섀계 19 1. 뢄석 λŒ€μƒ 19 2. 뢄석 방법 21 3. 뢄석 λŒ€μƒ μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ κ°œμš” 및 νŠΉμ„± 22 B. μ„±κ³Ό 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό : NTIS DBλ₯Ό ν† λŒ€λ‘œ ν•œ 싀증뢄석 31 C. μ†Œκ²° 39 β…£. 원인 뢄석 41 A. 사둀 μ„ μ •μ˜ 쑰건 41 B. 사둀 연ꡬ 42 1. 골든 μ”¨λ“œ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈ 42 κ°€. μ‚¬μ—…κ°œμš” 및 ν˜„ν™© 42 λ‚˜. μ˜ˆμ‚° 반영의 μ μ ˆμ„± 43 λ‹€. μ‚¬μ—…μ§‘ν–‰μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ„± : μ„±κ³Όλͺ©ν‘œ, μΆ”μ§„μ „λž΅, 좔진체계, μ‚¬μ—…λ‚΄μš© 45 2. μ •μ§€κΆ€λ„λ³΅ν•©μœ„μ„±κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—… 50 κ°€. μ‚¬μ—…κ°œμš” 및 ν˜„ν™© 50 λ‚˜. μ˜ˆμ‚° 반영의 μ μ ˆμ„± 51 λ‹€. μ‚¬μ—…μ§‘ν–‰μ˜ μΆ©μ‹€μ„± : μΆ”μ§„μ „λž΅, 좔진체계, μ‚¬μ—…λ‚΄μš© 53 C. μ†Œκ²° 56 β…€. κ²°λ‘  58 A. 연ꡬ결과 μš”μ•½ 및 μ‹œμ‚¬μ (κ°œμ„ λ°©ν–₯) 58 B. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•œκ³„ 및 ν–₯ν›„ μ—°κ΅¬κ³Όμ œ 60 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 62 뢀둝 66 μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬ 톡과 ν›„ 좔진 쀑인 사업 ν˜„ν™© (14λ…„) 66 μ˜ˆνƒ€ 톡과 사업 λͺ…μΉ­ 및 μ˜ˆμ‚° λ³€ν™” (08~13) 68 μ˜ˆλΉ„νƒ€λ‹Ήμ„±μ‘°μ‚¬ 톡과 ν›„ 좔진 쀑인 사업 λͺ©λ‘ 및 경제적 μ„±κ³Ό ν˜„ν™©(08~13) 72 Abstract 74Maste

    효λͺ¨μ„Έν¬ MAPK μ‹ ν˜Έ μ „λ‹¬κ³„μ—μ„œμ˜ ν‹°λ‘œμ‹  μ§ˆμ‚°ν™” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ 동정과 뢄석

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λΆ€, 2015. 2. λ°•μƒν˜„.Identification and characterization of a novel posttranslational modification is crucial for understanding of accurate signaling regulation mechanism. As many signaling pathways are conserved in eukaryotes from yeast to human, yeast could be a good model system for studying the mechanism of posttranslational modifications in cellular signaling pathways. Protein tyrosine nitration is a selective posttranslational modification that is involved in many diseases caused by oxidative stress. Recently, it is suggested that many signaling proteins are supposed to be nitrated on specific tyrosine residues and these tyrosine nitration regulate protein activity or localization and signaling flux. However, due to low abundance or tyrosine nitration and relevance of specific disease, protein tyrosine nitration in yeast was not studied well. In this study, we profiled and investigated the role of protein tyrosine nitration in yeast S. cerevisiae. Introducing enrichment methods using chemical and immunoprecipitation into LC-MS/MS, we successfully identified tyrosine nitrated proteins in yeast in vivo. This is the first nitroproteome study in yeast during signal transduction. 23 proteins were identified as nitrated in enrichment methods, and the overall level of nitration was increased after pheromone stimulation. Sequence and structural analysis showed that most tyrosine residues, surrounded by acidic residues and located in solvent accessible site, could be easily nitrated. These results imply that the environment of tyrosine residue is important to allow of tyrosine nitration, thus protein tyrosine nitration is a selective and reversible modification regulated during mating signal transduction. In addition, we showed that tyrosine nitration of Ste7 was increased during mating signaling and predicted Tyr 381 as a putative nitration residue. Substitution of Tyr 381 to Phe reduced mating signaling flux by inhibition of Ste7 activity, and this mechanism seems to be conserved in other MAPK signaling pathway in yeast such as Hog signaling pathway. Taken together, we suggest that tyrosine nitration is a novel modification which is regulated during MAPK signaling pathway in yeast. Also, proteins identified in this study could provide a clue for searching nitration targets in other signaling pathway or other species.ABSTRACT i COPYRIGHT INFORMATION iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xi ABBREVIATION xii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Identification and analysis of protein tyrosine nitration in yeast model system 5 SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 7 MATERIALS AND METHODS 10 Yeast strains and plasmids construction 10 Preparation of S. cerevisiae cellular extracts 10 Tryptic digestion of total cell lysate 11 Enrichment of nitroproteins using fluorinated carbon tags 11 LC-MS/MS analysis 12 Identification of nitrated peptides 12 Immunoprecipitation and western blot 13 Comparison of protein expression and nitration levels 14 Peptide sequences and protein structures analysis 14 Inference of nitroprotein functions from a functional network 15 Construction of network model 15 RESULTS 17 Identification of nitrated proteins from S. cerevisiae in vivo 17 Relative quantification of nitrated peptide in S.cerevisiae 19 Relationship between protein tyrosine nitration and the amount of protein in yeast 19 Selectivity of protein tyrosine nitration 20 Inference of functions and network analysis of nitroproteins in mating signal transduction pathway 23 DISCUSSION 36 Chapter 3. Protein tyrosine nitration in yeast mating signaling pathway 39 SUMMARY 40 INTRODUCTION 41 MATERIALS AND METHODS 44 Yeast strains and plasmids construction 44 Preparation of S. cerevisiae cellular extracts 44 Immunoprecipitation and western blot 45 Tryptic digestion of total cell lysate 45 LC-MS/MS analysis 46 Identification of nitrated peptides 46 Mating assay 47 RESULTS 48 Identification of nitrated proteins from Ste5 mating complex 48 Sequence and structural analysis of nitrated proteins from mating complex 49 Functional study of nitrated proteins from mating complex 51 DISCUSSION 62 Chapter 4. Catalytic activity of Ste7 MAPKK is regulated by tyrosine nitration at conserved Tyr 381 residue. 64 SUMMARY 65 INTRODUCTION 66 MATERIALS AND METHODS 68 Yeast strains and plasmids construction 68 Preparation of S. cerevisiae cellular extracts 68 Immunoprecipitation and western blot 69 Mating assay 69 RESULTS 71 Ste7 MAPKK is a candidate protein tyrosine nitration target. 71 Tyrosine nitration on Y381 ismay be important for proper mating signal transduction. 72 Mutation on Ste7 Y381 does not affect interactions with kinases or scaffold protein. 73 Y381F affects phosphorylation states of Ste7 74 Y381F decreases Ste7 catalytic activity itself 75 Ste7 Y381F act as dominant negative to inhibit endogenous Ste7 75 Hog pathway is downregulated by mutation on conserved nitration residue Y541 of Pbs2 MAPKK 76 DISCUSSION 101 Chapter 5. Conclusion 105 REFERENCES 107 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 118Docto

    ν•œκ΅­ν˜• μ°¨μ„ΈλŒ€ 원전에 적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μŠ΅λ„ μ„Όμ„œ μ†Œμžμ˜ 개발

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    Thesis (master`s)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ›μžν•΅κ³΅ν•™κ³Ό,1997.Maste

    원전 λ³΄ν˜Έκ³„ν†΅μ˜ κ³ μ•ˆμ „μ„± μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ 확인, 검증 및 μ‹œν—˜μ˜ 톡합적 μ ‘κ·Ό 방법

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    Thesis (doctoral)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ›μžν•΅κ³΅ν•™κ³Ό,2001.Docto

    The Emergence and Meaning of Sporting women in North Korea: Focus on North Korean Female Elite Sports in 1950s-60s

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    이 글은 ν•„μžμ˜ ο½’2019 λΆν•œμ—°κ΅¬ν•™νšŒ μ‹ μ§„ν•™μž ν•™μˆ νšŒμ˜ο½£(2019.10.11. λΆν•œλŒ€ν•™μ› λŒ€ν•™κ΅)μ—μ„œ λ°œν‘œν•œ λΆν•œμ—μ„œ μš΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” μ—¬μ„±(Sporting women)의 λ“±μž₯κ³Ό 의미: 1950-60λ…„λŒ€ λΆν•œ μ—¬μ„± μ „λ¬Έμ²΄μœ‘μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 논문을 ν† λŒ€λ‘œ μˆ˜μ • 및 λ³΄μ™„ν•œ 논문이닀.남성 μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ ν™œλ™μΈ κ·ΌλŒ€ μ²΄μœ‘μ€ 여성이 μ²΄μœ‘ν™œλ™μ— μžˆμ–΄ 주변적 쑴재둜 μœ„μΉ˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 자본주의 체윑이 μƒμ—…ν™”λ˜κ³  미디어와 체윑의 결합이 상업화λ₯Ό 가속화 μ‹œν‚€λ©΄μ„œ μ²΄μœ‘ν˜„μž₯ λ‚΄ μ  λ”μœ„κ³„λ₯Ό κ°•ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²½ν–₯이 λšœλ ·ν•΄μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 이런 λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ μ‚¬νšŒμ£Όμ˜ λΆν•œμ—μ„œ μš΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” 여성듀은 μ£Όλ³€ν™”λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— μ˜λ¬Έμ„ 가지고 μš΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” 여성에 λŒ€ν•œ 인식을 κ²€ν† ν•œ ν›„ 1950-60λ…„λŒ€ λΆν•œμ—μ„œ μš΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” 여성이 처음 λ“±μž₯ν•˜λŠ” λ°°κ²½κ³Ό 이듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 담둠을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έλ‹€. μ‚¬νšŒμ£Όμ˜ 체윑의 μ£Όμš” λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” 인민의 μ²΄μœ„λ₯Ό ν–₯μƒν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 노동생산λ ₯을 높이고 κ΅­λ°©λ ₯을 보μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 데에 μžˆμ—ˆκ³  이것이 μ‚¬νšŒμ£Όμ˜ μ—¬μ„±λ“€μ˜ μ²΄μœ‘ν™œλ™μ„ ꢌμž₯ν•˜λŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ 이둠적 κ·Όκ±°μ˜€λ‹€. λΆν•œμ˜ 체윑 μ—­μ‹œ μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ μ²΄μœ‘μ •μ±…μ„ λ„μž…ν•˜μ—¬ 성별을 λ– λ‚˜ 개인의 μœ„μƒκ³Ό 건강, 집단을 μœ„ν•œ λͺΈμ„ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ²΄μœ‘ν™œλ™μ„ ꢌμž₯ν–ˆλ‹€. ꡐ윑기회의 제곡과 각 μ§‘λ‹¨λ³„λ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” μ²΄μœ‘ν™œλ™μ„ 톡해 λΆν•œμ˜ μš΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” 여성듀이 λ“±μž₯ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ‹€. 1950-60λ…„λŒ€ 역동적인 λΆν•œ μ‚¬νšŒ λ‚΄λΆ€μ—μ„œ κ°•ν•œ 신체λ₯Ό ν† λŒ€λ‘œ κ°œλ³„ λŠ₯λ ₯을 κ³„λ°œν•˜μ—¬ λ°œμ „λœ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μš΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” 여성듀은 λΆν•œ μ—¬μ„±λ“€μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ—­ν• λͺ¨λΈλ‘œ λ“±μž₯ν–ˆκ³  이듀은 μ²œλ¦¬λ§ˆμš΄λ™μ˜ μƒμ§•μ΄μž λ°œμ „ν•˜λŠ” λ…€μ„±μ˜ ν‘œλ³ΈμœΌλ‘œ λ‹΄λ‘ ν™”λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λΆν•œμ˜ λ§€μ²΄μ—μ„œ μž¬ν˜„λ˜λŠ” μš΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” μ—¬μ„±λ“€μ˜ κ°•ν•œ 신체가 여성닡지 λͺ»ν•œ ν˜Ήμ€ 남성적인 μ‹ μ²΄λ‘œμ„œ λΆ€κ°λ˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ‚¬νšŒμ£Όμ˜μ˜ λ§₯락 μ†μ—μ„œ μ„ΉμŠˆμ–Όν•œ μ—¬μ„±μ˜ λͺΈ λŒ€μ‹  집단을 μœ„ν•œ νŠΌνŠΌν•œ λͺΈμ˜ 좔ꡬλ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€.Modern sports which is a male-dominated activity, has allowed women to be positioned as peripheral in sports activities. In addition, as capitalist sports become commercialized and the combination of media and sports accelerates commercialization, there is a clear tendency to strengthen the gender order system in the sports arena. In this context, this article examines the perception of sporting women in the socialist North Korea, questioning whether they have not been marginalized and then, it will look at the background of the sporting womens emergence in the 1950s and 60s and their discourse on them. The main goal of socialist sports was to enhance labor productivity and build up national defense by improving the people's physique, which was an important theoretical basis for encouraging the sports activities of socialist women. Physical education and sports in North Korea has also introduced the Soviet Union's sports policy to encourage sports activities to create a body for individual hygiene, health and groupings, regardless of gender. Sporting women began to emerge through the provision of educational opportunities and sports activities conducted by works and schools. In the 1950s and 1960s, women who exercise in the North developed their individual abilities based on strong bodies became new role models for women in the North Korea The discourse on sporting women was symbols of the Cheollima Movement and a sample of the developing woman in republic. This study have confirmed that the strong bodies of sporting women recreated in the North Korean media do not emerge as unfeminine or male bodies, but reflect the strong body pursuit for groups instead of those of sexier women in the context of socialism

    κ°œμ—μ„œ κ³΅λ§‰μ ˆκ°œλ₯Ό λ³‘ν–‰ν•œ μ•ˆκ΅¬λ‚΄μš©λ¬Ό 제거술 ν›„ silicone μ•ˆμ™€ μΆ©μ „λ¬Ό μ μš©μ‹œ μ˜μ•ˆμ˜ μš΄λ™μ„± 평가

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    Thesis(doctor`s)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μˆ˜μ˜ν•™κ³Ό μˆ˜μ˜μ™Έκ³Όν•™μ „κ³΅,2006.Docto

    Producing particles according to the age and the length of utterance of normal children in the period of basic grammar

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    언어병리학 ν˜‘λ™κ³Όμ •/석사[ν•œκΈ€]정상아동은 ν•œ 낱말 μ‹œκΈ°λ₯Ό μ§€λ‚˜ 두 μ„Έ λ‚±λ§λ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ” λ°œν™”λ‘œ λ°œμ „ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ¬Έλ²•ν˜•νƒœμ†Œλ₯Ό νšλ“ν•˜λŠ”λ°, λ¬Έμž₯의 의미λ₯Ό μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ‘°μ‚¬λ‚˜ μ–΄λ―Έλ₯Ό λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œμΌœ μ‚°μΆœν•˜μ—¬μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. μ •μƒμ•„λ™μ˜ 쑰사 μ‚°μΆœμ— λŒ€ν•œ μžμ„Έν•œ λ°œλ‹¬ μžλ£ŒλŠ” μ–Έμ–΄μž₯애아동과 κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬ 쑰기진단 및 μΉ˜λ£Œμ— μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ§€ν‘œκ°€ 될 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°, 특히 λ‹¨μˆœμ–Έμ–΄μž₯애아동은 μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ 였λ₯˜λ₯Ό 빈번히 보이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μžλ£Œκ°€ λ”μš± μš”κ΅¬λœλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ„œμšΈ 지역에 κ±°μ£Όν•˜λŠ” 만 2μ„Έ 6κ°œμ›”λΆ€ν„° 4μ„Έ 6κ°œμ›”κΉŒμ§€μ˜ 정상아동을 6κ°œμ›” λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ λ„€ μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆˆ λ’€, μžλ°œν™”λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜μ—¬ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 쑰사 λ°œλ‹¬μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. μ •μƒμ•„λ™μ˜ μƒν™œμ—°λ Ή 및 ν‰κ· λ°œν™”κΈΈμ΄(MLU)에 따라 μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ μ΄μœ ν˜•μˆ˜, μ΄λΉˆλ„μˆ˜, μ‹€μˆ˜ 횟수, μ‹€μˆ˜ μœ ν˜•μ„ λΉ„κ΅ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ μ΄μœ ν˜•μˆ˜μ™€ μ΄λΉˆλ„μˆ˜λŠ” 2μ„Έ ν›„λ°˜λΆ€ν„° 3μ„Έ ν›„λ°˜κΉŒμ§€ 점차적으둜 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ, 3μ„Έ ν›„λ°˜κ³Ό 4μ„Έ μ „λ°˜μ—λŠ” 차이λ₯Ό 보이지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, 평균낱말길이(MLU-w)와 ν‰κ· ν˜•νƒœμ†ŒκΈΈμ΄(MLU-m)κ°€ κΈΈμ–΄μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘ μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ μ΄μœ ν˜•μˆ˜μ™€ μ΄λΉˆλ„μˆ˜κ°€ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜ νšŸμˆ˜λŠ” 2μ„Έ ν›„λ°˜μ— κ°€μž₯ 많이 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ©°, κ·Έ μ΄ν›„μ—λŠ” κ°μ†Œν•˜μ—¬ 3μ„Έ μ „λ°˜λΆ€ν„° 4μ„Έ μ „λ°˜μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜ μœ ν˜•μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄, β€˜λŒ€μΉ˜(substitution)β€™μ˜ 경우 연령이 μ¦κ°€ν• μˆ˜λ‘ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ, β€˜μƒλž΅(omission)’과 β€˜μ΄μ€‘μ‚¬μš©(duplicative use)β€™μ˜ 경우 집단 간에 μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό 보이지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ„·μ§Έ, 평균낱말길이(MLU-w)와 ν‰κ· ν˜•νƒœμ†ŒκΈΈμ΄(MLU-m)λŠ” μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜ 횟수 및 μ‹€μˆ˜ μœ ν˜•κ³Ό μœ μ˜ν•œ 상관관계가 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 2μ„Έ ν›„λ°˜μ—μ„œ 4μ„Έ μ „λ°˜ μ•„λ™λ“€μ˜ 쑰사 λ°œλ‹¬μ„ ν‰κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 데 ν‰κ· λ‚±λ§κΈΈμ΄λ‚˜ ν‰κ· ν˜•νƒœμ†ŒκΈΈμ΄κ°€ μ μ ˆν•œ μ°Έκ³ μžλ£Œκ°€ 될 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보인닀. λ˜ν•œ 쑰사 μ‚°μΆœμ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜ μžλ£ŒλŠ” 정상아동을 톡해 μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ 였λ₯˜κ°€ λΉˆλ²ˆν•œ SLI 아동듀을 변별해낼 수 μžˆλŠ” 기쀀이 될 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보인닀. μ΄μƒμ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ •μƒλ°œλ‹¬κ³Όμ •μ˜ 쑰사 μ‚°μΆœμ— λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ–Έμ–΄μž₯μ• μ•„λ™μ˜ 진단 및 μΉ˜λ£Œμ— μ€€κ±°(criteria)λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€λŠ” 의의λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹Œλ‹€. [영문]Detail information related with particle production in normal children could be an important index for early diagnosis and treatment of language disorder. This information is more important in children with specific language impairment(SLI) because they frequently show errors in the use of particles. In this study, children aged from 2 years 6 months to 4 years and 6 months residing in Seoul were divided into 4 groups in an age increment of 6 months and their spontaneous utterances were collected to examine their development in particle production. The following results were obtained after analyzing the number of total particle types, number of total particle frequencies, number of particle errors, and types of particle errors according to their chronological age and mean length utterance(MLU) in these normal children. First, the number of total particle types and number of total particle frequencies increased gradually from the late part of 2 years to the late part of 3 years. However, no significant difference was shown in children in late 3 years and those in late 4 years. Second, as MLU-w and MLU-m increased, the number of total particle types and number of total particle frequencies were significantly increased. Third, the number of particle errors was the highest in children in late 2 years and decreased afterwards. It was similar in children in early 3 years to those in early 4 years. In the case of the error types, substitution decreased as chronological ages increased. However, no significant differences were seen in the case of omission and duplicative use. Fourth, MLU-w and MLU-m showed no significant correlation with the number of particle errors and types of particle errors. MLU-w or MLU-m could be useful as a reference in evaluating the development of particles in children in late 2 years to early 4 years. Furthermore, errors related with particle production could be a criterion in differentiating normal children with SLI showing frequent errors in particle production. The results obtained in this study are significant for the diagnosis and treatment of language impairment by providing information related with particle production in normal children.ope

    (A)Study of conflicting psychology through the deformed bodies

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ‘°μ†Œκ³Ό μ‘°μ†Œμ „κ³΅,2007.Maste
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