Mammillothalamic functional connectivity and memory function in Wernicke's encephalopathy

There is still debate over the neural mechanisms underlying pathogenic and even recovery processes of Wernicke's encephalopathy. Therefore, we attempted to validate the usefulness of resting-state functional connectivity analysis in assessing memory function and its neural correlation with the mammillothalamic tract in patients recovering from Wernicke's encephalopathy. Seven chronic alcoholics recovering from Wernicke's encephalopathy, 14 alcoholic comparisons without Wernicke's encephalopathy, and 14 healthy comparisons underwent functional connectivity MRI scans, as well as verbal and non-verbal memory tests after at least a 1 month abstinence from alcohol. Resting-state functional connectivity strength between the anterior thalamus and the mammillary bodies was investigated by calculating temporal correlations in magnetic resonance signal levels between the two regions during a 5-min passive viewing task. The mean values of the functional connectivity strength between the left anterior thalamus and the ipsilateral mammillary body differed significantly between Wernicke's encephalopathy patients and healthy comparisons (P = 0.014). This connectivity strength in alcoholic comparisons fell between those of the former two groups, with a significant difference from that of healthy comparisons (P = 0.038). In addition, the strength of this left-sided functional connectivity significantly correlated with delayed verbal recall scores (r = 0.771, P = 0.042) and verbal recognition score (r = 0.825, P = 0.022) in patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy. Our findings indicate that memory function in patients recovering from Wernicke's encephalopathy parallels the level of the mammillothalamic functional connectivity; this supports the usefulness of resting-state functional connectivity analysis as a practical alternative to pathological examination of the mammillothalamic tract in living patients with Wernicke's encephalopathyope

Anti-allergic effects of quercetin in murine and guinea pig models of allergic rhinitis

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 이비인후과학전공,2002.Docto

지역사회 노인대상 치매예방 인지건강증진 프로그램의 관리방법에 따른 효과

Dept. of Medicine/박사Background: There is now widespread public interest in developing strategies to maintain or enhance cognitive health in the elderly. Cognitive decline in the elderly involves multiple pathophysiologic and psychosocial processes. Thus, research that focuses on preserving cognition may well identify a different set or combination of risk factors and thus different prevention strategies for healthy elderly subjects.Methods: This study examines 12-month outcomes from a clustering randomized controlled trial of a 5 group intervention vs a control condition among elderly aged over 60 years old. Hypotheses were that the interventions would be more effective than the control in reducing cognitive decline at 12 months’ follow-up.Results: This report describes a cluster randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention in a group of community dwelling elderly. This is the first study to examine the effectiveness of an intervention for cognitive health in a community setting. We found that the trial resulted in a change of mental and social activity in the score for the intervention group compared with the control group. However, the intervention did not result in a clinically meaningful improvement in MMSE scores.Conclusion: Considering that lifestyle behaviors co-occur, multiple health behavior approach appears more practical. In the brief intervention, encouragement of mental and social activity would be helpful in cognitive health of the community dwelling elderly.ope

정상 비점막과 비점막상피에서 기원한 병적조직에서의 cytokeratin과 PCNA의 분포양상에 관한 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 이비인후과학전공,1996.Maste

Studies on the hyperglycemic activities of sympathomimetic amines

의학과/박사[한글] [영문] Among the variety of metabolic effects attributed to the catecholamines, hyperglycemia has received the most emphasis. The increase in blood suger has been shown to be caused mainly by the stimulation of glycogenolysis in liver and muscle, as a consequence of the activation of phosphorylase (Sutherland and Cori, 1951). However, the precise nature of the adrenergic receptor concerning glycogenolysis in liver has not been clearly demonstrated. There are many publications which indicate that a variety of adrenergic blocking agents will modify the glycogenolytic response to epinephrine. Nickerson(1949) reported that epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia could be completely prevented by dibenamine and there is also in vitro evidence that dibenamine can supress liver glycogenolysis (Craig and Mendell, 1959.) On the other hand, Ellis et al. (1957) reported that dibenamine could not block the epinephrineindueed hyperglycemia in the intact cat and according to Havel and Goldfien(1959), dibenamine is said to block free fatty acid mobilization but not hyperglycemia in the dog. More recently, Mayer et al.(1961) demonstrated that dichloroisoproterenol(DCI) almost completely abolished the increase in blood glucose produced by epinephrine and norepinephrine, while phenoxybenzamine failed to block this. From the above studies, analyzing the mechanism of the epinephrine hyperglycemia by utilizing adrenergic blocking agents, it is not possible to establish definitely the character of the adrenergic receptor concerning glycogenolysis in liver. The present experiment was undertaken to clarify the nature of the receptor on the basis of Ahlquist's classification of the adrenergic receptors. Recently, some of the sympathomimetic amines such as tyramine, ephedrine and phenylethylamine, etc., have been shown to exert their cardio-stimulant action by releasing catecholamines in the heart. It was decided also to examine whether this is true for the hyperglycemic response to ephedrine. Healthy albino rabbits weighing approximately 2.0kg of body weight were employed in this experiment. Blood samples were withdrawn from the ear vein at various time intervals after the administration of drugs and glucose was determined in duplicate according to the method of Folin-Wu. Results and Discussion 1. The intravenous administration of epinephrine 10.0㎍/kg produced a sudden rise in the concentration of blood sugar, resulting in the maximum value within 15 minutes. The maximal increase of blood sugar was about 40 per cent of the control value. This hyperglycemia gradually returned to the normal level, but not completely within 2 hours. 2. The intravenous administration of norepinephrine 10.0㎍/kg produced a hyperglycemia but the increase in blood sugar was only 10% of the control value. A large dose(50.0㎍/kg) of this drug produced about 30% increase in blood sugar over the normal value. From this result, the hyperglycemic activity of epinephrine is about 5 times as great as that of norepinephrine. 3. Dichloroisoproterenol(DCI) which specifically blocks the adrenergic β-receptor, produced a transitory hyperglycemia soon after the administration. When the rise in blood sugar had returned to the normal level, the intravenous injection of epinephrine(10.0㎍/kg) increased blood sugar, but this was markedly less than that observed in normal rabbits. Although larger doses of DCI inhibited still more the epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia, they failed to inhibit it completely. 4. Dibenzyline, which is a blocking agent of adrenergic α-receptors, inhibited markedly but not completely the hyperglycemia induced by epinephrine. 5. Pretreatment with DCI and dibenzyline inhibited completely the hyperglycemia by epinephrine. 6. Dihydroergotamine (DHE), which is known to block both adrenrgic α-and β-receptors, also inhibited completely the hyperglycemia produced by epinephrine. 7. A study of various doses of ephedrine on the blood sugar of rabbits showed that doses of 25mg/kg or more resulted in a profound longlasting hyperglycemia. 8. The intraperitoneal injection of reserpine (10.0mg/kg) in rabbits markedly reduced the catecholamines in the liver. These reserpine-treated rabbits exhibited no hyperglycemic response to ephedrine but responded to epinephrine as did normal rabbits. 9. After pretreatment with bretylium, which blocks the release of catecholamines from their deports, ephedrine (25.0mg/kg) failed to produce its hyperglycemic activity, but epinephrine produced a marked rise in blood sugar as usual. From the above results, there exist in the liver both the adrenergic α-and β-receptors proposed by Ahlquist(1948). Epinephrine produces hyperglycemia by acting on both receptors. The studies concerning the mechanism of the hyperglycemia prpduced by ephedrine suggest that ephedrine causes arise in blood sugar indirectly by releasing catecholamines, especially norepinephrine, in the body.restrictio

Development of integrated design system incorporating design history, information and intent

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 :기계설계학과,1999.Docto

우리나라 環境 影響 評價制度의 問題點 및 改善方案에 관한 硏究 : 環境 影響 評價 代行者의 意見을 中心으로

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 보건대학원 :환경보건학과,2000.Maste

Coincidence-anticipation timing in a squash forehand swing according to the conditions of age and speed

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :체육교육과,2005.Maste

Distributive Pattern of Cultural Resources

옛부터 지식(知識)과 정보(情報)는 사회적·정치적·문화적 힘으로서 권력의 주요 기반이 되어 왔으며, 사회통제 수단의 관건이 되어 왔다. 띠라서 역사적으로 어떤 사회에서나 지배 계층은 한 사회의 중심적인 지식과 정보를 독점하고 있었다 해도 과언이 아니다. 그러나 사회 발전과 더불어 커뮤니케이션 테크놀로지의 발전으로 인한 지식과 정보의 대량적 생산과 확산은 기존의 지적 독점과 지적 통제 양식에 대한 수정을 불가피하게 만들었다. 특히 16세기에 인쇄술의 발명이라고 하는 커뮤니케이션 혁명은 중세에 가톨릭 종교의 승려와 귀족 계급 중심의 지식 독점을 종식시켜 지식과 정보의 해방을 통해서 종교혁명을 야기시켰을 뿐 아니라, 이성적 인간에 대한 사상을 싹트게 했다. 특히 금세기 초에 등장한 신문은 공중(公衆)을 탄생시켰고, 공중의 문화인 민주주의 문화와 여론을 형성하는 기반을 만들었다. 탈드(G. Tarde)는 신문이 소수의 유식자들에게 미치는 영향력을 보면서 공중(public)이라는 이성적 인간에 주목하였다. 그는 근대적 커뮤니케이션 수단으로서의 신문이 독자로서의 공중에 대하여 공통의 언어로 이야기하고, 공통의 쟁점을 제시하며, 먼 곳에도 의견과 쟁점을 정확하게 전달할 수가 있고, 짧은 시간에 메시지의 전달이 가능함으로써 공중을 무한히 확대시킬 수 있다고 생각하였다. 또한 공중은 자기의 욕구나 의견을 신문을 통해서 사회에 알릴 수 있는 기회와 그 범위를 무한히 확대시킬 수 있다고 보았다. 이와 같은 탈드의 확신은 신문이 시민의 행복과 번영을 확보하고 촉진시킬 수 있다는 것을 뚜렷이 암시해 주었다. 이처럼 신문이 공중에게 부여해준 낙관적인 전망의 맥락에서 공중이 그들의 기본적 인권(人權)과 자발적 결사의 원리의 실현을 신문에서 찾은 것은 결코 무리한 것이 아니었다. 따라서 신문이야말로 공중의 문화를 형성하고 발전시키기 위한 공중에게는 가장 강한 문화적 무기였다. 원래 탈드가 생각한 공중의 문화는 근대 자유주의적 민주정치의 정치 과정과 더불어 등장하였다. 왜냐하면 자유주의적 민주주의의 성립은 공중 문화의 형성을 이념적으로 가능케 할 뿐 아니라 제도적으로 보장하려는 움직임이라고 볼 수 있기 때문이다. 근대 민주정치의 이념하에 자유롭고 평등한 개인이 자율적인 의사와 행동에 기초해서 자유롭고 평등하게 정치 과정에 참가하듯이, 공중 문화의 형성도 공중들이 문화 과정에 다 같이 참가하여 문화 내용의 창조자임과 동시에 그 향유자(享有者)로서의 위치를 획득함으로써 비로소 가능하게 된다. 이는 곧 근대 자유주의적 민주정치가 정치 담당자로서의 공중이 정치적 지유와 평등을 갖게 됨으로써 비로소 가능하듯이, 공중의 문화도 공중의 문화적 자유와 문화적 평등에 의하여 비로소 창출되고 향유된다고 볼 수 있기 때문이다. 이처럼 자유주의적 민주사회에서 공중의 문화 형성은 기본적으로 공중이 문화 창조의 담당자라는 사실, 그리고 그들에게 문화 창조의 자유와 문화 향유의 자유와 평등의 권리가 부여되고 있다는 이념(理念)에 입각해 있다